Effects of cold-rolling reduction on the recrystallization texture and grain boundary of ferritic stainless steel

The study investigates the effects of cold-rolling reduction on the recrystallization-annealed Nb ＋ Ti stabilized ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel with 21% Cr in regards to its microstructure evolution, grain size,recrystallization texture, and grain boundary characteristic distribution and disorientation angle. The research employed the electron back scattered diffraction technique and its results have shown that the average grain size was reduced and the {111 / 〈 112 〉 component was strengthened,which rotated towards {5541 〈225 〉 and {4451 〈384 〉 ,with an increasing cold-rolling reduction. The number fraction of the low-angle grain boundary and the coincidence site lattice （CSL） boundary ,which was mainly made up of ∑3,∑7∑11 and ∑13b, also increased.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer as Base Fertilizer on Rapeseed Yield and Nitrogen Absorption

[Objective] The aim was to research effects of N fertilizer reduction and application of N fertilizer （as base fertilizer） on rapeseed yield and N absorption. [Method] Based on Ganyouza No.5, the ratio of N, P2O5 andK2O was set at 1：0.5：0.5; N fertilizers were set involving reduced quantity at 150 kg/hm2 and preferred quantity at 180 kg/hm2; 100%, 80% and 60% of N fertilizers were applied as base fertilizers in the test respectively. In general, field tests were conducted to explore effects of reduced N fertilizer and application of N fertilizer as base fertilizer on rapeseed yield and N absorption. [Resalt] When applied N fertilizer as base fertilizer was the same, plant height, stem diameter, length of major inflorescence, number of effective branch, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, and biomass yield in group with preferred N quantity were significantly higher than those in group with reduced N fertilizer. Rapeseed yield and profits in group with preferred N quantity were signifi- cantly higher than those in group with reduced N fertilizer in field with moderate fertili- ty. In fields with higher fertility, however, the two factors were just a little higher. In group with reduced N fertilizer, use efficiency of N fertilizer, N uptake efficiency, par- tial factor productivity and harvest index of N were all significantly higher than those in group with preferred N fertilizer. Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in group with preferred N fertilizer was significantly higher than that in group with reduced N fertiliz- er in field with moderate fertility and was significantly lower in field with high yield. With amounts of N, P and K fertilizers fixed, economic characters, yield constitution, yield, profits and N absorption in group, where 60% of N fertilizers were applied as base fertilizer, were significantly higher than those in groups with 80% or 100% of base fertilizer （N fertilizers）. These indicated that rational fertilization would maintain rapeseed yield high and reduce N input to improve use efficiency of N fertilizer. On the other hand, it is effective to improve rapeseed yield.＇to reduce N fertilizer to 150 kg/hm2, and application of 60%. of N fertilizers as base fertilizer is still proved optimal at present. [Conclusion] The research provides.theoretioal and technical references for improvement of yield of rapeseed and efficiency of N fertilizer.

ELASTIC MODULUS REDUCTION METHOD FOR LIMIT LOAD EVALUATION OF FRAME STRUCTURES

A new strategy for elastic modulus adjustment is proposed based on the element bearing ratio （EBR）,and the elastic modulus reduction method （EMRM） is proposed for limit load evaluation of frame structures. The EBR is defined employing the generalized yield criterion,and the reference EBR is determined by introducing the extrema and the degree of uniformity of EBR in the structure. The elastic modulus in the element with an EBR greater than the reference one is reduced based on the linear elastic finite element analysis and the equilibrium of strain energy. The lower-bound of limit-loads of frame structures are analyzed and the numerical example demonstrates the flexibility,accuracy and effciency of the proposed method.

Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH_3 over Fe–Ce–O_x Catalysts

In this study, we used a simple impregnation method to prepare Fe-Ce-O x catalysts and tested them regarding their low-temperature (200-300 °C) selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO using NH3. We investigated the effects of Fe/Ce molar ratio, the gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), the stability and SO2/H2O resistance of the catalysts. The results showed that the FeCe(1:6)O x (Ce/Fe molar ratio is 1:6) catalyst, which has some ordered parallel channels, exhibited good SCR performance. The FeCe(1:6)O x catalyst had the highest NO conversion with an activity of 94-99% at temperatures between 200 and 300 °C at a space velocity of 28,800 h−1. The NO conversion for the FeCe(1:6)O x catalyst also reached 80-98% between 200 and 300 °C at a space velocity of 204,000 h−1. In addition, the FeCe(1:6)O x catalyst demonstrated good stability in a 10-h SCR reaction at 200-300 °C. Even in the presence of SO2 and H2O, the FeCe(1:6)O x catalyst exhibited good SCR performance.

Seismic stability safety evaluation of gravity dam with shear strength reduction method

A new method of numerical seismic stability safety evaluation for a rock slope is proposed based on the analysis of a gravity dam foundation subjected to earthquake loading. The shear strengths of the weak discontinuities are divided by different shear strength reduction ratios （K） and numerical seismic analysis is carried out after the static analysis is completed. With different K values, the curves of the permanent horizontal displacement of key points of the dam foundation （K-displacement curves） are studied. According to the curve change, the distribution of plastic zones in the foundation, and the slow convergence of the finite element method （FEM）, the seismic stability safety factor is defined as Kwhen the gravity dam is in the limit equilibrium state subjected to earthquake loading. These concepts were applied to the evaluation of seismic stability safety of a gravity dam for a hydropower project. The analysis of the example shows that the proposed method is feasible and is an effective method of seismic stability safety evaluation.

A WEIGHTED FEATURE REDUCTION METHOD FOR POWER SPECTRA OF RADAR HRRPS

Feature reduction is a key process in pattern recognition. This paper deals with the feature reduction methods for a time-shift invariant feature, power spectrum, in Radar Automatic Target Recognition (RATR) using High-Resolution Range Profiles (HRRPs). Several existing feature reduction methods in pattern recognition are analyzed, and a weighted feature reduction method based on Fisher's Discriminant Ratio (FDR) is proposed in this paper. According to the characteristics of radar HRRP target recognition, this proposed method searches the optimal weight vector for power spectra of HRRPs by means of an iterative algorithm, and thus reduces feature dimensionality. Compared with the method of using raw power spectra and some existing feature reduction methods, the weighted feature reduction method can not only reduce feature dimensionality, but also improve recognition performance with low computation complexity. In the recognition experiments based on measured data, the proposed method is robust to different test data and achieves good recognition results.

Reduction smelting on bismuth oxide residue in FeO-SiO2-CaO ternary slag system

Reduction smelting of the bismuth oxide residue from pressure leaching of bismuth sulfide was investigated in the FeO-SiO_2-CaO ternary slag system.The results show that all the recovery ratios of Bi,Ag,Cu and Pb increase with the increase of reductive coal proportion,reaction temperature and time,while too much reductive coal would help Fe enter metal phase;CaO/SiO_2and Fe O/SiO_2 of the chosen slag system should be 0.5-0.75 and 1.25-1.75,respectively,for the reason that the slag system has the optimum mobility and is beneficial for the recovery of metals.The corresponding optimum conditions are determined as follows:the added coal proportion is 7%of the leaching residue,CaO/SiO_2 mass ratio in the chosen slag system is 0.5 and FeO-SiO_2 is 1.5,the reaction temperature is 1300°C and the reaction time is 40 min.Under the above conditions,the recovery ratios of Bi,Ag,Cu and Pb are 99.6%,99.8%,97.0%and 97.3%,respectively.

Thermodynamic behaviors of SiCl_2 in silicon deposition by gas phase zinc reduction of silicon tetrachloride

The modified Siemens process,which is the major process of producing polycrystalline silicon through current technologies,is a high temperature,slow,semi-batch process and the product is expensive primarily due to the large energy consumption.Therefore,the zinc reduction process,which can produce solar-grade silicon in a cost effective manner,should be redeveloped for these conditions.The SiCl2 generation ratio,which stands for the degree of the side reactions,can be decomposed to SiCl4 and ZnCl2 in gas phase zinc atmosphere in the exit where the temperature is very low.Therefore,the lower SiCl2 generation ratio is profitable with lower power consumption.Based on the thermodynamic data for the related pure substances,the relations of the SiCl2 generation ratio and pressure,temperature and the feed molar ratio（n（Zn）/n（SiCl4） are investigated and the graphs thereof are plotted.And the diagrams of Kpθ-T at standard atmosphere pressure have been plotted to account for the influence of temperature on the SiCl2 generation ratio.Furthermore,the diagram of Kpθ-T at different pressures have also been plotted to give an interpretation of the influence of pressure on the SiCl2 generation ratio.The results show that SiCl2 generation ratio increases with increasing temperature,and the higher pressure and excess gas phase zinc can restrict SiCl2 generation ratio.Finally,suitable operational conditions in the practical process of polycrystalline silicon manufacture by gas phase zinc reduction of SiCl4 have been established with 1200 K,0.2 MPa and the feed molar ratio（n（Zn） /n（SiCl4）） of 4 at the entrance.Under these conditions,SiCl2 generation ratio is very low,which indicates that the side reactions can be restricted and the energy consumption is reasonable.

Effect of lump ore ratio on the metallurgical properties of blast furnace charge

We conducted a series of experimental studies on the metallurgical properties of N-lump and F-lump ores used in Baosteel’s blast furnace, including thermal cracking, low-temperature reduction pulverization, reducibility, and droplet properties.The results show that the thermal burst properties of N-lump ore are better than those of F-lump ore.The low-temperature reduction degradation index(RDI) pulverization of the charge is the best when the ratios of N-lump ore and F-lump ore account for 35% each.The reduction performance of the charge is improved when F-lump and N-lump ores are mixed with sinter.In the softening-melting performance experiment, when the proportion of N-lump ore is 40%,the characteristic area value(S) as the charge permeability index is the smallest.When F-lump ore is mixed with sinter, its droplet performance improves compared with that of single F-lump ore.The proportion of F-lump ore should not exceed 15%.

Jet Noise Reduction of Double-Mixing Exhaust System

A jet noise reduction technique by using the external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer in the double-mixing exhaust system is investigated under cold conditions.The computations of jet field and the experiments of noise field are conducted with scaled model of high-bypass-ratio turbofan engine mixing exhaust system composed of external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer.The computational results indicate that comparing with the baseline nozzle with lobed mixer,the external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer increases mixing of jet and ambient air near the nozzle exit.The experimental results show that the external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer has better jet noise reduction at low frequencies,and this reduction rises with the increase of chevron bend angle.The experimental results also show that the external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer has sound pressure level(SPL)increase which is not obvious at high frequencies.With chevron bend angle increasing,SPL has relatively marked increase at 60°(directivity angle measured from upstream jet axis)and little fluctuations at 90°and 150°.The external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer has overall sound pressure level(OASPL)reduction in varying degrees at 60°and 150°,but it has little OASPL increase at 90°.

广义频分复用系统峰均功率比抑制算法

为了降低广义频分复用系统存在着多载波系统中固有的高峰均功率比问题,本文提出了一种适用于广义频分复用系统的子载波抑制高峰均功率比算法。该算法以限幅法为基础,降低了系统的高峰均功率比,但与限幅法不同的是,该算法几乎不会对带外性能及误码率性能造成影响。由于子载波抑制高峰均功率比算法的峰均功率比抑制性能略差于限幅法,因此本文进一步提出将部分序列传输与子载波抑制高峰均功率比结合来进一步抑制系统高峰均功率比的算法。仿真表明:本文提出的算法的高峰均功率比抑制性能与限幅法相同,且不会对系统的带外与误码率性能造成影响。

生物炭添加对土壤反硝化产物比的影响研究进展

土壤反硝化作用是土壤氮素损失的重要途径,农业生产中大量施用氮肥导致土壤N_(2)O排放量增加,引发了温室效应等环境问题。同时土壤反硝化也是土壤N_(2)O还原的主要途径,因此调节土壤反硝化产物比N_(2)O/(N_(2)O+N_(2))是减少土壤N_(2)O排放的关键。本文基于国内外相关研究,就土壤反硝化产物比研究方法及其影响因素以及反硝化产物比对生物炭添加的响应机理进行归纳总结。结果表明,生物炭添加对土壤反硝化产物比的影响存在一定不确定性,生物炭添加能否有效调节反硝化产物比、减少N_(2)O排放受土壤理化性质、生物炭性质、施用量等因素的影响。基于以上研究现状,对未来完善反硝化产物研究方法、明确生物炭对反硝化产物比的定量影响及关键影响因素提出研究展望。

多元醇液相还原法制备银纳米线的研究

银纳米线(AgNWs)因具有高导电性、高透光性及良好的耐弯曲柔性,已成为传统氧化铟锡(ITO)透明导电材料的替代品。采用液相多元醇还原法制备了不同规格的银纳米线,并通过SEM、UV-Vis、XRD等测试手段对制备的银纳米线进行了表征。结果表明,不同的制备参数可以获得颗粒状、短棒状、线状等不同形态的银产物。反应温度160℃,反应体系中聚乙烯吡咯烷(PVP)与AgNO_(3)的摩尔比为2∶1,FeCl_(3)的浓度保持在0.1~0.2mmol/L之间时,可以制备得到长度约30μm、直径约50nm的高纯度银纳米线。

荷载和氯盐环境下RC梁非均匀锈蚀与承载力劣化试验

为考察持续荷载与氯盐干湿循环共同作用对钢筋混凝土(RC)梁抗弯性能的影响,先后进行19根钢筋混凝土梁的腐蚀试验和抗弯承载力试验,研究不同持续荷载等级和干湿循环天数对裂缝分布、钢筋质量锈蚀率以及受腐蚀构件受弯性能的影响,并分别总结纵筋最大和平均质量锈蚀率与承载力降低比的关系.研究结果表明:纯弯段的钢筋锈蚀程度较高,纵筋锈蚀程度沿圆周分布不均匀;纵筋质量锈蚀率的极值点位置与初始横向裂缝的出现位置无必然关联性;纵筋最大质量锈蚀率随荷载等级和干湿循环天数的增加而增大,受干湿循环天数的影响更明显;腐蚀后梁峰值荷载呈下降趋势;当纵筋锈蚀率较小时(平均值≤3%或最大值≤6%),锈蚀率与承载力降低比的相关度较低,且最大质量锈蚀率的相关度小于平均质量锈蚀率;当纵筋锈蚀率较大时(平均值>3%或最大值>6%),质量锈蚀率与承载力降低比的相关度提高;在纵筋平均质量锈蚀率相同时,采用自然腐蚀试件的承载力降低程度高于采用外加电流腐蚀的试件.

多端交直流配电系统的降阶建模与稳定域分析

随着不同电力电子设备的广泛接入,交直流配电系统的稳定性分析变得更为复杂,已引发多起低频振荡事故,严重危害到系统安全稳定运行。如何简化复杂的交直流配电系统模型,分析不同参数下直流电压的动态特性,是提高系统稳定性、避免系统振荡失稳的关键。文中以三端交直流配电系统为研究对象,首先,通过建立等值单机模型实现了多端交直流配电系统的等效降阶。其次,基于等值单机模型,推导了直流电压的低频分析模型。在实现低频模型降阶的同时,得到了直流电压动态性能的解析表达。再次,基于等值单机模型的传递函数和解析表达式,提出了一种稳定域分析方法,研究了系统参数变化对稳定域和系统动态性能的影响规律。最后,基于软件仿真模拟与硬件在环实验,验证了所提方法的有效性。

基于降噪技术的高光谱图像实时优化研究

为了获得理想的高光谱图像,针对当前高光谱图像优化方法存在的问题,设计了基于降噪技术的高光谱图像实时优化方法。首先分析当前高光谱图像优化的研究进展,找到当前方法存在的不足,采集高光谱图像,采用自适应阈值的小波变换对高光谱图像进行去噪处理,以改善高光谱图像质量,然后采用Retinex理论模型对去噪后高光谱图像进行增强操作,丰富高光谱图像细节信息,最后采用卷积神经网络进行了高光谱图像分类,测试结果表明:本方法优化后高光谱图像的峰值信噪比和结构相似度均值分别为31.18和0.981,不但提升了高光谱图像质量,而且使得高光谱图像分类正确率超过了92%,高光谱图像优化时间控制在4.5 s以内,相对于其他高光谱图像优化方法,具有十分明显的优越性。

龙形轧制轧板的弯曲控制及其对性能影响的研究综述

龙形轧制是一种非对称轧制工艺,通过在异步轧制基础上引入轧辊错位这一新的非对称元素,在增加轧板心部变形量的同时,克服异步轧制导致的轧板弯曲。本文围绕龙形轧制轧板的弯曲控制和其对性能影响的研究进展进行了综述,介绍了新的研究成果并分析了不同研究工作的特点,最后对龙形轧制工艺研究当前存在的主要问题进行了综述,并提出了未来的研究方向。

考虑永久位移的锚索框架减震锚头弹簧组件合理刚度研究

强震作用下预应力框架锚索可能出现内锚段松脱、锚索拉断等震害,在锚头处设置弹簧是一种新型抗震措施,而弹簧刚度的合理选取对改善锚索受力至关重要。建立在锚头处设置弹簧预应力锚索框架的加固基岩-覆盖层边坡三维数值模型,研究边坡在不同峰值加速度、不同持时地震波作用下响应规律,调整锚索-弹簧串联体系等效刚度大小,分析坡体永久位移和锚索轴力减载比随弹簧刚度的非线性变化特征;以控制边坡位移及锚索减载效果为目标,提出弹簧组件的合理刚度确定方法。研究表明:随弹簧刚度降低,缓冲减震作用逐渐显著;坡顶水平加速度受刚度变化影响较小,但当弹簧刚度低于临界值后边坡位移及弹簧变形量急剧增加;以边坡永久位移实际调查经验限值为首要控制条件,结合位移、弹簧峰值行程随刚度变化拟合“直-曲分界点”曲线,以共同确定弹簧刚度下限;同理,依据减载比拟合曲线轴力削减明显区段得出刚度上限,以保证一定工程经济性。针对算例模型取永久位移10 cm、拟合曲线曲率k小于0.002 k max作为直曲分界判断依据,得0.4 g~0.6g强震下弹簧刚度区间为(2.5,3.8)kN/mm,研究方法可为边坡预应力锚固工程抗震设计提供参考。

冷轧压下率对439L铁素体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

冷轧工艺会对铁素体不锈钢的后续退火组织产生重要影响,也是铁素体不锈钢获得良好的表面质量、力学及成形性能的关键以Nb+Ti双稳定439L铁素体不锈钢为实验材料,采用X射线衍射、微观组织表征以及性能测试等手段,研究了不同的冷轧压下率(60%~85%)对该不锈钢退火过程(1000℃×2 min)中的微观组织和织构的演变及其力学和成形性能的影响结果表明:随着冷轧压下率的增加,439L铁素体不锈钢退火后的γ织构不断增强,α织构逐渐消失,即在退火过程中发生了由α→γ织构的转变同时,随着冷轧压下率的增加,退火织构的峰值强点逐渐向γ取向线靠近,此时439L冷轧退火板的平均塑性应变比(rm)不断增加,在压下率为80%时具有最小的各向异性指数绝对值(|Δr|)。

高碳基肥减氮施用对植烟土壤总碳、总氮和真菌群落结构的影响

本研究采用田间试验法,以常规施肥(纯氮111 kg·hm^(-2))为对照(GCK),设置高碳基肥450 kg·hm^(-2)+减氮10%(G3)、高碳基肥750 kg·hm^(-2)+减氮20%(G5)和高碳基肥1050 kg·hm^(-2)+减氮30%(G7)共4个处理,研究其对植烟土壤总碳、总氮含量的影响,并采用ITS测序技术分析烟田土壤真菌群落结构及其与土壤总碳和总氮的关系。结果表明:(1)高碳基肥减氮施用处理G7提高植烟土壤总碳含量和碳氮比(移栽后60、90 d),降低土壤总氮含量(移栽后60、90 d)。(2)高碳基肥减氮施用处理G3显著提高土壤真菌丰富度(移栽后30、90 d)。(3)高碳基肥减氮施用改变了真菌的群落结构,在门水平上提高了接合菌门(Zygomycota)相对丰度(移栽后60 d),降低了子囊菌门(Ascomycota)相对丰度;在属水平上提高了木霉属(Trichoderma)相对丰度,降低了镰刀菌属(Fusarium)相对丰度(移栽后60 d)。(4)高碳基肥减氮施用通过影响土壤总碳、总氮含量和碳氮比改变其真菌多样性和群落结构。本试验条件下,每公顷施用高碳基肥1050 kg+纯氮77.7 kg(G7)对植烟土壤总碳、总氮、碳氮比以及真菌群落结构影响较大。