New Quaternary Mammalian Faunas and Cave Deposits in the Zhoukoudian Area,Beijing

From 1985 to 1987, four new localities with abundant fossil mammals were dis-covered by Cao, Tian and others in the Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) area, Beijing. They are theEast, West, Shangdian and Donglingzi caves. The East Cave fauna consists of 28 speices ofmammals and its age is middle Early Pleistocene. The East Cave assemblage shows that a tem-perature-falling event took place at around 1.20 Ma B.P. at Zhoukoudian. Sixteen species ofmammals were collected from the West Cave, which are mainly forms of late Early Pleistoceneage. The West Cave fauna represents a transitional fauna from the East Cave fauna (dry-cold)to the fauna (warm) at locality 9. The Shangdian Cave fauna is composed of four forms, beingMiddle Pleistocene in age. The Donglingzi Cave fauna contains 21 Late Pleistocene forms. Inthe cave two fossil horizons may be distinguished. The age of the lower horizon is early LatePleistocene, which is equivalent to that of the New Cave fauna; while the fauna of the upper ho-rizon may be correlated with the Upper Cave fauna.

Effect of Cold-Water Irrigation on Grain Quality Traits in japonica Rice Varieties from Yunnan Province,China

The response of grain quality traits to cold-water irrigation and its correlation with cold tolerance were studied in 11 japonica rice varieties from Yunnan Province, China. The results indicated that the response of grain quality traits to the cold-water stress varied with rice varieties and grain quality traits. Under the cold-water stress, grain width, chalky rice rate, whiteness, 1000-grain weight, brown rice rate, taste meter value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity and final viscosity significantly decreased, whereas grain length-width ratio, head rice rate, alkali digestion value, protein content and setback viscosity markedly increased. However, the other traits such as grain length, amylose content, milled rice rate, peak viscosity time and pasting temperature were not significantly affected by the cold-water stress. Significant correlations were discovered between phenotypic acceptability and cold response indices of taste meter value, protein content, peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Therefore, it would be very important to improve the cold tolerance of Yunnan rice varieties in order to stabilize and improve their eating quality.

Effects of wave-current interaction on the waves, cold-water mass and transport of diluted water in the Beibu Gulf

Wave-current interaction and its effects on the hydrodynamic environment in the Beibu Gulf(BG) have been investigated via employing the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport(COAWST) modeling system. The model could simulate reasonable hydrodynamics in the BG when validated by various observations.Vigorous tidal currents refract the waves efficiently and make the seas off the west coast of Hainan Island be the hot spot where currents modulate the significant wave height dramatically. During summer, wave-enhanced bottom stress could weaken the near-shore component of the gulf-scale cyclonic-circulation in the BG remarkably, inducing two major corresponding adjustments: Model results reveal that the deep-layer cold water from the southern BG makes critical contribution to maintaining the cold-water mass in the northern BG Basin.However, the weakened background circulation leads to less cold water transported from the southern gulf to the northern gulf, which finally triggers a 0.2℃ warming in the cold-water mass area;In the top areas of the BG, the suppressed background circulation reduces the transport of the diluted water to the central gulf. Therefore, more freshwater could be trapped locally, which then triggers lower sea surface salinity(SSS) in the near-field and higher SSS in the far-field.

The Quaternary faunas and climatic fluctuation in the tropical zone of China

About 70 examples of Quaternary fauna in China's tropics are enumerated in this paper. Of which about 40% of the examples can be found even in cooling stages, showing the smaller amplitude of climatic fluctuation during Quaternary. According to the temporal and spatial distribution of tropical faunas, the following characters of climate variation can be evidenced: two main cycles in Early Pleistocene, three main cycles in Middle Pleistocene, two main cycles in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Megathermal. The drop in temperature during the Latest Glacial Period and Neoglaciation has not endangered the existence of tropical faunas. With influence of cooling fluctuation during historical period, some faunas have removed southwards progressively, but disappearance of these animals in China's tropics was mainly the result of artificial factors.

A Preliminary Study on the Diversity of Fish Species and Marine Fish Faunas of the South China Sea

There are 3048 species of fish occurring in the China Seas （CS）, of which at least 2321 species are found in the South China Sea （SCS）, belonging to 35 orders, 236 families and 822 genera. The fish species diversity is analyzed in this paper based on biogeography, biostatistics, fishing methods, etc. It is found that the regional environment, especially biological factors, plays an important role in the distribution of faunas, and there are two fish faunas in the SCS, one in the north and another in the center and south. This regional division is of value for sustainable fishery production and eiTlcient management of fishery resources.

Simulation of global ocean acidification and chemical habitats of shallow-and cold-water coral reefs

Using the UVic Earth System Model, this study simulated the change of seawater chemistry and analyzed the chemical habitat surrounding shallow- and cold-water coral reefs from the year 1800 to 2300 employing RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios. The model results showed that the global ocean will continue to absorb atmospheric CO2. Global mean surface ocean temperature will rise 1.1-2.8 K at the end of the 21st century across RCP scenarios. Meanwhile, the global mean surface ocean pH will drop 0.14--0.42 and the ocean surface mean con- centration of carbonate will decrease 20%--51% across the RCP scenarios. The saturated state of sea water with respect to calcite carbonate minerals （t2） will decrease rapidly. During the pre-industrial period, 99% of the shallow-water coral reefs were surrounded by seawater with t2 〉 3.5 and 87% of the deep-sea coral reefs were surrounded by seawater with aragonite supersaturation. Within the 21st century, except for the high mitigation scenario of RCP2.6, almost none shallow-water coral reefs will be surrounded by seawater with g2 〉 3.5. Under the intensive emission scenario of RCP8.5, by the year 2100, the aragonite saturation horizon will rise to 308 m under the sea surface from 1138 m at the pre- industrial period, thus 73% of the cold-water coral reefs will be surrounded by seawater with aragonite undersaturation. By the year 2300, only 5% of the cold-water coral reefs will be surrounded by seawater with aragonite supersaturation.

Faunal richness and checklist of sandflies (Diptera: Pyschodidae) in India

This review aims to fill the voids and to update the checklist of sandfly fauna along with its spatial distribution in India.Resource databases i.e.either online or offline were searched to deduce the information to systematize the Indian sandfly fauna.Articles/data retrieved were screened and analysed to further update the available latest checklist.The species name and authorship were given in accord with the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature.We compiled an updated checklist of reported Indian sandfly species along with their state-wise distribution till 2022 as per published literature.Kerala has maximum number of species reports when compared to other endemic states and states with pockets of transmission.Phlebotomus argentipes is the most widely distributed,recorded so far,followed by other Sergentomiya and Phlebotomus species in India.In this review,we have also described the vector and non-vector species of sandfly prevalent in different parts of the country.Phlebotoiella eoindianensis,an amber fossil sandfly species recorded from Gujarat might be older than other records of Indian sandfly fauna.So far 69 species(4 genera and 15 subgenera/groups)of Phlebotomine sandflies have been recorded in India.Proper knowledge of species diversity and its distribution is a prerequisite for planning a systematic vector control strategy and disease management.

Devonian Bivalve Faunas, Life-habits, and Biodiversity Changes in Guangxi, South China

Objective The Devonian bivalves are well developed, highly diversified and widely distributed in Guangxi. However, they have not been well studied previously, although several papers have dealt with it. Meanwhile, the biodiversity change of bivalves which is one of the most important benthos during Devonian in South China has not been studied yet. The aim of present project is focused on the study of systematic palaeontology, the life-habits, of Devonian bivalves of Guangxi.

Responses of soil fauna community under changing environmental conditions

Soil faunas account for 23%of known animal species and play a crucial role in ecosystem processes such as mineralizing nutrients,regulating microbial community composition,forming soil aggregates,and enhancing primary productivity.However,due to global climate change,population density,community composition,and distribution patterns of soil fauna vary.Understanding the responses of soil fauna to major environmental change facilitate the conservation of biodiversity.Therefore,a review work of recent researches for analysing the effects of key environmental factors on soil fauna,such as warming,drought,food quality,and soil physical-chemical properties was studied.For most species,warming may exert a positive effect on their abundance and population development,however,it can inhibit the survival and reproduction of hibernating species.Drought leads to low soil porosity and water holding capacity,which reduces soil fauna population and changes their community composition.Drought also can reduce the coverage of flora and alter microclimate of the soil surface,which in turn indirectly reduces fauna abundance.Climate warming and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide can reduce litter quality,which will force soil fauna to change their dietary choices(from higher-quality foods to poor quality foods)and reduce reproduction for survival.However,it is still predicted that enhanced species richness of plant(or litter)mixtures will positively affect soil fauna diversity.Habitat loss caused by the deterioration of soil physical-chemical property is primary factor affecting soil fauna.We mainly discuss the threats of increased salinity(a major factor in arid land)to soil fauna and their potential responses to anthropogenic disturbance in saline soils.The increase in soil salinity can override other factors that favour habitat specialists,leading to negative effects on soil fauna.Moreover,we find that more studies are needed to explore the responses of soil fauna in saline soils to human activities.And the relationship of important ecological processes with soil fauna density,community structure,and diversity needs to be redefined.

福建武夷山国家公园蝴蝶区系调查和分析

本研究对福建武夷山国家公园蝴蝶区系开展调查和分析,以期为蝴蝶物种多样性保护、开发和利用提供科学依据。2018年10月至2022年7月,在武夷山国家公园共采集到蝴蝶成虫标本565头,经形态鉴定归属到5科71属129种。其中,武夷山国家公园新纪录属3个,分别为污斑眼蝶属(Cyllogenes)、裙蛱蝶属(Cynitia)和林灰蝶属(Hayashikeia),新纪录种17个;福建省新纪录属1个,为林灰蝶属(Hayashikeia),新纪录种7个。由此,武夷山国家公园蝴蝶已知种增加到5科187属412种,福建省蝴蝶已知种增加到5科232属615种。在采集到的蝴蝶中,5种蝴蝶被列入《国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录》,分别为金裳凤蝶(Troides aeacus)、大伞弄蝶(Burara miracula)、箭环蝶(Stichophthalma howqua)、双星箭环蝶(Stichophthalma neumogeni)和华西箭环蝶(Stichophthalma suffusa)。科级水平多样性指数分析表明蛱蝶科物种多样性占优势地位。生境越复杂,蝴蝶多样性就越高,常绿阔叶林生境蝴蝶多样性高于其他生境,800~900 m海拔处蝴蝶多样性高于其他海拔。区系分析发现,在世界动物地理区系中,武夷山国家公园蝴蝶种类以东洋区和古北区共有种为主,占51.70%;武夷山国家公园的蝴蝶在中国动物地理区系中有47种分布型,其中归属于西南区-华中区-华南区分布型的最多,占26.46%,其后依次是西南区-华中区-华南区-青藏区分布型和西南区-华中区-华南区-华北区分布型,分别占10.19%和9.95%。

山东莱阳恐龙蛋研究新进展

本文简单回顾了山东莱阳恐龙蛋化石群的发现与研究历史,结合近年来在莱阳的新发现和恐龙蛋研究进展,莱阳恐龙蛋化石群的组成由之前的4科5属11种,修订为6科10属12种,另有1科未定和1个存疑种。将与其他地区恐龙蛋化石组合相比,莱阳恐龙蛋化石群的恐龙蛋类型多样、组合特征明显,是晚白垩世恐龙蛋组合的典型代表,这一组合也很好地反映了晚白垩世胶莱盆地王氏群较高的恐龙多样性。对山东莱阳恐龙蛋进行深入研究,将为进一步探讨晚白垩世莱阳的古地理和古环境等提供详实的古生物学证据。

我国湿地土壤动物生态地理分布研究进展

土壤动物是湿地系统的重要成分,能改善土壤的性质、调节物质的分解、促进养分的循环、指示环境的变化等。目前,针对湿地土壤动物的生态地理分布、不同湿地土壤动物群落结构及物种多样性差异的研究较少,为进一步了解我国湿地土壤动物生态地理分布、群落结构及物种多样性差异,梳理了1979-2023年我国关于土壤动物生态地理分布和不同湿地土壤动物群落结构差异研究的相关文献。研究表明:目前对湿地土壤动物生态地理分布、生态特征和生态功能的研究具有明显的区域性。不同湿地土壤动物的优势类群不同,在土层中具有明显的表聚性,以腐食性动物为主,蜱螨类(A)和弹尾类(C)数量比具有典型的地带性,不同湿地土壤动物种类和数量具有典型的季节性变化,呈现出典型的湿地特征。建议在今后的研究中,将分子生物学技术应用到土壤动物分类和多样性研究中,深入研究土壤动物分布与地理环境的关系,筛选出不同湿地环境中的指示类群,加强土壤动物在湿地生态恢复中的应用性研究。

欧洲鳗鲡(Anguillaanguilla)列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》后产业发展现状及对中国鳗鲡产业发展的启示

欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla,以下简称欧鳗)是世界最具商业价值的鳗鲡品种之一,自欧鳗被纳入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(以下简称《公约》)附录Ⅱ后,欧洲各国加强了对欧鳗资源的保护与管理,欧鳗产业发生了较大的变化。梳理了欧洲采取的欧鳗保护与管理措施,从资源状况、捕捞状况、养殖状况和休闲渔业状况综述了欧鳗产业的现状,分析了欧鳗加入《公约》后对产业的影响以及产业面临的挑战,以及面对日本鳗鲡有可能被列入《公约》附录Ⅱ的形势,欧鳗产业发展对中国鳗鲡产业的启示。提出以下建议:中国应加强开展长期性、基础性日本鳗鲡资源调查评估;加强鳗鱼资源的保护与增殖;全力以赴突破日本鳗鲡的全人工繁育技术;加强与日本鳗鲡相关国家的渔业合作;开发日本鳗鲡可替代苗种资源,不断完善、提升鳗鲡养殖技术。

鳗鲡产业发展现状及日本鳗鲡列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》的影响分析

鳗鲡是中国重要的特色淡水养殖品种之一,鳗鲡肉质鲜美,营养丰富,含有丰富的蛋白质和多种维生素,在国内外市场上深受消费者欢迎。通过研究中国鳗鲡历年养殖产量情况、各地鳗鲡养殖产量情况、鳗鲡进出口情况和鳗鲡资源管理情况,阐述了鳗鲡产业发展现状;剖析了日本鳗鲡产业发展中面临的挑战;结合国际形势分析了欧洲鳗鲡列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录Ⅱ管理后对中国鳗鲡产业发展的影响;研究了如果日本鳗鲡列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录Ⅱ管理,可能给中国鳗鲡产业发展带来的影响;最后,对中国鳗鲡产业未来发展提出了短期建设建议和长期建设建议,为中国鳗鲡产业发展提供参考。

西北江下游河流底栖动物群落健康评价

2020年12月在西北江下游河流设置11个采样点,调查底栖动物群落结构,应用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)评价河流健康状况,并分析B-IBI值与环境因子的关系。结果表明,参照点位的B-IBI值在0.59~4.00之间,处于中等—优状态;受损点位的B-IBI值在0~0.82之间,处于很差—良好状态,其中较差和很差状态占比为87.5%。氨氮浓度与B-IBI值呈现极显著的负相关性,降低水污染负荷是促进底栖动物群落恢复健康的有效途径。在水质已经实现好转的基础上,可通过营造河底卵石生境来促进底栖动物群落恢复,同时也应加强河岸带的修复。

狐尾藻—鲢—铜锈石田螺组合系统对湖泊沉积物磷赋存特征的影响

水生动植物生态系统构建对湖泊磷循环具有重要影响。通过开展微宇宙实验探究狐尾藻鲢铜锈石田螺(MHS)组合系统对沉积物磷的去除效果及其作用机制。结果表明:(1)狐尾藻对上覆水及沉积物中磷素的富集是系统去除磷素的主要途径,鲢和铜锈石田螺的协同作用可有效促进狐尾藻生长并强化其对磷的富集,与狐尾藻(M)、狐尾藻鲢(MH)和狐尾藻铜锈石田螺(MS)3种系统相比,MHS系统对上覆水及沉积物总磷的去除率分别提高了14.02%~54.53%和2.26%~5.33%。(2)沉积物磷的去除主要取决于植物根系对铁铝结合磷(Fe/Al-P)的吸收,实验周期内MHS系统对沉积物无机磷的总体去除率为13.60%,其中Fe/Al-P占87.83%,可有效降低沉积物磷向上覆水释放的风险。(3)16S rRNA基因测序表明,MHS系统可有效改善微生物生长环境,提高沉积物解磷菌(硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas))的相对丰度,促进沉积物Ca-P向Fe/Al-P转化,提升植物根系对磷的吸收效率。本研究表明狐尾藻鲢铜锈石田螺组合系统在沉积物Fe/Al-P含量较高的湖泊中具有较好的应用前景,可有效去除湖泊中的磷污染物,降低湖泊富营养化风险。

牡丹不同连栽年限对春季土壤动物群落的影响

【目的】了解牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)不同连栽年限对春季土壤动物群落结构的影响。【方法】以毗邻荒地(CK)为对照,大型土壤动物采用手捡法,中小型土壤动物采用干湿漏斗分离法,研究了牡丹连栽1 a(F1)、2 a(F2)、3 a(F3)和4 a(F4)后土壤动物群落特征。【结果】试验共捕获土壤动物190只,隶属于2门7纲15目31科,优势类群为蚰蜒目和蜈蚣目,与CK相比,牡丹种植整体上增加了土壤动物类群数,并随连栽年限的增加而呈现出抛物线的变化趋势,牡丹连栽3 a后(F3),土壤动物类群数和平均密度达到最高;同时,除第3年外,牡丹种植后降低了其余种植年的土壤动物密度。随着连栽年限的增加,土壤动物丰富度指数呈递增趋势,多样性指数呈抛物线的变化趋势,优势度指数呈现逐渐减少的趋势,均匀度指数值波动较小。捕食性与杂食性土壤动物密度随连栽年限的增加均呈先递增后递减的趋势。【结论】牡丹种植在短期内有利于土壤动物群落发展,但在超过一定年限后,土壤动物群落会受到一定抑制。

地下水生态系统健康评价研究进展

地下水生态系统为人类提供众多宝贵的服务,如水资源供给、水质净化、洪涝灾害调节等,其健康对于人类福祉至关重要。开展地下水生态系统健康评价不仅对揭示系统的内在机制具有重要意义,且能为地下水资源保护与修复提供理论依据。本文介绍了地下水生态系统的组成、功能以及所面临的威胁,梳理了地下水生态系统健康评价的发展历程、方法、指标与流程框架。通过对比分析现有的研究成果,总结了评价理论和方法中存在的科学问题,并对未来评价方法的发展趋势进行了展望。结果表明:①当前地下水生态系统健康评价方法主要有多指标综合评价法、生物指示法、证据权重法,其中多指标综合评价法最有助于全面地了解地下水生态系统健康状况。②当前研究中评价指标的选取缺少固定的标准,存在一定的主观性,限制了不同评价之间的可比性。③以往研究中所选取的指标可以分为理化指标、生态指标、社会指标3个方面,未来研究可以制定固定标准从上述三方面对地下水生态系统健康进行评价。建议在未来的工作中增加地下水基础数据的采集频次和覆盖范围,并积极进行学科交叉,引入机器学习、大语言模型等技术,降低地下水生态系统健康评价中的主观性,实现评价的准确化、客观化、智能化。

中国首次发现晚中新世西班牙羚(Hispanodorcas)

西班牙羚(Hispanodorcas)是一类中小型牛科动物,此前只在泛地中海地区和南亚有所发现。西班牙羚的分类一直有所争议,曾被认为与羚羊族(Antilopini),苇羚族(Reduncini)或角羊族(Oiocerini)有关。报道了甘肃庆阳正宁地区的代店化石点首次发现的陇东西班牙羚新种(H.longdongica sp.nov.),时代大约为保德期早期(约8–7 Ma)。新材料包括5个头骨,保存状态各异,提供了迄今为止关于西班牙羚最完整的骨骼信息。其角心长而细、向后弯曲,且微弱地同向扭曲(homonymous twist);角心同时还具有外–背侧沟和内–腹沟,这些都是西班牙羚的典型特征。代店地点发现的西班牙羚在已知各种中体型最小,面部和脑颅之间的弯曲较弱,前后基结节均发育较弱。这些原始的特征表明陇东西班牙羚可能代表了这个属的早期演化阶段。此外,该种头骨与瞪羚(Gazella)的相似之处表明西班牙羚可能是直接从瞪羚的祖先演化而来,其同向扭转的角心与角羊族一致,可能是两者平行演化所致。

山西历山国家级自然保护区天牛科昆虫多样性研究

为了解我国山西省南部地区历山国家级自然保护区天牛科昆虫的发生现状、种群结构及分布状况,在保护区4个片区内(下川片区、李圪塔片区、历山片区和大河片区)选取4种生境类型(落叶阔叶林带、针阔混交林带、疏林灌丛带、灌丛农垦带),进行天牛科昆虫多样性调查。结果显示:该保护区天牛昆虫隶属于6亚科81属120种,分别占中国已知属种的12.16%和3.05%,其中天牛亚科的物种数和花天牛亚科的个体数最多,并发现56个山西省新纪录种。从属种比值系数来看,单种属占比较多,该保护区天牛科昆虫属内以单种为主。多样性分析表明:历山片区的丰富度指数最高;均匀度指数和多样性指数均表现为李圪塔片区>大河片区>历山片区>下川片区;优势度指数表现为下川片区>历山片区>大河片区>李圪塔片区。疏林灌丛带的丰富度指数最高;均匀度指数和多样性指数均表现为灌丛农垦带>疏林灌丛带>针阔混交林带>落叶阔叶林带;优势度指数表现为落叶阔叶林带>针阔混交林带>疏林灌丛带>灌丛农垦带。区系分布格局以古北-东洋界共有种为主要特征,占本地区总种数的84.17%;在我国昆虫地理区划中的分布共有30个分布型,以华北区和华中区为主体,并与西南区关系密切。