Effect of rock composition microstructure and pore characteristics on its rock mechanics properties

This paper is to study the influence of composition, microstructure and pore characteristics on the rock mechanical properties. Five kinds of sandstone compositions were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction instrument. And the microstructure was observed by using scanning electron microscope. Then the pore distribution characteristic was investigated by using the low field nuclear magnetic resonance equipment. Finally, the uniaxial compression test was carried out to investigate the mechanical characteristics by using RMT150C mechanics experimental system and the uniaxial compressive strength, Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus were obtained. Compared to the analysis of the composition, structure and pore distribution and mechanical properties of the five kinds of sandstones, the relationship among composition,structure, pore distribution and mechanical properties was obtained. The results show that the composition, microstructure, pore distribution and mechanical properties of sandstone are closely related.With the decrease of feldspar and quartz particles, the compressive strength and elastic modulus increase, while the porosity decreases.

Incubation and development of corrosion in microstructures of low alloy steels under a thin liquid film of NaCl aqueous solution

Electrochemical measurement, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to investigate the corrosion behavior of some low alloy steels. The steels were held under a thin liquid film of 0.5wt% NaCl aqueous solution. It is found that the steels with the same chemical composition but different micmstructures exhibit obviously different corrosion behaviors. However, the corrosion behavior of the steels with different compositions but the same microstructnres may be similar in the present investigation. The corrosion rate of bainite is slower than that of ferrite and pearlite. The corrosion products of bainite are uniform and fine. The size of carbon-rich phases produces a great impact on the corrosion of the steels, whether in the initial stage or in the long tenn. It is easy to induce large pitting for carbon-rich phases with large size, which damages the compactness of the rust layer.

The Relationship of Microstructure, Density and Bending Strength Properties of Blighia sapida

Wood anatomical structures of various tree species help identify the wood. The characteristics and composition of these structures affect their utilisation. In this work, the microstructure of Blighia sapida a lesser-known Ghanaian hardwood species using light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was studied. The relationship between the microstructure and some physical properties such as density, and bending strength were also studied. The anatomical features studied were fibre length, double fibre wall thickness, fibre proportion, vessel diameter and proportion, rays and axial parenchyma proportions. It was observed that the use of SEM in studying the anatomical or ultra-structural aspects of wood gives a clearer understanding of the features and structures found in wood. Anatomical features such as presence of crystals and absence of axial parenchyma in Blighia sapida are reported in the work. The study also established that Blighia sapida had a low water uptake even though it had vessel distribution of 12 vessels/mm2. Having not very distinct axial parenchyma may have accounted for the low water uptake. The presence of occluded pits could also account for the low water uptake and the fibre wall thickness may also account for a medium bending strength of 62.8 N/mm2 at 12% moisture content.

Research on the Geometry and Microstructure of the Coir Fiber

Coir fiber is derived from the coconut shells and considered to be an economical and natural material. In order to further extend its application fields,the geometry and microstructure of the coir fiber were thoroughly investigated in this research. The single fiber length measurement was carried out,and it was revealed that the length of the coir fiber was between 8 and 337 mm. Length distribution of the coir fiber was simulated by using the computer technology,and was found to be in coincidence with that of most natural fibers. The grouping measurement analysis was used to study the length-weight distribution and length-linear density distribution of the fiber. It was found that the average linear density was 27.89 tex and the linear density was between 18.265 and 70.442 tex. The length-weight distribution of the coir fiber showed a Poisson pattern,and the weight of fibers with the length between 50 and 230 mm accounted for 85.28% of the total fibers measured. In this research,scanning electron microscope (SEM) was applied to observe the morphological changes of coir fiber before and after alkali treatment;and the result shows that alkali treatment leads to the removal of lignin and pectin from both the cuticle and the inside walls,which is beneficial for the interfacial adhesion with polymer matrix in composite fabrication.

Microstructure and water-swelling mechanism of red-bed mudstone in the Xining region,Northeastern Tibetan Plateau

This paper examines the effect of the microstructure and electrical conductivity(EC)on the swelling ratio and pressure in red-bed mudstone sampled from arid areas in the Xining region in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.A series of laboratory tests,including swelling experiments,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and scanning electron microscope(SEM),was carried out for mechanical and microstructural analysis.The coupled influence of the EC and microstructural parameters on the expansion ratio and pressure was investigated,and the weight coefficients were discussed by the entropy weight method.The results revealed an increasing exponential trend in EC,and the maximum swelling speed occurred at an EC of approximately 10 mS/cm.In addition,a method for predicting the expansion potential is proposed based on the microstructure,and its reliability is verified by comparing with swelling experimental results.In addition,according to the image analysis results,the ranges of the change in the clay minerals content(CMC),the fractal dimension(FD),the average diameter(AD)of pores,and the plane porosity(PP)are 23.75%e53%,1.08e1.17,7.53e22.45 mm,and 0.62%e1.25%,respectively.Moreover,mudstone swelling is negatively correlated with the plane porosity,fractal dimension and average diameter and is linearly correlated with the clay mineral content.Furthermore,the weight values prove that the microstructural characteristics,including FD,AD,and PP,are the main factors influencing the expansion properties of red-bed mudstones in the Xining region.Based on the combination of macro and micro-analyses,a quantitative analysis of the swelling process of mudstones can provide a better reference for understanding the mechanism of expansion behavior.

Metallic phases of Dong Ujimqin mesosiderite:A field emission scanning electron microscope study

The microstructure of Fe-Ni metallic phases in Dong Ujimqin mesosiderite was studied using the field emission SEM. Taenite is characterized by a zoned structure, consisting of outer clear taenite and inner cloudy zone (CZ). CZ has a typical 'island-honeycomb' microstructure. The average size of the island phase is about 358 nm, suggesting a cooling rate of～0.5℃/Ma at low temperature (【400℃). The Ni concentration profiles across kamacite and zoned taenite were also measured by electron probe microscope analysis (EPMA). Formation of the Fe-Ni metallic phases, microstructure in Dong Ujimqin mesosiderite was discussed based on the new low-temperature Fe-Ni phase diagram.

基于SEM的土体微观结构三维分析与分维计算方法

土体微观结构研究很早就建立了三维空间的分形模型,但分形维数计算所需参数很难由常规土工试验得到,限制了分形理论在土体研究中的应用。基于陕西定边与甘肃兰州原状土样的扫描电镜(SEM)试验,提出了三维化处理与三角形网格原理联合方法,可以得到土体颗粒(孔隙)不同测量尺度对应的表面积与体积计算值,由此实现分形维数的计算,并通过分形理论在土水特征中的应用验证了方法的有效性与可靠性。另外,三维化处理还可获取视孔隙率、比面等土体微观结构参数,可以作为土体微观结构定量分析研究的新途径。

膨胀土微结构对膨胀行为的影响

评估膨胀土的膨胀行为对于膨胀土地区的结构设计十分重要。因降雨入渗,膨胀土在垂直方向和水平方向均产生膨胀变形,当膨胀变形受抑制时将产生膨胀压力,影响其周围结构的稳定性。为揭示膨胀土在增湿膨胀过程中出现各向异性的原因,从微观角度出发,通过电镜扫描(SEM)对百色中膨胀土和枝江弱膨胀土的微观结构进行观察,并通过图像处理技术统计分析膨胀土内黏土矿物颗粒的层状排列。通过研发的二维膨胀仪和改进的试件制备方法,从宏观角度测得了侧限条件下的两向膨胀规律。研究结果表明,膨胀土的微观结构呈片状且面-面相叠;当膨胀土处于天然松散状态时,其内部的黏土矿物颗粒随机定向排列且集聚;压实后,因受各向不均等应力作用,黏土矿物颗粒开始趋向于水平层状排列;干密度越大,土样越密实,其水平层状排列越显著。侧限条件下,两向的膨胀规律表现出显著的差异,干密度越大,膨胀性越强,这种差异就越明显。然而,对黏土矿物颗粒来说,其膨胀的方向垂直于其长轴,高度的水平定向是造成膨胀土在宏观上表现出膨胀各向异性的原因,这种两向的膨胀差异受到干密度和膨胀性的影响,难以做出预测,建议在工程实践中实测两向的膨胀规律。

秸秆纤维加筋黄土三轴剪切特性试验

为了探明秸秆纤维加筋黄土的剪切力学特性,开展三轴剪切试验和电镜扫描试验,研究纤维掺量、纤维长度和土体含水率对秸秆纤维加筋黄土应力-应变特性和抗剪强度的影响,并分析加筋机理。结果表明:加入秸秆纤维主要通过增加土体黏聚力以有效提升黄土的抗剪强度,但不会改变黄土偏应力-应变曲线的类型及特征,仍表现为应变硬化型;秸秆纤维的最佳掺量和长度分别为0.3%和10 mm,当纤维掺量和长度超过最佳值时,土体中存在过多的软弱结构面会削弱加筋土体的整体性,筋土间黏结和摩擦作用降低,土体抗剪强度减小;加筋黄土的最佳含水率为素黄土的最优含水率,含水率超过最佳值后,筋土表面结合水膜增厚,筋土间润滑作用增强、摩擦力减弱,土体抗剪强度降低。

吉林省豚草瘦果形态及微结构特征

【目的】研究吉林省不同地区豚草瘦果形态及微结构特征,为豚草的识别及防控提供参考。【方法】采集吉林省吉林市磨盘山、吉林市龙潭山、桦甸市、蛟河市、长春市、四平市、公主岭市、通化市、白山市、白城市、松原市和乾安县12个地区不同豚草种群的瘦果进行扫描电镜观察、描述和拍照,分析豚草瘦果表型性状与地理-气候因子的相关性,并对瘦果形态及微结构特征进行聚类分析。【结果】豚草果皮纹饰有条状纹饰、网状纹饰和穴状纹饰;瘦果的喙长度随年均降水量增加而增加、随纬度升高而减少;果形系数随经度升高及年均降水量的增加而增加。根据形态和微结构性状聚类分析结果,将豚草瘦果分为3类(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)。其中,Ⅰ类瘦果果皮纹饰网状、中果形、短喙类,种源主要来自蛟河市、通化市、公主岭市、松原市和乾安县;Ⅱ类瘦果果皮纹饰条状、小果形、中长喙类,种源主要来自吉林市磨盘山、吉林市龙潭山、桦甸市、长春市和四平市;Ⅲ类瘦果果皮纹饰穴状、大果形、长喙类,种源主要来自白山市和白城市。【结论】吉林省豚草瘦果形态及微结构存在差异,低纬度、高降水量有利于豚草瘦果生长发育。

原状黄土土-水特征曲线与湿陷性的相关性

为了研究原状黄土土-水特征曲线与黄土湿陷性之间的联系,在陕西西安长安区取地表以下30 m范围内的原状黄土土样,进行基本物理指标试验和湿陷性试验。对不同典型地层的黄土-古土壤试样进行土水特征曲线试验,通过电镜扫描从微观角度分析。研究结果表明:大孔隙的数量与饱和体积含水率呈正相关;中孔隙的数目与过渡区斜率的大小呈正相关,孔隙数目越多土体失水速度越快;微小孔隙的数目和土的塑性指数影响残余含水率的大小。对于不同深度土层,饱和体积含水率和过渡区斜率与土层的湿陷系数呈正相关;塑性指数接近土层的湿陷系数对残余体积含水率的影响不明显;古土壤层的SWCC与湿陷系数之间存在与黄土层相同的正相关性。文章从非饱和土力学的方向去研究黄土的湿陷性,为湿陷性的研究提供一种新的研究角度。

沉积环境对细粒沉积岩微观结构的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组7段页岩为例

细粒沉积岩微观结构特征是岩石的基本属性,影响细粒沉积岩的物理化学行为。以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组7段页岩为例,根据多尺度多视域扫描电镜拼接和图像识别技术,分析细粒沉积颗粒的几何形貌特征,探讨沉积环境对细粒沉积颗粒几何形状和排列结构特征的影响。结果表明:研究区半深湖—深湖相细粒沉积颗粒为细颗度(2~3μm)、扁平和棱角形,颗粒沿某一段连续区间呈定向分布,强度分布呈扁平的仿锥状,定向排列程度好;浅湖相细粒沉积颗粒为中细颗度(2~8μm)、扁平和棱角形,颗粒沿某一区间呈尖状分布,规律性不明显,定向排列程度中等;三角洲相细粒沉积颗粒为细粒度(8~12μm)、似圆形,颗粒分布杂乱无章,强度分布呈似圆形或椭圆形。颗粒周长棱角性指数和扁平度越好,越有利于定向排列结构的形成;颗粒各向异性率和粒度越大,越不利于定向排列结构的形成。该结果有助于了解细粒沉积岩的微观结构特征,建立岩石微观结构和宏观结构的联系。

Collapse behavior and microstructural evolution of loess soils from the Loess Plateau of China

Loess soils are characterized by metastable microstructure, high porosity and water-sensitivity. These soils have always been problematic soils and attracted attention from researchers all over the world. In the present study, three loess soils extracted at various depths from the Loess Plateau of China, i.e. Malan(Q_3), upper Lishi(Q_2~2) and lower Lishi(Q_2~1) loess soils, were studied. Single oedometer-collapse tests were performed on intact loess specimens to investigate the collapse behavior of three loess soils. The microstructure and chemical composition of each loess before and after collapse test were characterized using scanning electron microscopy(i.e. SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy(i.e. EDS) techniques. The microstructural evolution due to wetting collapse was interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of the pore morphology properties. The results suggest that:(1) the collapse potential of each loess may rise again after a round of rise and drop, which could be failure of the new-developed stable structure under quite high vertical pressure. It implies that loess may collapse even if it has collapsed.(2) Q_3, Q_2~2 and Q_2~1 loess have different types of microstructure, namely, granule, aggregate and matrix type of microstructure, respectively.(3) The microstructural evolution due to loading and wetting is observed from a granule type to an aggregate type and finally to a matrix type of structure. The variations in distributions of pore morphology properties indicate that collapse leads to a transformation of large-sized pores into small-sized pores, re-orientation and remolding of soil pores due to particle rearrangement.(4) A porous structure is essential for loess collapse; however, the non-water-stability of bonding agents promotes the occurrence of collapse under the coupling effect of loading and wetting.

Evaluation of Sub-microstructure in Concrete with Low Water-binder Ratio by SEM-BSE Image Analysis

The coarse pore system, interfacial transition zone （ITZ） between aggregate and paste matrix and volume fraction of unhydrated cement in concrete （w/c=0.3） containing mineral admixtures were quantitatively characterized by the scanning electron microscope-backscattered electron （SEM-BSE） image analysis technique. The experimental results show that compound addition of slag and fly ash decreases the coarse porosity from 10.17% to 3.74% and the threshold diameter of coarse pore size from 345 μm to 105 μm compared with concrete （w/c=0.30） without mineral admixtures; Moreover with compound addition of fly ash and slag, the volume proportion of unhydrated cement in paste matrix is reduced by 30%, the maximum amount of coarse pores in the ITZ between aggregate and paste decreases from 13.11% to 5.57% and the thickness of ITZ is reduced by 37% , compared with concrete without mineral admixtures.

抗疏力固化剂改性黄土的微细观特点及改性机理研究

抗疏力固化剂是一种用于土壤稳固而开发的新型固化材料,已越来越多地运用到黄土地基改良方面。目前的研究主要集中在抗疏力固化剂改性黄土的宏观物理力学性质方面,微细观方面的改性机理常直接利用扫描电镜结果进行定性描述,缺乏对微细观方面的定量研究。为此对素黄土及不同掺量下的抗疏力固化剂改性黄土进行了纳米压痕试验和扫描电镜试验,基于试验结果对抗疏力固化剂改性黄土的微观力学特性、结构特性及改性机理进行了分析,并提出了抗疏力固化剂改性黄土的最优掺量。

锂基润滑脂微观结构表征的扫描电镜样品制备方法及应用

为准确表征锂基润滑脂中分散于高黏稠基础油的锂皂纤维形貌和交联状态,以溶剂浸泡法为基础,通过优化溶剂浸泡及溶剂去除过程,提出了溶剂取代凝胶化-真空冷冻干燥法预处理扫描电子显微镜(SEM)用锂基润滑脂样品,并采用该方法研究了不同锂皂稠化剂的纤维微观形貌和空间交联状态。结合流变学分析技术,对不同老化状态下锂基润滑脂的胶体结构及微观结构进行分析。结果表明:低亲和性的甲苯溶剂在有效去除基础油的同时能够很大程度地保持稠化剂网络结构,溶剂取代凝胶化-真空冷冻干燥法可以有效揭示稠化剂纤维结构和稠化剂柔性网络结构特征;热老化过程对锂基润滑脂胶体结构破坏较小,但氧化后的基础油与皂纤维亲和性增加,导致稠化剂出现明显团聚,机械/热老化过程对锂基润滑脂胶体结构破坏严重,稠化剂纤维出现明显的碎裂堆积现象。

考虑应力变化的炭质泥岩粗粒土微观结构特征研究

为了探究炭质泥岩粗粒土的强度特性及微观结构变化特征,该文通过开展压汞试验和电镜扫描试验,对不同荷载作用下的炭质泥岩粗粒土微观结构进行分析。研究结果表明:炭质泥岩粗粒土在不同荷载作用下的微观结构变化主要体现在颗粒排列方式,随着围压的增加,其颗粒排列状态由疏松向密实转变,孔隙体积呈先降低后上升趋势,孔隙多为开放型和半封闭型。相同级配的炭质泥岩粗粒土随着围压的增大,孔隙圆形度先增大后减小,分形维数则先减小后增加,对应的孔隙形态面积减小;4种试样在不同围压下的丰度均为0.46~0.51,试样孔隙呈扁圆形态。该研究成果可为炭质泥岩粗粒土路基强度控制提供参考。

循环温度场下桩周土微观结构试验研究

能量桩在运行过程中桩周土的温度会发生改变,进而会影响到土体的微观结构.为了得到能量桩桩周土的微观结构变化规律,结合室内模型试验,通过扫描电镜和核磁共振技术,对能量桩运行前后的桩周土进行了测试,利用IPP软件对扫描电镜得到的微观参数进行了定量分析.结果表明,循环温度场下能量桩中间部位的土体温度扩散速度快于两端部,土体温度沿径向呈递减趋势;能量桩的运行过程对桩周土的孔隙影响较大,使桩周土的孔隙变大,孔隙的定向角呈无序性发展;对土颗粒的定向性影响较大,使土颗粒的定向角呈无序性发展.

侵蚀环境下镍铁渣粉水泥土的研究进展

镍铁渣是一种工业废渣,将镍铁渣回收利用,有利于提高材料的利用效率,且有利于建筑材料可持续发展。总结介绍水泥土在侵蚀环境的力学性能,分析镍铁渣对水泥土力学方面的影响,最后利用扫描电镜,对掺加镍铁渣粉的水泥土试样进行放大观察,分析镍铁渣粉对水泥土试样的微观形貌的影响,探究镍铁渣粉对水泥土的作用机理,最后对未来的研究方向进行了更深层次的探讨。

影响黄土湿陷性因素的微观试验研究

借助扫描电子显微镜和光学数码显微镜,分析了不同含水率黄土试样表面微区结构变化与黄土湿陷性的关系和不同埋深土样在水与外力共同作用下湿陷前后微观结构的变化特征。利用图像处理软件对所获取的微结构图像进行研究,分析了黄土湿陷前后土样中大、中、小孔隙和微孔隙数量的变化。结果表明:湿陷后比湿陷前土样微孔隙增多31.18%,小孔隙增多54.07%,中孔隙减少30.49%,大孔隙减少90.14%。这说明随着压力的不断增大,黄土中的孔隙被逐渐压缩,大孔隙和中孔隙的数量逐渐减少,小孔隙和微孔隙的数量逐渐增加,为黄土的湿陷变形提供了充分的空间。讨论了土样中4类孔隙对黄土湿陷的贡献量,从微观角度综合分析了黄土湿陷的成因机理。