Transaction Costs in Global Ecology Policy-Making

Global environmental meeting, legislating a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases for planet earth, is what mankind now hopes for, having realized the enormous dangers in the process of climate change. Global warming is no longer denied by the so-called cornucopians （e.g. Lomberg）, but global policy-making originating in reunions of 190 governments or more stumble on collective action difficulties, spelled out in game theory. Paris will not succeed where Copenhagen failed, namely to arrive at a binding and enforceable global environment policy that will be implemented before it is too late. Instead, there will be massive transaction costs from negotiating and re-negotiating, endless voting, the making of promises exante and reneging ex post, as well as the futile attempts at any enforcement action, given state sovereignty. Mankind will have to learn how to cope with the outcomes of global warming, as resilience is the only hope.

The Existence of Social Movement Organization (SMO) & Comparison of Collective and Connective Action in the Digital Era - an Analysis of 15-M Movement in Spain

Social movement organizations(SMOs)have been performing a significant role in terms of gathering like-minded civil individuals with common interests during social movements.Stepping into the digital era,the social media becomes prevailing in transforming people’s lifestyles.This essay will discuss the 15-M Movement in Spain to explore the transition of SMO’s position from conventional social movements to those in the digital era in the light of collective action logic and connective action logic.With the phenomenon that SMO itself sometimes is the original source of problems to trigger social movements,it is reasonable to see the decreasingly important SMO with the successful example of the 15-M Movement to engage over 60 cities in Spain and avoid the“free ride”problem via completely excluding brick and mortar organizations.

Exploring social movement concepts and actions in a knowledge uptake and sustainability context: A concept analysis

Objectives:To share a concept analysis of social movement aimed at advancing its application to evidence uptake and sustainability in health-care.Methods:We applied Walker and Avant method to clarify the concept of social movement in the context of knowledge uptake and sustainability.Peer-reviewed and grey literature databases were systematically searched for relevant reports that described how social movement action led to evidence-based practice changes in health and community settings.Titles,abstracts and full texts were reviewed independently and in duplicate,resulting in 38 included articles.Results:Social movement action for knowledge uptake and sustainability can be defined as individuals,groups,or organizations that,as voluntary and intrinsically motivated change agents,mobilize around a common cause to improve outcomes through knowledge uptake and sustainability.The 10 defining attributes,three antecedents and three consequences that we identified are dynamic and interrelated,often mutually reinforcing each other to fortify various aspects of the social movement.Examples of defining attributes include an urgent need for action,collective action and collective identity.The concept analysis resulted in the development of the Social Movement Action Framework.Conclusions:Social movement action can provide a lens through which we view implementation science.Collective action and collective identity e concepts less frequently canvassed in implementation science literature e can lend insight into grassroots approaches to uptake and sustainability.Findings can also inform providers and change leaders on the practicalities of harnessing social movement action for realworld change initiatives.By mobilizing individuals,groups,or organizations through social movement approaches,they can engage as powered change agents and teams that impact the individual,organizational and health systems levels to facilitate knowledge uptake and sustainability.

Collective Action and Networks in Civil Society： The Case of South Korea＇s Protest Movement

The Free Trade Agreement （FTA） was nearly ratified by United States and South Korea countries＇ administrations and can be described as a network of transnational trade. However, the candlelight protests have been held that network was set between the individuals of the South Korean society as a reaction against the FTA and Korean government, The network was the results of a new method of amassing power which comparing past protest in South Korea, and it was able to deal a severe blow to the ongoing FTA negotiations. In this paper, we will be using the actor-network theory （ANT） set forth by Law （1992） and Latour （2005） to explain Korean candlelight protest situations. A key claim is that ANT must range beyond studies of science and technology to other ＂social＂ subjects because it raises much broader questions about the construction of the social and nature. Therefore, this paper focused more on how the public opinion was aggregate in the social process, rather than the result. And we can see that the role of non-human actors is highly important. Through this attempt the citizen can reveal undisclosed information and get power to have communication with the government.

Under the perspective based on ＂collective action system＂ of public hospital reform return to public welfare standard

In recent years, with this social problem of＂Medical treatment is difficult and expensive＂ has not been effectively addressed, ＂Doctor-patient conflicts＂ phenomenon emerge in endlessly, medical costs increase every year, the city public hospital reform continues to be the focus of attention of government and society In this paper, the theory of governance of public ponds of Elinor Ostrom and Mancur Olson＇s theory of logic of collective action as the theoretical basis of this study, Through the entire medical stakeholders together to form a medical community, the formation of multiple, independent management of public hospitals and the whole public health care system.

Participatory forest management in Burkina Faso: Members' perception of performance

This study examines variations in the performance of partic-ipatory forest management programs among four forest management groups (FMGs) in southern Burkina Faso, and assesses the factors that influence their members’ perceptions of performance through a house-hold survey of 216 members. Variations in performance scores among the FMGs were analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance while multinomial regression analysis was used to identify factors that influ-ence their perception of the performance. The results reveal significant differences in performance scores among FMGs. Members of some FMGs perceived that the participatory forest management program ena-bled them to get benefits from the sale of fuelwood while performance scores in the forest conservation and decision-making processes is gener-ally poor. The score for economic performance of FMGs in turn was related to better access to roads and markets. Group size tended to en-hance economic performance via its strong influence on annual fuelwood harvest, while the resource base appeared to be inconsequential. Mem-bers of the forest management groups perceived that large group size and group heterogeneity, particularly in terms of ethnicity, as well as knowledge and awareness of problems related to the forest environment have no influence on the performance of their respective groups. For rural communities to have a favorable disposition toward sustainable forest management, differences in member understanding of collective actions and their impact before and during the implementation of partic-ipatory forest management programs should be considered.

The Challenge of Crafting Institutions for the Commons： The Case of Community Forestry Support Programs in Mexico 2003-2008

Mexico forest tenure structure is known worldwide for its progressive approach of giving local communities full property rights to set a robust support to sustainable livelihoods in forested areas. Most forest areas in Mexico are owned by local communities either through the ejido, agrarian indigenous community or groups of small owners. In the last 30 years, many forest communities explored forest production at a commercial scale, creating their own communal forestry business and concurring to national markets with their timber and non-timber products. The socio-economical impacts of this approach were tremendous, steadily improving communities living standards. This success prompted rural organizations to ask the Mexican government to launch programs to expand the ＂community forestry＂ model. With international assistance from the World Bank and other agencies, the government of Mexico launched three different programs to foster forest commons： the Forest Conservation and Management Program, the Indigenous, Communities and Biodiversity Project and the Mexican part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. Performance of these programs has been assessed through the World Bank evaluation framework, but the question about their environmental impact or even about their environmental sustainability and therefore their validity as national policies has been scantily explored and practically not debated. To contribute to answering these questions, the author made an extensive analysis of their impact over forest cover during the 2003-2008 period using land cover maps and correlated them with institutional development variables, building a social organization and collective action index （SOCAI）, following Elinor Ostrom institutional analysis and development framework （lAD）.

A Framework to Assess Possible Sources of Stakeholder Exploitation:A Developing Country Case

Solving complex post-disaster reconstruction challenges requires the altruistic involvement of heterogeneous stakeholder groups.However,small,more organized groups,such as government parastatals,private developers,and contractors often exploit large,unorganized groups,such as affected communities,leaving them more vulnerable to future disasters.Based on data collected from a case study in Pakistan,this study proposed a framework to assess,anticipate,and mitigate the exploitation of vulnerable stakeholders in post-disaster reconstruction projects.The framework draws on influential management theories and utilizes reciprocal relationships between stakeholder attributes(power,legitimacy,and urgency),participation,and exploitation.The study also argued for non-binary treatment of stakeholder attributes.The framework will allow practitioners to address issues around the exploitation of stakeholder interests in future post-disaster reconstruction projects.

Past Is Not a Frozen Concept: Considerations about Heritage Conservation in a Fast Changing World

The paper introduces seven essays from China,Europe,India,Japan,South Africa and South America included in issue No.3 of Built Heritage.It focuses on the necessity of a critical review of Western principles and methods of heritage conservation and suggests an approach open to different cultural models and practices.Concepts of history,memory,authenticity are analysed and some new issues originated by massive migrations and urbanisation processes examined.Heritage conservation is seen as an opportunity for developing post-Western/non-Western theoretical models,methodologies and practices.