NOMA Empowered Energy Efficient Data Collection and Wireless Power Transfer in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks

As the sixth generation network(6G)emerges,the Internet of remote things(IoRT)has become a critical issue.However,conventional terrestrial networks cannot meet the delay-sensitive data collection needs of IoRT networks,and the Space-Air-Ground integrated network(SAGIN)holds promise.We propose a novel setup that integrates non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)and wireless power transfer(WPT)to collect latency-sensitive data from IoRT networks.To extend the lifetime of devices,we aim to minimize the maximum energy consumption among all IoRT devices.Due to the coupling between variables,the resulting problem is non-convex.We first decouple the variables and split the original problem into four subproblems.Then,we propose an iterative algorithm to solve the corresponding subproblems based on successive convex approximation(SCA)techniques and slack variables.Finally,simulation results show that the NOMA strategy has a tremendous advantage over the OMA scheme in terms of network lifetime and energy efficiency,providing valuable insights.

Current Status of Sludge Collection, Transportation and Treatment in Ho Chi Minh City

In the process of construction and development, Ho Chi Minh City is discharging about six types of sludge: 1) sludge from urban wastewater drainage systems;2) sludge from industrial wastewater drainage system;3) sludge from the canal dredging activities periodically;4) sludge from septic tanks;5) sludge from the water treatment station/plant;6) sludge from the construction sites. Sludge’s components are very different among types of sludge, sludge from the sewer network and canal dredging contain mainly sand and soil (70% - 90% dry weight), while the sludge from the wastewater/water treatment station/plant and from septic tanks contain mainly biodegradable organic substances (55% - 80% dry weight). The concentrations of all above-mentioned sludge (except sludge from the hazardous industrial wastewater treatment plant) are lower than toxic threshold. The volume of total sludge is about 3000 - 4000 m3/day (5000 - 6000 tons/day), excepting the amount of sludge generated from the water treatment plant (which is collected and treated separately). Sludge from wastewater treatment plants and septic tanks is collected, transported and recycled to become organic fertilizer. The other types of sludge are collected, transported, and disposed at the “unknown” locations, even though they have different values for use.

Standardized pod collection time, pod length and pre-sowing treatment of Albizia lebbeck at terai zone of West Bengal, India

Three pod lengths （ 10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20 cm） and 13 pre-sowing treatments were considered with four dates of collection （9 February, 19 February, 1 March and 11 March） to investigate their effect on germination rate and growth of seedlings of Albizia lebbeck （L.） Benth. at Pundibari, West Bengal, India. The best time of pod collection was on 19 February as the germination rate of the seeds collected on this date was 92.5% without requiring any pre-sowing treatments. This clearly indicated that the seeds collected on 19 February were non-dormant, viable and physiologically mature. Significantly better seedling growth was also obtained when the seeds were sown on 19 February which was extracted from pods of length 10-20 cm. Application of thio-urea as a pre-treatment did not significantly enhanced seed germination rate, but its application in lower concentration （100 μL·L-1） resulted in better seedling growth and development.

Algorithm for the multidisciplinary management of hemorrhage in EUS-guided drainage for pancreatic fluid collections

Pancreatic fluid collections(PFCs),common sequelae of acute or chronic pancreatitis,are broadly classified as pancreatic pseudocysts or walled-off necrosis according to the revised Atlanta classification.Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided drainage is often considered a standard first-line therapy preferable to surgical or interventional radiology approaches for patients with symptomatic PFC.EUS-guided drainage is effective and successful;it has a technical success rate of90%-100%and a clinical success rate of 85%-98%.Recent studies have shown a 5%-30%adverse events(AEs)rate for the procedure.The most common AEs include infection,hemorrhage,perforation and stent migration.Hemorrhage,a severe and sometimes deadly outcome,requires a well-organized and appropriate treatment strategy.However,few studies have reported the integrated management of hemorrhage during EUS-guided drainage of PFC.Establishing a practical therapeutic strategy is an essential and significant step in standardized management.The aim of this review is to describe the current situation of EUS-guided drainage of PFCs,including the etiology and treatment of procedure-related bleeding as well as current problems and future perspectives.We propose a novel and meaningful algorithm for systematically managing hemorrhage events.To our limited knowledge,a multidisciplinary algorithm for managing EUS-guided drainage for PFC-related bleeding has not been previously reported.

Numerical study of collection efficiency and heat-transfer characteristics of packed granular filter

The collection mechanism and heat-transfer characteristics of a packed granular filter were investigated using a three-dimensional randomly packed granular filter model. The bridging method was introduced to optimize the grids of contact points between granules. The influences of granular bed depth, gas velocity, and gas temperature on grade collection efficiency were investigated. The results indicated that a decrease of temperature improved collection efficiency when the particle diameter was greater than 5 |xm. The grade collection efficiency maintained a stable value when the Stokes number, St, was less than 0.009, but increased linearly with ig(St) when St > 0.009. A logarithmic mean temperature difference method was used to obtain overall heat-transfer coefficients of gas-solid two-phase flow through the packed granular filter. The results showed that convective heat transfer was enhanced due to the intro-duction of solid particles in the bed. The overall heat-transfer coefficient increased approximately linearly with an increase in particle loading ratio. The Nusselt number was related to the Reynolds number, the Archimedes number, and the particle loading ratio.

Collection efficiency and charge transfer optimization for a 4-T pixel with multi n-type implants

In order to increase collection efficiency and eliminate image lag, multi n-type implants were introduced into the process of a pinned-photodiode. For the purpose of improving the collection efficiency, multi n-type implants with different implant energies were proposed, which expanded the vertical collection region. To reduce the image lag, a horizontal gradient doping concentration eliminating the potential barrier was also formed by multi n-type implants. The simulation result shows that the collection efficiency can be improved by about 10% in the long wavelength range and the density of the residual charge is reduced from 2.59 × 10^9 to 2.62 × 10^7 cm^-3.

A new semiconductor-based SERS substrate with enhanced charge collection and improved carrier separation: CuO/TiO_(2) p-n heterojunction

In this paper, CuO/TiO_(2) p-n heterojunction was developed as a new surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) substrate to magnify Raman signal of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid(4-MBA) molecule. In the heterojunction-molecule system, CuO as an “electron capsule” can not only offer more electrons to inject into the surface state energy level of TiO_(2) and consequently bring additional charge transfer, but also improve photogenerated carrier separation efficiency itself due to strong interfacial coupling in the interface of heterojunction, which together boost SERS performance of the heterojunction substrate. As expected,owing to the enhanced charge collection capacity and the improvement of photogenerated carrier separation efficiency derived from internal electric field and strong interface coupling provided in the interface of heterojunction, this substrate exhibits excellent SERS detection sensitivity towards 4-MBA, with a detection limit as low as 1 × 10^(-10)mol/L and an enhancement factor of 8.87 × 10~6.

Oxygen Transfer and Hydrodynamics in a Flexible Fibre Biofilm Reactor for Wastewater Treatment

A flexible fibre biofilm reactor was developed for treatment of organic wastewaters.The hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer coefficients of oxygen were studied and compared with those of the conventional activated sludge processes.Tracer experiments were performed to obtain the residence time distributions of the reactors.The results indicated that both reactors could be treated as mixed flow reactors.The effects of flow rates of water and air on the overall mass transfer coefficient of oxygen were investigated,and the correlations between the mass transfer coefficient and the ratio of flow rates were obtained.Compared to the conventional activated sludge reactor,the mass transfer coefficients in the flexible fibre reactor were similar to but slightly lower,and less sensitive to the variation in the ratio of flow rates.It indicated that the fibre packing in the reactor hindered the oxygen transfer to some extent.

Modeling and Simulation of Heat Transfer in Loaded Continuous Heat Treatment Furnace

Continuous furnaces are widely used in the heat treatment of mass-produced parts. However, the heating up process of parts in continuous furnace is still decided by experience. In this paper the heat transfer in the continuous furnace is formulated firstly. The heat balance in each zone is discussed and equations are given. Coupled with the model for heat transfer between workpieces and furnace and the heat transfer in the workload as well presented in the former developed CHT-6/ for batch furnaces, a program CHT- for continuous furnaces was developed. The model deals with two typical movements of parts: continuous or step by step. The moving speed of parts and load pattern can be optimized based on the calculated temperature distributions and curves, especially, the fastest heated and slowest-heated temperature-distance profiles. A case study is carried out for the heat treatment of a kind of hook-shaped part. The calculated results are analyzed and in good agreement with the measured ones.

Mass Transfer-Promoted Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)Circulation Steered by 3D Flow-Through Co-Catalyst System Toward Sustainable Advanced Oxidation Processes

Realizing fast and continuous generation of reactive oxygen species(ROSs)via iron-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)is significant in the environmental and biological fields.However,current AOPs assisted by co-catalysts still suffer from the poor mass/electron transfer and non-durable promotion effect,giving rise to the sluggish Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)cycle and low dynamic concentration of Fe^(2+)for ROS production.Herein,we present a three-dimensional(3D)macroscale co-catalyst functionalized with molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))to achieve ultra-efficient Fe^(2+)regeneration(equilibrium Fe^(2+)ratio of 82.4%)and remarkable stability(more than 20 cycles)via a circulating flow-through process.Unlike the conventional batch-type reactor,experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations demonstrate that the optimal utilization of the 3D active area under the flow-through mode,initiated by the convectionenhanced mass/charge transfer for Fe^(2+)reduction and then strengthened by MoS_(2)-induced flow rotation for sufficient reactant mixing,is crucial for oxidant activation and subsequent ROS generation.Strikingly,the flow-through co-catalytic system with superwetting capabilities can even tackle the intricate oily wastewater stabilized by different surfactants without the loss of pollutant degradation efficiency.Our findings highlight an innovative co-catalyst system design to expand the applicability of AOPs based technology,especially in large-scale complex wastewater treatment.

FEM simulation and experimental verification of temperature field and phase transformation in deep cryogenic treatment

Combining with the low temperature material properties and the boiling heat transfer coefficient of specimen immersed in the liquid nitrogen, a numerical model based on metallo-thermo-mechanical couple theory was established to reproduce the deep cryogenic treatment （DCT） process of a newly developed cold work die steel Cr8Mo2SiV （SDC99）. Moreover, an experimental setup for rapid temperature measurement was designed to validate the simulation results. The investigation suggests that the differences in temperature and cooling rate between the surface and core of specimen are very significant. However, it should be emphasized that the acute temperature and cooling rate changes during DCT are mainly concentrated on the specimen surface region about 1/3 of the sample thickness. Subjected to DCT, the retained austenite of quenched specimen continues to transform to martensite and finally its phase volume fraction reduces to 2.3%. The predicted results are coincident well with the experimental data, which demonstrates that the numerical model employed in this study can accurately capture the variation characteristics of temperature and microstructure fields during DCT and provide a theoretical guidance for making the reasonable DCT procedure.

Advancements in the endoscopic treatment of pancreatic fluid collections

Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic fluid collections(PFCs)with fewer complications and less trauma has gradually replaced surgery or percutaneous drainage to become the first-line treatment for PFCs.In recent years,the differential efficacy of various stent techniques to drain different types of PFCs has been controversial.This review summarizes the clinical applications of endoscopic ultrasound-guided stent placement for PFCs drainage.

Brief Analysis on Institution of Rural Collective Construction Land Transfer

From the viewpoint of strengthening the government management and control of rural collective construction land transfer,this paper gives relevant definitions and puts forward institution and policy of construction land for township enterprises and rural housing land. It is expected to provide institutional guarantee for standardizing the market order of rural collective construction land use right transfer.

A multi-objective decision-making method for the treatment scheme of landslide hazard

The treatment engineering of landslide hazard is a complicated systemengineering. The selecting treatment scheme is influenced by many factors such as technology,economics, environment, and risk. The decision-making of treatment schemes of landslide hazard is aproblem of comprehensive judgment with multi-hierarchy and multi-objective. The traditional analysishierarchy process needs identity test. The traditional analysis hierarchy process is improved bymeans of optimal transfer matrix here. An improved hierarchy decision-making model for the treatmentof landslide hazard is set up. The judgment matrix obtained by the method can naturally meet therequirement of identity, so the identity test is not necessary. At last, the method is applied tothe treatment decision-making of the dangerous rock mass at the Slate Mountain, and its applicationis discussed in detail.

Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis of an Ultrasonic Molten Metal Treatment System

In piezoceramic ultrasonic devices,the piezoceramic stacks may fail permanently or function improperly if their working temperatures overstep the Curie temperature of the piezoceramic material.While the end of the horn usually serves near the melting point of the molten metal and is enclosed in an airtight chamber,so that it is difficult to experimentally measure the temperature of the transducer and its variation with time,which bring heavy difficulty to the design of the ultrasonic molten metal treatment system.To find a way out,conjugate heat transfer analysis of an ultrasonic molten metal treatment system is performed with coupled fluid and heat transfer finite element method.In modeling of the system,the RNG model and the SIMPLE algorithm are adopted for turbulence and nonlinear coupling between the momentum equation and the energy equation.Forced air cooling as well as natural air cooling is analyzed to compare the difference of temperature evolution.Numerical results show that,after about 350 s of working time,temperatures in the surface of the ceramic stacks in forced air cooling drop about 7 K compared with that in natural cooling.At 240 s,The molten metal surface emits heat radiation with a maximum rate of about 19 036 W/m2,while the heat insulation disc absorbs heat radiation at a maximum rate of about 7922 W/m2,which indicates the effectiveness of heat insulation of the asbestos pad.Transient heat transfer film coefficient and its distribution,which are difficult to be measured experimentally are also obtained through numerical simulation.At 240 s,the heat transfer film coefficient in the surface of the transducer ranges from–17.86 to 20.17 W/（m2？K）.Compared with the trial and error method based on the test,the proposed research provides a more effective way in the design and analysis of the temperature control of the molten metal treatment system.

Dislocation and Regression of the Role of Collective in Land Transfer

This paper expounds the origin of "collective" in the process of collective land transfer, and analyzes the dislocation phenomenon of the role of collective in the process of collective land transfer as follows: deviation of the role under the conflict of identity; offside of the role under the limitation of democratic construction; omission of the role under the segmentation of interests. In order to protect the legitimate rights of farmers, we should make the role of collective to revert on the basis of township government, farmer and collective, so that the role of collective is restored under the management of government; the role of collective reverts under the supervision of farmers; the role of collective returns under its own strengthening of democracy.

Study on structural characteristics and adsorption performance of ultrasonic treated Mn-containing sulfur transfer agent

To prepare manganese-containing spinel sulfur transfer agent with acid peptization, ultrasonic wave is used for the first time to modify the structure of sulfur transfer agent in this work. Mini fixed bed reactor was used to investigate the effect of ultrasonic power, time and temperature on the structure and oxidation adsorption performance of sulfur transfer agent and the adsorption kinetics and mechanism of SO2 were analyzed. SEM, TEM, XRD and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques were employed to characterize and analyse the function of sulfur transfer agent. The results indicated that manganese-containing spinel is a kind of promising sulfur transfer agent and exhibits higher sulfur capacity and desulfurization degree under the selected conditions of the ultrasonic wave power of 60%, and with the treatment period for 3 h at a temperature of 60 ℃.

Path Choice of Rural Land Transfer in China

Establishing rural land collective property right system with clear ownership,complete powers and functions,smooth transfer,and strict protection is the basic guarantee to the equal exchange of land elements. In this study,the reform of relevant legal systems to China's rural land transfer was introduced firstly,and then the guiding ideology of China's rural land transfer was proposed. Finally,the ways of practicing rural land transfer in China were discussed. Based on the premise of insisting on and improving the strictest land preservation system,farmers should have the right to occupy,use,and transfer their contracted land,and they can transfer their land contracting and management right in ways of exchange,subcontracting,renting,stock cooperation,and trust. Exploring the ways of equal exchange of land elements according to local conditions is an important political and economic issue concerning the livelihood and development of farmers in China,so it should be conducted under the guidance of the correct ideas to integrate scattered land in China's rural areas,develop moderate-scale management,shorten the income gap between urban and rural areas,and realize balancing development of urban and rural areas in China.

Protection of Collective Rights of Rural Members in the Process of Land Transfer under Shareholding Cooperative Systems

According to the legal definitions of land transfer under shareholding cooperative systems,rural groups,collective rights of members,and this paper discloses the necessity of protecting the collective rights of members.In terms of qualification definition of members,rights of fetus,married daughters and sons in law cannot be guaranteed.In terms of rights protection,partial rights cannot be assured,power of personal stake inthe collective members is imperfect which results in inadequate,unbalanced,shaky and unpunctuated benefits.Based on objective and subjectivecauses,the democratic management rights of members in land transfer process have been weakened or even deprived,the protection of the basiclife is hard to realize.The paper proposes that it is necessary to build the social protection mechanisms of rural land shareholding cooperative sys-tems.The first is to treat those members that own land,attending the shareholding cooperation but having not taken part in the land transfer proces-sion as the protection objects.The second is in the procession of land transfer,making it clear the compensation standards of land transfer,estab-lishing the intermediate agencies of land transfer and performing the collective economic organizing functions.The third is that the account capital ofsocial protection is contributed together by personal member,the land users(shareholding cooperative companies) and government.The fourth isto pay more attention to the added value and safety management of capital operation.

Assessment of semi-empirical mass transfer correlations for pervaporation treatment of wastewater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons

Assessment of mass transfer characteristics of pervaporation （PV） treatment of wastewater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons is of great importance for water treatment plant operators conducting initial evaluation, process optimization, and process economics. While a membrane plays a central role in pervaporation processes and separation efficiency, the mass transfer in the liquid layer next to the membrane surface is of equal, if not greater importance. It is one of the few process parameters that can be adjusted in situ to manipulate the outcome of a pervaporation process. In this study, a bench scale pervaporation experiment of removing a common chlorinated hydrocarbon from water was carried out and the results of it were compared to the ones based on well-known semi-empirical correlations. The mass transfer coefficients from the experiments, ranging from 0.8× 10^-5-2.5× 10^-5 m/s under the operating conditions, are higher than those predicted by the correlation. The corresponding separation factors under varying flow velocities are determined to be between 310-950.