Game analysis of Chinese stakeholders in collective forest rights system reform

In the current stage of Chinese forest ownership reform,the central and local governments as well as the forest farmers play different roles with variations in their expected returns.Managing these respective relationships between the forestry stakeholders to maximize their benefits while actively engaging each stakeholder in the collective forest ownership reform process has become an important issue.This study uses the game theory methodology to analyze the relationship between the different reform stakeholders and then builds on the forest farmers' participation in the reform model process at the reform movement micro-level.This model calculates the forest products equilibrium marketing sales and the government subsidies provided to the forest farmers,when the forest farmers willingly participate in the reform process.It will provide a reliable basis for formulation of government policies which positively impacts Chinese forestry reform.

Obstacles to the Mortgage Financing of Forest Rights and its Countermeasures

Current status of the mortgage financing of forest rights is introduced.Significance of the development of mortgage financing of rural forest rights is analyzed,indicating that the mortgage financing of rural forest rights is an inevitable trend of rural reform development,Mortgage financing of forest rights in rural China is an effective vector for the farmers' income increase project with financial support,explores the great potential of forest resources,promotes the coordinated development of forestry and financial services.Major obstacles for the mortgage financing of forest rights at present is pointed out,which are the high assessment fees,the complex mortgage valuation,the unsound element market of forestry,and the lack of risk protection mechanism.Countermeasures for the development of mortgage financing of forest rights is out forward.For instance,both government and Forestry Bureau should strengthen the circulation services,establish smooth evaluation mechanism,establish companies for rural assets platform,increase the interest subsidies for forest right mortgage and the risk compensation,strengthen the team construction and improve the service system.

Social and Environmental Impacts of Maryland Oil Palm Plantations on Forests,Biodiversity,and Community Livelihoods in Liberia

Liberia holds 44.5% of the remaining portion of the Upper Guinean Rainforest in West Africa,which is home to critically endangered forest elephants and western chimpanzees.The forests are of vital importance for the livelihoods of millions of West Africans and provide key ecosystem services of local and global importance for food systems transformation and agroecology.Liberia’s efforts toward land reform through legislation and policies recognise communities’rights to own and manage their customary lands and resources.These include the National Forestry Reform Law of 2006,the Community Rights Law Concerning Forest Lands of 2009,and the Land Rights Act of 2018,and more.In May 2022,a program team from the Sustainable Development Institute(SDI)-Friends of the Earth Liberia researched the social and environmental impacts of Maryland Oil Palm Plantations(MOPPs)in Liberia.Twenty-three(23)key informant interviews(KIIs)and 10 focus group discussions(FGDs)were conducted in seven communities in and around the MOPP.They included farmers,contract workers,MOPP staff,local authorities,women and youth leaders,the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)Inspector,the Civil Society Head,and the Gender Coordinator of Maryland County.The team cross-checked information with formal documents as much as possible and took photographs and global positioning system(GPS)locations of areas of deforestation,pollution,and conflict.The team also used observation to monitor environmental pollution,such as affluent into water bodies and planting oil palm in wetlands.The team used narrative analysis and geospatial landscape analysis to analyze the data.The research finds that land conflict and deforestation have several negative impacts on communities.MOPP has not respected land tenure rights or followed Free Prior and Informed Consent(FPIC)standards,including resettlement without reparation and destruction of farms and old towns without(sufficient)compensation or restitution.During MOPP land acquisition and clearance,communities experienced the loss of their farms and the identification of villages as“village de squatters”,leading to restricted access to farmland,heightened food insecurity,and reduced income from cash crops to support families.MOPP destroyed high conservation value areas and destroyed secondary forest regrowth,which affected important biodiversity areas.MOPP is one of the four large-scale industrial palm oil plantations in Liberia in Maryland County.It has a palm oil mill in a joint venture with Golden Veroleum Liberia(GVL).Its 2011 concession agreement includes 8,800 hectares for industrial palm oil plantations.

Property Rights, Institutions and Forest Resources Management in Developing Countries

The objective of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework stimulating the sustainable management of natural resources in Central Africa. Based on the forest resources, we show how good identification and allocation of property rights strengthen the joint management of forest resources. Cameroon is selected as an example, since the country represents one of the most forest-intense areas in Africa. In doing so, we first evaluate the performance of institutions in fostering sustainable forest management. Second we show how good elaboration and allocation of property rights may contribute to improving efficiency in forest management. Using the New Institutional Economic (NIE) theory we provide an outline of the potential relationships between forest management and property rights allocated to stakeholders involved in forest exploitation. Finally we provide two forms of institutional structures that could improve forest management efficiency: public-private partnership and multi-stakeholder management approaches. Public-private partnerships are joint project management processes operated by both private businesses and public entities in order to combine public prescriptive mechanisms with private operational roles. Multi-stakeholder management approach is also a co-management initiative combining public entities, private actors and local population to increase the involvement of local dwellers living in forest areas in the decision process.

Survey on the Peasants' Will of Forest Land Transfer in the Reform of Collective Forest Right System——On the Case of 180 Peasant Households in Lishui City of Zhejiang Province

Taking sample survey in the eighteen villages of Yunhe, Longquan and Qingyuan County of Lishui City of Zhejiang Province, the results show that the forest land transfer of sample peasants is mainly transfer-out, the private treaty of forest land transfer is the main pattern of most peasant households, forest right trading market hasn't got wide approval in peasants, peasants' dependence on land is reducing, and so on. Through analysis, the reasons of influent transfer of forest land include peasant's subjective will, less type of transfer objects, dull information communication, big difference of expected price and imperfect development of intermediary organization. In order to promote a healthy development of forest land transfer, the paper puts forward proposals of strengthening policy publicity, improving system, identifying property right, pushing variety of transfer types, developing forest land market, cultivating subject of market and so on.

Study on Farmers' Cognition and Willingness to Plant Trees during Collective Forest Right Reform Based on Data from Plain Areas of Henan Province

On the basis of the survey data from plain areas of Henan Province,farmers' cognition and willingness to plant trees in collective forest right reform are studied. According to statistical analysis and regression equation of binary logistic regress analysis,it is generally believed that different participants have various attitudes to the reform,with regard to if planting trees or more,reform variables have a distinct effect,as well as income variable and loaning or lending variable. At last,some advices are put forward,that is,the government should strengthen collective forest right reform,accelerate matching reform and increase policy and financial support to forestry farmers.

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

深化集体林权制度改革的再思考

对中国三次集体林权制度改革进行概述,分析林业发展环境的变化,提出深化林业改革的主要任务和策略。研究表明:当前中国森林主要作用、林权利用方式、林产品原料来源发生了变化;新一轮集体林改主导者和目标发生了变化,林改成果的评价内容也发生了变化,新一轮林改是从调动农民经营林业的积极性延展到动员全社会参与林业发展,让全社会支持林业发展延展到让林业更好地满足全社会需要;新一轮林改需要持续创新林业协同发展体制、改革森林采伐管理制度、构建林权流转监管和服务平台、创新生态服务价值实现机制、健全生态经济兼顾的林业政策体系。

“两山”理念与集体林权制度改革新格局构建

在阐述“两山”理念的本质与重要体现的基础上,理解其推动指导集体林权制度改革的现实意义,分析了集体林权制度改革的成效和问题,以及集体林权制度改革新格局构建的系统思维,“创新引领、科学先行”和“尊重农民意愿、保护农民权益”的原则,从为推进乡村振兴赋能助力、为推进共同富裕筑好平台以及为推进生态文明建设再立新功3个维度探讨了集体林权制度改革新格局构建的路径。

深化集体林权制度改革阶段内蒙古林农林业生产经营的动力机制

集体林权制度改革关系国家生态安全和亿万农民福祉。在当前深化集体林权制度改革阶段,通过分析林农林业生产经营的动力因素,得出林农生产经营的动力机制,提出提升林农生产经营动力的对策建议,以期进一步激发林农生产经营的活力,从而促进森林资源持续增长和林农收入持续增加。

习近平关于集体林权制度改革重要论述的生成逻辑、科学内涵与践行路径

党的十八大以来,习近平始终重视、高度关心集体林权制度改革,把集体林权制度改革工作摆在生态文明建设和林业改革发展的重要位置。习近平坚持以马克思林业经济理论为指导,赓续中华优秀传统林业文化,继承、发展历代中国共产党人林业改革经验,回应建设林业现代化时代呼唤,围绕集体林权制度改革工作的改革方向、内生动力、价值归旨、改革基调、问题导向、拓宽机制等方面提出一系列重要论述。在深入阐释习近平关于集体林权制度改革重要论述的基础上,提出构建科学的森林经营体系,统筹高质量发展与高水平保护;发展林业适度规模经营,提升林业发展质效;畅通“两山”转化通道,充分释放林业内生价值;依靠制度刚性精准落实,以林长制促“林长治”等践行路径。

湖南省权益类森林生态产品价值实现的问题与对策

权益类森林生态产品是一类需要政府赋权和确权并通过市场实现生态价值的生态产品,具有不完全的排他性和竞争性特征,依靠政府与市场共同作用实现生态价值。湖南省探索开发了林业碳汇项目、集体林权、林权抵押贷款等三种权益类森林生态产品,取得了积极成效,但依然在运行机制、配套政策等方面存在亟待解决的问题。政府应当采取优化林业碳汇项目开发、推动集体林权交易监管协同、打通林权抵押贷款通道等举措,推动权益类森林生态产品价值实现。

中国林业产权研究热点与变迁趋势——基于CiteSpace和VOSviewer的可视化分析

利用科学知识图谱方法梳理国内林业产权领域研究的热点主题及其变迁趋势,厘清林业产权领域研究的逻辑脉络。综合运用CiteSpace和VOSviewer软件,对中国知网(CNKI)学术期刊数据库中2001-2023年收录的1 540篇相关文献进行知识图谱分析。研究发现:自2001年开始,该领域发文量呈现逐年渐进式增长,至2009年达到顶峰后趋于稳定,但领域内作者和发文机构之间的合作较为松散,且国内林业产权领域研究的发文机构相对集中于高校;结合林业产权领域的研究热点,可大致将该领域的研究内容归纳为关于林业产权制度、碳汇、林业产权交易和中国森林资源产权的研究;结合林业产权领域研究的历史脉络与演化趋势,可以将该领域研究分为3个阶段,包括探索阶段、横向拓展阶段和纵向延伸阶段。未来研究应把握“双碳”新特征,以此推进林业产权领域研究深入发展。

习近平关于集体林权制度改革重要论述的生成逻辑、实践指向及价值意蕴

基于马克思主义产权理论、中国共产党领导的百年林业改革发展经验和新时代推进林业高质量发展的现实需要等3个层面分析习近平关于集体林权制度改革重要论述的生成逻辑。准确把握习近平关于集体林权制度改革重要论述的鲜明实践指向:坚持正确改革方向、坚持生态美与百姓富的有机统一、坚持人民主体地位、坚持问题导向、坚持顶层设计和基层探索相统一。总结习近平关于集体林权制度改革重要论述的价值意蕴:有利于为切实改善民生福祉、推进林业生态文明建设提供理论指导,同时为全球林业发展贡献中国智慧和中国方案。

林权抵押贷款制度环境、现实困境与治理路径——基于福建三明集体林权改革试验区的调研

在正式制度与非正式制度环境下,林权抵押贷款受人格化财产特性及其信贷交易特殊性的影响较大。基于福建三明集体林权改革试验区的调研显示,林权抵押贷款发展面临的现实困境主要源于禀赋效应和信息不对称,即禀赋效应抑制林权抵押贷款的信贷需求,信息不对称抑制林权抵押贷款的有效供给。应构建集体林区良好的普惠林业金融生态环境,着重发挥具有乡村权威的村干部“类金融中介”的比较优势,有效培育与挖掘林权抵押贷款的潜在需求,以缓解林权抵押贷款的禀赋效应和信息不对称问题,最大限度地提升林业金融配置效率,助推林区乡村振兴。

集体林权制度改革研究进展与热点分析

为给我国集体林权制度改革研究进一步发展提供参考,以CNKI数据库中2003—2022年集体林权制度改革研究文献为对象,分析其演化过程、研究热点和发展趋势。采用文献计量,对发文量、研究机构和关键词进行统计分析;采用CiteSpace V分析软件对研究机构和关键词进行可视化分析。结果表明,集体林权制度改革研究大致可分为3个阶段,即探索(2003—2005年)、深入(2006—2017年)和巩固(2018—2022年)阶段;研究机构间的合作程度较高,大多数研究机构均与北京林业大学和南京林业大学存在合作关系。研究热点为“集体林权”“林权改革”和“林权流转”等,呈现14个聚类,可被归纳为“制度本体”“涉及主体”和“改革措施”3个方面。该研究具有较强的政策引导性,“林业收入”“三权分置”和“林农行为”为目前热门的研究主题。未来,集体林权制度改革研究需与乡村振兴战略和“双碳”目标结合,从内容、方向和方法上进行拓展性研究。

我国林权收储担保模式比较与应用推广策略

当前我国林权抵押贷款正处于发展的关键时期,林权收储担保对于推进林权抵押贷款业务具有重要价值。本文主要通过选取具有代表性的四种林权收储模式进行比较分析,进而得出每种模式的适用条件以及应用推广策略。研究表明:当地的森林资源发展状况、林地权属情况、林业产业发展水平、林权抵押贷款规模都是影响林权收储担保模式选择的重要因素,建议应当从林权收储担保机构建设、收储担保业务模式创新、收储担保机构配套措施以及林权收储担保补助政策等不同方面促进我国林权收储担保工作的发展。

公益林补偿收益权质押贷款模式适用条件与推广策略——基于国内4种典型模式的比较分析

公益林补偿收益权质押贷款模式的创新对于缓解林农资金短缺、盘活公益林资源具有重大意义。本文梳理归纳了国内典型的4种公益林补偿收益权质押贷款模式的操作流程和运行模式,并从贷款模式、实施方式、借款对象、贷款结构、风控机制5个方面进行比较。研究发现:当地经济状况、公益林资源基础条件、贷款主体类型和规模以及农村金融市场成熟度会影响不同贷款模式应用条件。由此,建议各地区结合实际情况选择适合的贷款模式,并从发展林下经济、完善公益林收益权登记制度、充分利用质押担保机制、完善收益权流转评估体系和发挥基层组织的牵头作用五方面提出建议。

云南省林下经济产业规范的思考

中国实施林权改革以后,林下经济迅速发展,国家政策对林下经济的关注和指导也对其发展有着正向作用。云南省自然资源丰富,非常适宜发展林下经济,目前云南省已经初步形成其产业政策,并且云南省的林下经济已经成为了全省重要的支柱产业之一。在全国范围内,云南省的林下经济具有一定的示范性,本文通过研究云南省现有的林下经济产业规范,对现有产业规范进行梳理。

新中国集体林权制度改革的历史演进与展望

新中国成立75年来,集体林权制度在社会主义革命和建设时期、改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期、中国特色社会主义新时代,从初步构建到不断发展成为符合我国国情的一项重要制度,历经了以下几个阶段:国民经济恢复时期(1949—1952年):集体林权制度的酝酿;农业合作化时期(1953—1958年):初步构建集体林权制度,山林入社;人民公社时期(1958—1978年):山林集体所有、统一经营;中共十一届三中全会至中共十六大(1978—2002年):林业三定;中共十六大至中共十八大(2002—2012年):明晰产权、放活经营权、落实处置权、确保收益权;中共十八大到中共二十大(2012—2022年):增绿、增质、增效;2022年中共二十大以来:稳、活、融、试。展望未来,在以中国式现代化推进强国建设、民族复兴的新征程上,集体林权制度改革应继续按照“稳、活、融、试”的顶层设计,通过创新融资机制、培育新型经营主体、做好林权流转服务、推动产业融合等途径分别解决钱、人、权、益四大问题。