Teachers in colleges and universities are the nurturers of the core talents of the country.Teachers’comprehensive quality levels in colleges and universities fundamentally determine the quality of talent cultivation ...Teachers in colleges and universities are the nurturers of the core talents of the country.Teachers’comprehensive quality levels in colleges and universities fundamentally determine the quality of talent cultivation in colleges and universities,the level of scientific research,and the contribution to society.Based on moral cultivation and teachers’professional moral cultivation,this paper discusses the problems in the professional moral cultivation of college teachers and the measures to improve the professional moral cultivation of college teachers.展开更多
This paper selects the teachers of public higher vocational college(College A)in underdeveloped areas to participate in the analysis,and conducts a questionnaire survey using the occupational risk perception questionn...This paper selects the teachers of public higher vocational college(College A)in underdeveloped areas to participate in the analysis,and conducts a questionnaire survey using the occupational risk perception questionnaire of higher vocational teachers.A total of 223 higher vocational teachers were selected to participate in the survey in order to understand the status quo of occupational risk perception of higher vocational teachers.The survey results show that the Cronbach’sαcoefficient of occupational risk perception scale for higher vocational teachers is 0.846,and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO)is 0.871.The education legal liability risk,workload risk,and career development risk are the highest average occupational risk perception of higher vocational teachers.In conclusion,the occupational risk perception scale of higher vocational teachers compiled in this study has good reliability and validity.The occupational risk perceived by teachers in public higher vocational colleges is relatively high.展开更多
In vocational education,teacher leadership is an important factor in promoting school development and improving teaching quality.Enhancing teacher leadership has practical significance for the connotative development ...In vocational education,teacher leadership is an important factor in promoting school development and improving teaching quality.Enhancing teacher leadership has practical significance for the connotative development of vocational colleges.It involves improving education and teaching quality,cultivating high-skilled talents,building excellent teaching teams,enhancing school governance systems,and other areas.The core elements include professional knowledge,teaching innovation,teamwork,and communication skills.The enhancement of teacher leadership can effectively enhance teachers’enthusiasm to participate in educational and teaching reforms as well as promote the overall efficiency of vocational colleges.In order to enhance teacher leadership in vocational colleges,it is necessary to achieve a breakthrough in institutional barriers,combine personal and external factors,strengthen institutionalized teacher leadership construction through a top-down design,and strengthen evaluation and feedback mechanisms to establish a scientific leadership evaluation system and improve teacher leadership cognition.展开更多
Under the online teaching model,the evaluation literacy of college English teachers has become one of the critical factors affecting students’learning effects[1].This study uses a self-compiled questionnaire to inves...Under the online teaching model,the evaluation literacy of college English teachers has become one of the critical factors affecting students’learning effects[1].This study uses a self-compiled questionnaire to investigate the current status of evaluation literacy of college English teachers under the online teaching model from four aspects:evaluation awareness,evaluation knowledge,evaluation ability,and evaluation ethics.The results show that college English teachers’overall evaluation literacy level is relatively high,but there are areas for improvement.Based on the survey results,suggestions are put forward to improve teachers’evaluation literacy,such as changing teaching concepts and increasing self-reflection;strengthening training and learning to enhance professional development awareness;conducting cooperative research and emphasizing team strengths.展开更多
Based on the questionnaires and interviews on 19 college English teachers of a university in Beijing, the paper discusses college English teachers' beliefs. Through the analysis of research results, the paper focuses...Based on the questionnaires and interviews on 19 college English teachers of a university in Beijing, the paper discusses college English teachers' beliefs. Through the analysis of research results, the paper focuses on the following questions: (1) What are the core beliefs of college English teachers? (2) What influence will the teachers' beliefs exert on teaching behaviors? (3) Will the teachers' beliefs change? If the answer is YES, how will they change and what is the source of the changes? The exploratory results and findings can help college English teachers realize the importance of teachers' beliefs, through which can help them improve their teaching practices and foster their professional development.展开更多
The paper first introduces the multi-roles of College English teachers, from the knowledge instillers to the designers and organizers of classroom activities, the participants of learning English, information counselo...The paper first introduces the multi-roles of College English teachers, from the knowledge instillers to the designers and organizers of classroom activities, the participants of learning English, information counselors and emotional supporters, and the models of morality. Based on this, the paper makes a detailed analysis of the multi-role effects which can not only stimulate students' creativity and improve their self-learning ability, but also adapt to the reform of College English teaching.展开更多
Due to the impact of epidemic prevention and control,universities have organized online teaching and online learning and other online teaching activities.The purpose of online teaching is to ensure the progress and qu...Due to the impact of epidemic prevention and control,universities have organized online teaching and online learning and other online teaching activities.The purpose of online teaching is to ensure the progress and quality of teaching during epidemic prevention and control.Because of this particular situation,many college teachers are facing the unprecedented problem of online teaching.They offer online courses in a variety of ways to meet the needs of students.How to do well the effective online teaching management is very important,therefore,this article mainly aims at the pandemic situation background,carries on the research to the university online teaching management pattern.In the process of online teaching management,the author mainly found the following disadvantages,analyzed the reasons,and put forward the corresponding requirements for improvement.展开更多
The present paper is an analysis of problems in college English teaching from the perspective college English teachers and their coping strategies.The four major problems concerning vocabulary-oriented teaching method...The present paper is an analysis of problems in college English teaching from the perspective college English teachers and their coping strategies.The four major problems concerning vocabulary-oriented teaching method,collective lesson preparation,on-line and off-line resources and college English teachers’comprehensive abilities are introduced and analyzed and corresponding coping strategies are offered.展开更多
"Core competence" has been introduced to the field of education in the early twenty-first century and directly points to teachers. In college, teacher's core competence is their ability to integrate different aspec..."Core competence" has been introduced to the field of education in the early twenty-first century and directly points to teachers. In college, teacher's core competence is their ability to integrate different aspects of knowledge and capacities, as well as keep continuous advantages in competitions. Core competence is the core and nature of teacher's professional competition. Therefore, cultivating and strengthening their core competence is the key to promote their professional development.展开更多
Our country's higher education has been growing, which will bring a large number of young people to join the ranks of higher education. At present, the proportion of young university teachers accounted for more than ...Our country's higher education has been growing, which will bring a large number of young people to join the ranks of higher education. At present, the proportion of young university teachers accounted for more than 45% of the total number of university teachers. This paper puts forward the corresponding countermeasures, based on the analysis of young teachers' issues of professional ethics missing,to further strengthen the professional ethics of young teachers, regulate their professional conduct, prompting the establishment of higher education dedicated the noble faith, and make due contributions to the cause of higher education.展开更多
This article consists of the following parts: First, explains what the teacher efficacy is. Second, analyzes current situation of College English teachers integrating academic ability. Third, talks about the relation...This article consists of the following parts: First, explains what the teacher efficacy is. Second, analyzes current situation of College English teachers integrating academic ability. Third, talks about the relationship between the efficacy level of College English teachers and the ability to improve the integration of academic from four aspects. Finally, analyzes College English teachers' training about integrating academic ability under the efficacy perspective from college English teachers, colleges and social aspects.展开更多
Private University has been putting the development cultivate the integrated ability to make use of English is the final goal. goal on the applied talents. In terms ot college English teaching, to Meanwhile, the final...Private University has been putting the development cultivate the integrated ability to make use of English is the final goal. goal on the applied talents. In terms ot college English teaching, to Meanwhile, the final goal also put forward the higher requirement for teacher's professional quality of class teaching. The article discussed the two issues, i.e. teaching skills and professional knowledge of college English teachers in private university. The author expects that the study can offer some valuable advice for the professional development of college English teachers in private university.展开更多
With the rapid development of economic globalization and the transformation of higher education from elite education to popular education,all employers require college students’English ability is getting higher and h...With the rapid development of economic globalization and the transformation of higher education from elite education to popular education,all employers require college students’English ability is getting higher and higher,especially for the ability to work in English.Teachers not only play a major role in the process of training students’application ability,but also determine the success or failure of the transformation and development of local colleges and universities.This also puts forward higher requirements for College English teachers.The majority of English teachers must realize their own transformation and development from the overall situation of the transformation and development of colleges and the actual needs of students to learn English.College English teachers should adapt to the new situation,change teaching ideas and establish the concept of lifelong learning,so as to increase their own practical experience and industry experience,so as to promote the development of College English teaching.展开更多
From students' perspectives, the quality characteristics of excellent Chinese college English teachers consist of teaching skills, teacher-student relationship, teachers' knowledge level and teachers' character. It...From students' perspectives, the quality characteristics of excellent Chinese college English teachers consist of teaching skills, teacher-student relationship, teachers' knowledge level and teachers' character. It is a multidimensional construct. Of all the four main constituents, teaching skills is ranked the highest on the explanatory ability on students' perceptions of excellent college English teachers, then teachers' relationship with students, teachers' knowledge level and teachers' character.展开更多
The teaching ability of college teachers is analyzed and there is a realization of the necessity to improve the teaching ability in colleges and universities in view of the new era.The core purpose of this paper is to...The teaching ability of college teachers is analyzed and there is a realization of the necessity to improve the teaching ability in colleges and universities in view of the new era.The core purpose of this paper is to summarize the factors that affect the teachers'teaching ability,construct targeted strategies to improve the comprehensive quality of college teachers,as well as to provide reference for educational innovation and the education system reform.展开更多
Moral education is the fundamental task of education.It does not only include the inheritance of the fine traditional thoughts of the Chinese nation,but also the deepening of the new era of education concept with the ...Moral education is the fundamental task of education.It does not only include the inheritance of the fine traditional thoughts of the Chinese nation,but also the deepening of the new era of education concept with the new development in this changing world.Moral education has been widely implemented in the practical education process of colleges and universities and has achieved some outstanding results,but there are still some areas to be improved.Teachers in colleges and universities are the key to implement the concept of moral education,and classroom teaching is the main channel for the implementation of moral education.Therefore,teachers in colleges and universities need to deeply understand the essence and connotation of moral education,accurately grasp the practical problems existing in moral education,focus on the curriculum construction and the main channel of the classroom,and make every effort to exercise curriculum ideology and politics.展开更多
This study aims to examine the prevalence of job burnout and its probable causes among College English teachers. Data were collected among a random sampling of 270 College English Teachers who filled out the Chinese M...This study aims to examine the prevalence of job burnout and its probable causes among College English teachers. Data were collected among a random sampling of 270 College English Teachers who filled out the Chinese Maslach Burnout Inventory ( CMBI) and a socio-demographic inventory. The findings indicate that College English Teachers register a low-to-average degree of job burnout with the detection rate of 75. 4% . Group differences on the three dimensions are determined by different factors. Reduced personal accomplishment shows significant difference on gender and marital status. Emotional exhaustion shows significant difference on highest degree and number of years on the job. Differences on all three dimensions are observed concerning academic title and school type,though not significant.展开更多
There has been an English fever throughout China for over twenty years. However, there are a lot ofproblems in English Instruction to be solved. English teachers play a very important part in EnglishInstruction, so it...There has been an English fever throughout China for over twenty years. However, there are a lot ofproblems in English Instruction to be solved. English teachers play a very important part in EnglishInstruction, so it is necessary to touch upon English teacher training institutions — English specialty in teacherscolleges. Many English teachers and learners want to know what has happened in the development of Englishspecialty in teachers colleges, what problems have been preventing English specialty from developing in asound and sustainable way. This paper tries to analyze the problems in the development of English specialty inteachers colleges in the hope that more attention will be paid to and solutions to the problems will be found sothat we can work together and make contributions to the development of English specialty in teachers colleges.The chief problems lie in that: impertinent and implicit objective of cultivation, financial difficulties,challenges from international studies universities and schools of foreign languages of comprehensiveuniversities, qualities of teachers of English teaching methodologies, ignorance of teaching skill drills,students' tiredness of study, excessively large class size, shortage of faculties and so on.展开更多
To learn English idioms well is not easy for native speakers, let alone ESL/EFL learners, which is because the meanings of idiomatic expressions cannot be determined through an analysis of their individual word meanin...To learn English idioms well is not easy for native speakers, let alone ESL/EFL learners, which is because the meanings of idiomatic expressions cannot be determined through an analysis of their individual word meanings. However, the frequency of figurative languages is very common in English world. So, it is necessary for us to have such knowledge of English idioms in English study. Based on literature review, few studies focused their attention on examining vocational colleges EFL problems in English idioms. Moreover, fewer studies provided quantitative data to demonstrate the problems. Understanding the original texts in one language is the key to accurate translation of another language. Translation may be a good way to examine whether students understand English idioms. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate vocational college students' understanding level of English idioms through their translation in order to find how difficult English idioms are for them. Participants were 36 sophomore students who study at Jiaxing Vocational and Technical College. Student's total errors of Chinese translations could be found through the coding as well as the total accurate number of Chinese translations. The findings suggest these students' understanding level of English idioms is not high. It is further supported by the fact that English idioms are difficult and not translated easily from one language to another language.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of educational trends on A. T6rnudd's (1913) and V. Siukonen's (1929) methods of music education (teaching and singing) in Finland from 1863 to the late 1...The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of educational trends on A. T6rnudd's (1913) and V. Siukonen's (1929) methods of music education (teaching and singing) in Finland from 1863 to the late 1930s. In the examination of methods the analysis focuses on the time when T6rnudd and Siukonen were influential. A model of analysis was created in the study, with the help of which common and divergent elements in the educational trends and methods of music education were sought. According to the study, TOmudd's pattern singing method represented the Old School starting points, but he was a supporter of the work school, for instance. Siukonen's method was based on the New School principle in which the child-centered education philosophy and the developmental-psychological growth and development were taken into account in developing the method. Siukonen raised singing by ear as a central feature, from which children made observations. Methodical transition period took place at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s. However, in teaching singing, the effects of the new trends were seen as early as from the late 1910s onwards.展开更多
文摘Teachers in colleges and universities are the nurturers of the core talents of the country.Teachers’comprehensive quality levels in colleges and universities fundamentally determine the quality of talent cultivation in colleges and universities,the level of scientific research,and the contribution to society.Based on moral cultivation and teachers’professional moral cultivation,this paper discusses the problems in the professional moral cultivation of college teachers and the measures to improve the professional moral cultivation of college teachers.
文摘This paper selects the teachers of public higher vocational college(College A)in underdeveloped areas to participate in the analysis,and conducts a questionnaire survey using the occupational risk perception questionnaire of higher vocational teachers.A total of 223 higher vocational teachers were selected to participate in the survey in order to understand the status quo of occupational risk perception of higher vocational teachers.The survey results show that the Cronbach’sαcoefficient of occupational risk perception scale for higher vocational teachers is 0.846,and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO)is 0.871.The education legal liability risk,workload risk,and career development risk are the highest average occupational risk perception of higher vocational teachers.In conclusion,the occupational risk perception scale of higher vocational teachers compiled in this study has good reliability and validity.The occupational risk perceived by teachers in public higher vocational colleges is relatively high.
文摘In vocational education,teacher leadership is an important factor in promoting school development and improving teaching quality.Enhancing teacher leadership has practical significance for the connotative development of vocational colleges.It involves improving education and teaching quality,cultivating high-skilled talents,building excellent teaching teams,enhancing school governance systems,and other areas.The core elements include professional knowledge,teaching innovation,teamwork,and communication skills.The enhancement of teacher leadership can effectively enhance teachers’enthusiasm to participate in educational and teaching reforms as well as promote the overall efficiency of vocational colleges.In order to enhance teacher leadership in vocational colleges,it is necessary to achieve a breakthrough in institutional barriers,combine personal and external factors,strengthen institutionalized teacher leadership construction through a top-down design,and strengthen evaluation and feedback mechanisms to establish a scientific leadership evaluation system and improve teacher leadership cognition.
文摘Under the online teaching model,the evaluation literacy of college English teachers has become one of the critical factors affecting students’learning effects[1].This study uses a self-compiled questionnaire to investigate the current status of evaluation literacy of college English teachers under the online teaching model from four aspects:evaluation awareness,evaluation knowledge,evaluation ability,and evaluation ethics.The results show that college English teachers’overall evaluation literacy level is relatively high,but there are areas for improvement.Based on the survey results,suggestions are put forward to improve teachers’evaluation literacy,such as changing teaching concepts and increasing self-reflection;strengthening training and learning to enhance professional development awareness;conducting cooperative research and emphasizing team strengths.
文摘Based on the questionnaires and interviews on 19 college English teachers of a university in Beijing, the paper discusses college English teachers' beliefs. Through the analysis of research results, the paper focuses on the following questions: (1) What are the core beliefs of college English teachers? (2) What influence will the teachers' beliefs exert on teaching behaviors? (3) Will the teachers' beliefs change? If the answer is YES, how will they change and what is the source of the changes? The exploratory results and findings can help college English teachers realize the importance of teachers' beliefs, through which can help them improve their teaching practices and foster their professional development.
文摘The paper first introduces the multi-roles of College English teachers, from the knowledge instillers to the designers and organizers of classroom activities, the participants of learning English, information counselors and emotional supporters, and the models of morality. Based on this, the paper makes a detailed analysis of the multi-role effects which can not only stimulate students' creativity and improve their self-learning ability, but also adapt to the reform of College English teaching.
文摘Due to the impact of epidemic prevention and control,universities have organized online teaching and online learning and other online teaching activities.The purpose of online teaching is to ensure the progress and quality of teaching during epidemic prevention and control.Because of this particular situation,many college teachers are facing the unprecedented problem of online teaching.They offer online courses in a variety of ways to meet the needs of students.How to do well the effective online teaching management is very important,therefore,this article mainly aims at the pandemic situation background,carries on the research to the university online teaching management pattern.In the process of online teaching management,the author mainly found the following disadvantages,analyzed the reasons,and put forward the corresponding requirements for improvement.
文摘The present paper is an analysis of problems in college English teaching from the perspective college English teachers and their coping strategies.The four major problems concerning vocabulary-oriented teaching method,collective lesson preparation,on-line and off-line resources and college English teachers’comprehensive abilities are introduced and analyzed and corresponding coping strategies are offered.
文摘"Core competence" has been introduced to the field of education in the early twenty-first century and directly points to teachers. In college, teacher's core competence is their ability to integrate different aspects of knowledge and capacities, as well as keep continuous advantages in competitions. Core competence is the core and nature of teacher's professional competition. Therefore, cultivating and strengthening their core competence is the key to promote their professional development.
文摘Our country's higher education has been growing, which will bring a large number of young people to join the ranks of higher education. At present, the proportion of young university teachers accounted for more than 45% of the total number of university teachers. This paper puts forward the corresponding countermeasures, based on the analysis of young teachers' issues of professional ethics missing,to further strengthen the professional ethics of young teachers, regulate their professional conduct, prompting the establishment of higher education dedicated the noble faith, and make due contributions to the cause of higher education.
文摘This article consists of the following parts: First, explains what the teacher efficacy is. Second, analyzes current situation of College English teachers integrating academic ability. Third, talks about the relationship between the efficacy level of College English teachers and the ability to improve the integration of academic from four aspects. Finally, analyzes College English teachers' training about integrating academic ability under the efficacy perspective from college English teachers, colleges and social aspects.
文摘Private University has been putting the development cultivate the integrated ability to make use of English is the final goal. goal on the applied talents. In terms ot college English teaching, to Meanwhile, the final goal also put forward the higher requirement for teacher's professional quality of class teaching. The article discussed the two issues, i.e. teaching skills and professional knowledge of college English teachers in private university. The author expects that the study can offer some valuable advice for the professional development of college English teachers in private university.
文摘With the rapid development of economic globalization and the transformation of higher education from elite education to popular education,all employers require college students’English ability is getting higher and higher,especially for the ability to work in English.Teachers not only play a major role in the process of training students’application ability,but also determine the success or failure of the transformation and development of local colleges and universities.This also puts forward higher requirements for College English teachers.The majority of English teachers must realize their own transformation and development from the overall situation of the transformation and development of colleges and the actual needs of students to learn English.College English teachers should adapt to the new situation,change teaching ideas and establish the concept of lifelong learning,so as to increase their own practical experience and industry experience,so as to promote the development of College English teaching.
文摘From students' perspectives, the quality characteristics of excellent Chinese college English teachers consist of teaching skills, teacher-student relationship, teachers' knowledge level and teachers' character. It is a multidimensional construct. Of all the four main constituents, teaching skills is ranked the highest on the explanatory ability on students' perceptions of excellent college English teachers, then teachers' relationship with students, teachers' knowledge level and teachers' character.
基金supported by Teacher Development Research Project of Luoyang Normal University(Project number:2020jsfz06)Higher Education Teaching Reform Research and Practice Project of Education Department of Henan Province(Project number:2019SJGLX396)Project of Deepening Comprehensive Reform of Education and Teaching of Harbin Normal University(Project number:X2015-1010).
文摘The teaching ability of college teachers is analyzed and there is a realization of the necessity to improve the teaching ability in colleges and universities in view of the new era.The core purpose of this paper is to summarize the factors that affect the teachers'teaching ability,construct targeted strategies to improve the comprehensive quality of college teachers,as well as to provide reference for educational innovation and the education system reform.
文摘Moral education is the fundamental task of education.It does not only include the inheritance of the fine traditional thoughts of the Chinese nation,but also the deepening of the new era of education concept with the new development in this changing world.Moral education has been widely implemented in the practical education process of colleges and universities and has achieved some outstanding results,but there are still some areas to be improved.Teachers in colleges and universities are the key to implement the concept of moral education,and classroom teaching is the main channel for the implementation of moral education.Therefore,teachers in colleges and universities need to deeply understand the essence and connotation of moral education,accurately grasp the practical problems existing in moral education,focus on the curriculum construction and the main channel of the classroom,and make every effort to exercise curriculum ideology and politics.
文摘This study aims to examine the prevalence of job burnout and its probable causes among College English teachers. Data were collected among a random sampling of 270 College English Teachers who filled out the Chinese Maslach Burnout Inventory ( CMBI) and a socio-demographic inventory. The findings indicate that College English Teachers register a low-to-average degree of job burnout with the detection rate of 75. 4% . Group differences on the three dimensions are determined by different factors. Reduced personal accomplishment shows significant difference on gender and marital status. Emotional exhaustion shows significant difference on highest degree and number of years on the job. Differences on all three dimensions are observed concerning academic title and school type,though not significant.
文摘There has been an English fever throughout China for over twenty years. However, there are a lot ofproblems in English Instruction to be solved. English teachers play a very important part in EnglishInstruction, so it is necessary to touch upon English teacher training institutions — English specialty in teacherscolleges. Many English teachers and learners want to know what has happened in the development of Englishspecialty in teachers colleges, what problems have been preventing English specialty from developing in asound and sustainable way. This paper tries to analyze the problems in the development of English specialty inteachers colleges in the hope that more attention will be paid to and solutions to the problems will be found sothat we can work together and make contributions to the development of English specialty in teachers colleges.The chief problems lie in that: impertinent and implicit objective of cultivation, financial difficulties,challenges from international studies universities and schools of foreign languages of comprehensiveuniversities, qualities of teachers of English teaching methodologies, ignorance of teaching skill drills,students' tiredness of study, excessively large class size, shortage of faculties and so on.
文摘To learn English idioms well is not easy for native speakers, let alone ESL/EFL learners, which is because the meanings of idiomatic expressions cannot be determined through an analysis of their individual word meanings. However, the frequency of figurative languages is very common in English world. So, it is necessary for us to have such knowledge of English idioms in English study. Based on literature review, few studies focused their attention on examining vocational colleges EFL problems in English idioms. Moreover, fewer studies provided quantitative data to demonstrate the problems. Understanding the original texts in one language is the key to accurate translation of another language. Translation may be a good way to examine whether students understand English idioms. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate vocational college students' understanding level of English idioms through their translation in order to find how difficult English idioms are for them. Participants were 36 sophomore students who study at Jiaxing Vocational and Technical College. Student's total errors of Chinese translations could be found through the coding as well as the total accurate number of Chinese translations. The findings suggest these students' understanding level of English idioms is not high. It is further supported by the fact that English idioms are difficult and not translated easily from one language to another language.
文摘The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of educational trends on A. T6rnudd's (1913) and V. Siukonen's (1929) methods of music education (teaching and singing) in Finland from 1863 to the late 1930s. In the examination of methods the analysis focuses on the time when T6rnudd and Siukonen were influential. A model of analysis was created in the study, with the help of which common and divergent elements in the educational trends and methods of music education were sought. According to the study, TOmudd's pattern singing method represented the Old School starting points, but he was a supporter of the work school, for instance. Siukonen's method was based on the New School principle in which the child-centered education philosophy and the developmental-psychological growth and development were taken into account in developing the method. Siukonen raised singing by ear as a central feature, from which children made observations. Methodical transition period took place at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s. However, in teaching singing, the effects of the new trends were seen as early as from the late 1910s onwards.