Preparation of Fine Cement Slurries by Wet-Ground Using a Pneumatic Colloid Mill

This study aims to investigate the preparation of fine cement slurries by wet-ground using a pneumatic colloid mill. A pneumatic colloid mill was designed and produced. Furthermore,ordinary Portland cement slurries were ground using the pneumatic colloid mill. Moreover,the fineness of ground cement slurries was studied. The particle sizes of ground cement slurries with various cumulated percent were all better than those of cement slurries before grinding. When water was used as the dispersant,the best average diameter of cement slurries was obtained by grinding for 10,and 15 min for cement slurries with water / cement ratio of 1∶ 1,and0. 9∶ 1,respectively. When ethanol was used as the dispersant,the particle sizes of all cumulated percent decreased gradually with the increasing grinding time,and the particle sizes of cumulated percent of D97 decreased rapidly with the increasing grinding time. The grinding effect of big particle sizes of cement slurries is better than that of small particle sizes.

An oxygenating colloidal bioink for the engineering of biomimetic tissue constructs

Ensuring a sufficient oxygen supply is pivotal for the success of bioprinting applications since it fosters tissue integration and natural regeneration.Variation in oxygen concentration among diverse tissues necessitates the precise recreation of tissue-specific oxygen levels in imprinted constructs to support the survival of targeted cells.Although oxygen-releasing biomaterials,such as oxygen-generating microparticles(OMPs),have shown promise for enhancing the oxygen supply of microenvironments in injured tissues,whether this approach is scalable for large tissues and whether tissue-specific bioinks with varying OMP concentrations remain printable remain unknown.This study addresses this critical gap by introducing an innovative class of engineered oxygenated bioinks that combine colloidal-based microgels with OMPs.We report that incorporating nanosized calcium peroxide(nCaO_(2))and manganese oxide nanosheets(nMnO_(2))into hydrophobic polymeric microparticles enables precise modulation of oxygen release while controlling hydrogen peroxide release.Moreover,the fabrication of oxygenating and cytocompatible colloidal gels is achieved using an aqueous two-phase system.This study thoroughly evaluates the fundamental characteristics of the resulting bioink,including its rheological behaviors,printability,shape fidelity,mechanical properties,and oxygen release properties.Moreover,this study demonstrates the macroscopic scalability and cytocompatibility of printed constructs produced via cell-laden oxygenating colloidal bioinks.By showcasing the effectiveness of extrusion-based bioprinting,this study underscores how it can be used to fabricate biomimetic tissues,indicating its potential for new applications.The findings presented here advance the bioprinting field by achieving scalability with both high cell viability and the possibility of mimicking specifically oxygenated tissues.This work thereby offers a promising avenue for the development of functional tissues with enhanced physiological relevance.

Photostability of colloidal single photon emitter in near-infrared regime at room temperature

The photostability of a colloidal single photon emitter in near-infrared regime at room temperature is investigated.The fluorescence lifetime,blinking phenomenon,and anti-bunching effect of a single CdTeSe/ZnS quantum dot with an emission wavelength of 800 nm at room temperature are studied.The second-order correlation function at zero delay time is much smaller than 0.1,which proves that the emission from single quantum dots at 800 nm is a highly pure single-photon source.The effects of the irradiation duration on the fluorescence from single quantum dots are analyzed.The experimental results can be explained by a recombination model including a multi-nonradiative recombination center model and a multi-charged model.

Colloidal Gold Immunochromatographic Assay for Rapid On-Site Detection of Tetracycline in Seawater

Recently increasing concerns from the scientists and public have been paid for seawater pollution due to tetracycline(TC)overuse in maricultural area.However,there are few methods or instruments that can be used for specific and rapid detection of this antibiotic in seawater.In this study,the colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay(CG-ICA)was used to achieve this goal.A commercialized monoclonal antibody against TC(anti-TC mAb)was selected because of its higher sensitivity(half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 2.38μgL^(-1)).The prepared CG particles(average diameter of 20 nm)were used to label anti-TC mAb at pH 8.0.The conjugate pad was formed by spraying the CG-labeled anti-TC mAb on a glass fibre membrane followed by proper dryness.The test pad was made by immobilizing artificial antigen and anti-mouse mAb in the test line and the control line,respectively,in a nitrocellulose membrane.The test strip,assembled with sample pad,conjugate pad,test pad and absorbent pad,could be used to detect TC during seawater sample flowing through these components in turn.The results could be observed by the naked eye in 10min.The visible limit of detection(vLOD)was 20μgL^(-1) for TC in seawater.The CG-ICA test results were in good agreement with those of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS).The assay also showed that,oxytetracycline(OTC)and chlortetracycline(CTC),as the structural analogues of TC,did not interfere with TC determination.Furthermore,the TC concentration given by test strip could not be affected by the fluctuation of temperature(10℃–30℃),pH(7–9)and salinity(0–40)of seawater.Therefore,CG-ICA is a suitable tool for rapid,on-site,and semi-quantitative detection of TC in seawater.

A Furan-Substituted Polymeric Hole-Transporting Material for Energy Level Regulation and Less Planarity in Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells

For efficient colloidal quantum dot(CQD)solar cells(CQD-SCs),thiol-passivated p-type CQDs are generally used as a hole-transporting material(HTM);however,there are issues with the control of optoelectrical properties,low thiol passivation rate,and poor morphology with a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of approximately 11%.Although polymeric HTMs have been introduced to address these issues,maximizing efficiency and achieving green-solvent processability and thermal stability for commercialization is necessary.Here,we synthesize a novel benzodifuran(BDF)-based HTM(asy-ranPBTBDF)showing an electron-deficient state,low steric hindrance,and low planarity compared to those of a typical benzodithiophene(BDT)-based HTM(asy-ranPBTBDT).BDF properties lead to deep high occupied molecular orbital(HOMO)levels,closeπ-πstacking,excellent solubility,and amorphous properties related to efficiency,green-solvent processability,and thermal stability.With these benefits,the asy-ranPBTBDF-based CQD-SC showed enhanced open-circuit voltage(Voc)(0.65 V)and PCE(13.29%)compared to those of the asy-ranPBTBDT-based device(0.63 V and 12.22%)in toxic processes with chlorobenzene.The asy-ranPBTBDF-based CQD-SC showed a PCE of 12.51%in a green-solvent process with 2-methylanisole and improved thermal stability at 80℃(83.8%retaining after 24 h)owing to less lateral crystallization than the asy-ranPBTBDT-based device(60.8%retaining after 24 h).

Characterization and stability of sedimentary colloids in different ecology regions in Taihu Lake

Colloidal particles,heterogeneous mixture with various organic components and continuous molecular weight(MW)distribution,is omnipresent in lake sediments and substantially influence the retention,transportation,and fate of contaminants in lake ecosystem.We sampled and extracted sedimentary colloids from different ecology regions in Taihu Lake,Jiangsu,East China,in June 2020,and they were further separated into four different particle size ranges by tangent ultrafiltration,and the properties of colloids were studied in various methods,including zeta potential analysis,transmission electron micrograph images(TEM),Fourier transformation infrared(FTIR),and 3D fluorescence.Results show that the surface of the colloids is covered with organic macromolecular substances,such as humuslike substances and protein-like substances.There were significant differences in molecular weight and fraction content of colloids in the sediments from macrophyte-dominant(MD)area and algae-dominant(AD)area in the lake.Colloids from MD area are mainly composed of humic acid,protein,and fulvic acid;the content of fulvic acid is lower than that of humic acid and protein.The humic acid exists mainly in small molecular weight(10-100 kDa),protein exists in mainly large molecular weight colloids(0.45-1μm).Colloids from AD area are mainly composed of humic acid,and mainly distributed in the molecular weight(10 kDa-0.45μm).The presence of humic acid inhibits effectively the agglomeration of the colloids.Especially,the stability of colloids is closely related to the molecular weight,with low molecular weight from MD area show higher stability.The existence of humic acid in colloids increases the electrostatic repulsion between colloidal particles,which can effectively inhibit the agglomeration of colloids,thus enhancing the stability of colloids.Furthermore,both monovalent and divalent electrolytes enhance colloidal aggregation,and the low-molecular-weight(LMW)colloid fraction exhibits higher stability efficiency than the high-molecular-weight(HMW)colloidal.

Special Issue:Carbohydrate Hydrocolloids in Food Systems:from Structure to Human Health

Preface Carbohydrate hydrocolloids mainly refer to the carbohydrate polymers and oligomers that can form colloidal systems when dispersed in water.A great variety of these poly saccharides and oligosaccharides are used as functional food additives,such as starch,modified starch,pectin,xanthan,carrageenans,gellan gum,alginate,galactomannans(e.g.,guar gum and locust bean gum),gum Arabic or acacia gum,gum karaya,gum tragacanth,carboxymethyl cellulose,and various oligosaccharides,to name but a few.

Review of roll-to-roll fabrication techniques for colloidal quantum dot solar cells

Colloidal quantum dots(CQDs)are of great interest to photovoltaic(PV)technologies as they possess the benefits of solution-processability,size-tunability,and roll-to-roll manufacturability,as well as unique capabilities to harvest near-infrared(NIR)radiation.During the last decade,lab-scale CQD solar cells have achieved rapid improvement in the power conversion efficiency(PCE)from~1%to 18%,which will potentially exceed 20%in the next few years and approach the performance of other PV technologies,such as perovskite solar cells and organic solar cells.In the meanwhile,CQD solar cells exhibit long lifetimes either under shelf storage or continuous operation,making them highly attractive to industry.However,in order to meet the industrial requirements,mass production techniques are necessary to scale up the fabrication of those lab devices into large-area PV modules,such as roll-to-toll coating.This paper reviews the recent developments of large-area CQD solar cells with a focus on various fabrication methods and their principles.It covers the progress of typical large-area coating techniques,including spray coating,blade coating,dip coating,and slot-die coating.It also discusses next steps and new strategies to accomplish the ultimate goal of the low-cost large-area fabrication of CQD solar cells and emphasizes how artificial intelligence or machine learning could facilitate the developments of CQD solar cell research.

不同提取方式对金针菇菇脚蛋白性质的影响

以生产金针菇产生的副产物菇脚为实验原料,采用碱法、超声辅助碱法、胶体磨辅助碱法以及冻融辅助碱法提取金针菇菇脚中的蛋白质,探究不同提取方式对菇脚蛋白功能性质(持水性、持油性、起泡及起泡稳定性、乳化及乳化稳定性、溶解性)、理化性质(电位、粒径、表面疏水性、巯基)及结构性质(红外光谱、荧光光谱、二级结构)的影响,旨在为食用菌副产物合理利用提供理论依据。结果表明,不同物理辅助方法提取的金针菇菇脚蛋白性质之间存在差异,超声辅助碱提、胶体磨辅助碱提可以显著提高菇脚蛋白的提取率(P<0.05),并能在一定程度上改善菇脚蛋白的功能性质,显著提高了乳化稳定性和起泡稳定性(P<0.05);二级结构中β-折叠含量显著(P<0.05)降低,β-转角含量显著增加(P<0.05),这些结构性质的变化与表面疏水性和稳定性等理化性质的提高密切相关。二者联合辅助提取虽然具有最高的提取率,但由于其过度的剪切力会导致蛋白的乳化性和起泡性等功能性质显著降低;冻融辅助提取具有相对较低的提取率,并且会降低菇脚蛋白的表面疏水性和巯基含量。

胶磨破碎和冷冻破碎对芒果浆品质的影响

该研究以芒果为原料,比较胶磨破碎和冷冻破碎对芒果浆品质的影响。研究发现:两种破碎方式对芒果浆的水分、灰分、蛋白质、总酸、总糖、纤维含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。胶磨破碎芒果浆的总酚含量、ABTS^(+)自由基清除能力分别为27.42 mg GAE/100 g、9.04μmol TE/g,冷冻破碎芒果浆分别为31.18 mg GAE/100 g、9.75μmol TE/g,说明冷冻破碎能够更好的保护芒果浆的抗氧化活性。胶磨破碎芒果浆粒径为110.34μm,冷冻破碎芒果浆粒径只有59.49μm,说明冷冻破碎芒果浆质地更加细腻,分散程度有所提高。冷冻破碎芒果浆的L^(*)值、a^(*)值、b^(*)值均显著高于胶磨破碎果浆(P<0.05);萜烯类化合物总量为1805.56μg/L,明显高于胶磨破碎芒果浆的416.96μg/L。冷冻破碎芒果浆在芒果味、青草味、细腻度的感官评价指标评分更高,具有更好的色泽、风味和食用品质。综上,冷冻破碎芒果浆在抗氧化活性、微观结构、感官品质等方面更佳。冷冻破碎能够更好的保护芒果浆的品质,可作为一种新型芒果浆加工技术。

利用纳米气泡控制农业废水灌溉系统复合污垢的机制

The increasing demand for wastewater treatment has become a notable trend for addressing global water scarcity.However,fouling is a significant challenge for wastewater distribution engineering systems.This study provides an approach using nanobubbles(NBs)to control fouling.The antifouling capacities of three types of NBs,six oxygen concentrations,and two application procedures(prevention and removal)are investigated.The results show that NBs effectively mitigate composite fouling—including biofouling,inorganic scaling,and particulate fouling—in comparison with the non-NBs group.More specifically,hydroxyl radicals generated by the self-collapse of NBs oxidize organics and kill microorganisms in wastewater.The negatively charged surfaces of the NBs transform the crystalline form of CaCO_(3)from calcite to looser aragonite,which reduces the likelihood of ion precipitation.Furthermore,the NBs gas-liquid interfaces act as gas"bridges"between colloidal particles,enhancing the removal of particles from wastewater.Lastly,although the NBs inhibit the growth of fouling,they do not significantly remove the already adhered fouling in non-NBs treated groups.This study anticipates that the application of NBs will address the significant fouling issue for various wastewater distribution engineering systems in order to meet the global challenge of sustainable water supplies.

Bio-inspired Hydroxyapatite/Gelatin Transparent Nanocomposites

Hydroxyapatite(HA)nanoparticles impart outstanding mechanical properties to organicinorganic nanocomposites in bone.Inspired by the composite structure of HA nanoparticles and collagen in bone,a high performance HA/gelatin nanocomposite was first developed.The nanocomposites have much better mechanical properties(elongation at break 29.9%,tensile strength 90.7 MPa,Young’s modulus 5.24 GPa)than pure gelatin films(elongation at break 9.3%,tensile strength 90.8 MPa,Young’s modulus 2.5 GPa).In addition,the composite films keep a high transmittance in visible wavelength range from 0%to 60%of the HA solid content.These differences in properties are attributed to the homogeneous distribution of HA nanoparticles in the gelatin polymer matrix and the strong interaction between the particle surfaces and the gelatin molecules.This protocol should be promising for HA-based nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties for biomedical applications.

Radionuclide Colloid ^(32)P Used for the Treatment of Stage II Lung Cancer by Video Enhanced Minimal Access Muscle Sparing Thoracotomy

Objective: To study the feasibility of radionuclide colloid 32P used for the treatment of stage II lung cancer by video enhanced minimal access muscle sparing thoracotomy (VEMAST). Methods: Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was carried out under general anesthesia. A double lumen endobronchial tube was intubated into trachea. One lung ventilation of the healthy side was done during operation. An incision of 8–10 cm long was made along the 4th or 5th intercostals. The lobectomy could be performed under VATS. Radionuclide colloid 32P was injected locally into the area where surgical cleaning of lymph node around was considered to be unsatisfactory or desection of the tumor was not completed. Results: The operation with VEMAST was successful in 29 patients. A conventional lobectomy by thoracotomy had to be done due to unusual bleeding from the pulmonary artery involved during VEMAST in one case and the procedure was interrupted because the pulmonary artery cloud not be separated from the tumor in another patient. There was no dead case or the patient who had any severe complication or adverse response to the radiant. Conclusion: Radionuclide therapy was performed to the treatment of stage II lung cancer with VEMAST in case that surgical resection was considered not to be satisfactory. Minithoractomy assisted with VATS lobectomy and radionuclide colloid 32P therapy is a safe and e?ective technique for some selected stage II lung cancer.

Unraveling the efficiency losses and improving methods in quantum dot-based infrared up-conversion photodetectors

Quantum dot-based up-conversion photodetector,in which an infrared photodiode(PD)and a quantum dot light-emitting diode(QLED)are back-to-back connected,is a promising candidate for low-cost infrared imaging.However,the huge efficiency losses caused by integrating the PD and QLED together hasn’t been studied sufficiently.This work revealed at least three origins for the efficiency losses.First,the PD unit and QLED unit usually didn’t work under optimal conditions at the same time.Second,the potential barriers and traps at the interconnection between PD and QLED units induced unfavorable carrier recombination.Third,much emitted visible light was lost due to the strong visible absorption in the PD unit.Based on the understandings on the loss mechanisms,the infrared up-conversion photodetectors were optimized and achieved a breakthrough photon-to-photon conversion efficiency of 6.9%.This study provided valuable guidance on how to optimize the way of integration for up-conversion photodetectors.

An Alternative Mechanism for the Instant Removal of Hypervascular Anaplastic Meningioma with Recovery of Mentality with NaCl + KCl

Background: There is limited information regarding adjuvant treatment for malignant meningiomas. Although external whole-brain irradiation is recommended, the patient’s family in our case rejected this modality. Notably, traditional chemotherapy was ineffective. Aim: I speculated if the exfoliation of graphene could disassemble the three-dimensional (3D) structures of the graphene because the tumor mass or the blood clots including the graphene consisted of inhomogeneous materials. Therefore, I aimed to explore another possible mechanism for the instant removal of inhomogeneous materials. Method: Herein, I report a case of anaplastic papillary meningioma. A 59- year-old man presented with partial complex seizures and recurrent headaches following craniotomy for the removal of a mass with a right frontotemporal convexity 10 years ago. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a right frontotemporal mass with diffuse contrast enhancement and extensive surrounding edema. A right frontotemporal flap was performed. The tumor and the infiltrated dura were removed, but massive intraoperative bleeding occurred and the right middle cerebral artery was clipped at the M2 territory. Postoperatively, the follow-up CT scan revealed hydrocephalus. Accordingly, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed. The patient suffered from left hemiplegia as a sequela of intraoperative bleeding. Four months later, the follow-up CT scan showed chronic epidural hematoma in the right frontotemporoparietal region. The patient also had an altered level of consciousness. Results: The patient’s level of consciousness was restored after infusion of a NaCl + KCl solution with instant disappearance of the mass. Conclusion: There may be another mechanism for disassembling the inhomogeneous graphene-containing complex, such as quantum fluctuation of the graphene exfoliation with pair annihilation or relation to tissue engineering by the graphene.

Adsorption of Cadmium by Soil Colloids and Minerals in Presence of Rhizobia

Experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of Cd on two soil colloids (red soil and yellow- brown soil) and three variable-charge minerals (goethite, noncrystalline Fe oxide and kaolin) in the absence and presence of rhizobia. The tested strain Rhizobium fredii C6, tolerant to 0.8 mmol L-1 Cd, was selected from 30 rhizobial strains. Results showed that the isotherms for the adsorption of Cd by examined soil colloids and minerals in the presence of rhizobia could be described by Langmuir equation. Within the range of the numbers of rhizobial cells studied, the amount of Cd adsorbed by each system increased with increasing rhizobial cells. Greater increases for the adsorption of Cd were found in red soil and kaolin systems. Rhizobia influence on the adsorption of Cd by examined soil colloids and minerals was different from that on the adsorption of Cu. The presence of rhizobia increased the adsorption sanity of soil colloids and minerals for Cd, particularly for the goethite and kaolin systems. The discrepancies in the influence of rhizobia on the adsorbability and affinity of selected soil colloids and minerals for Cd suggested the different interactions of rhizobia with various soil components. It is assumed that bacterial biomass plays an important role in controlling the mobility and bioavailability of Cd in soils with kaolinite and goethite as the major colloidal components, such as in variable-charge soil.

Cadmium transport mediated by soil colloid and dissolved organic matter:A field study

This study investigated the potential role of soil colloids and dissolved organic matter （DOM） in transporting Cd through in situ undisturbed paddy soil monoliths. Brilliant Blue was used as a tracer to assess the effect of preferential flow on Cd down migration. Experimental results showed that deep penetration of Cd and Brilliant Blue into the soil profile took place due to the preferential flow through macropores, mainly earthworm channels, with much of chemicals thus bypassing the soil matrix. Dye tracer and Cd distribution within the soil matrix was fairly restricted to several centimeters. Colloid restrained the migration of both dye and Cd in the matrix and preferential flow area. DOM facilitated the transport of Cd and Brilliant Blue in matrix and macropores by about 10 cm over that of the control. Pearson＇s is correlation analysis revealed strong associations between Brilliant Blue concentrations, exchangeable Cd and total Cd concentrations in three studied plots indicating that they had taken the same preferential flow pathway.

Rheological behavior of ZnO suspension with thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for colloidal processing of ceramics

Novel colloidal processing using thermosensitive poly（N-isopropylacrylamide） （PNIPAM） as a coagulating agent has beendeveloped to prepare complex-shaped ceramic components. In this work, the properties of PNIPAM aqueous solutions and therheological behavior of ZnO suspensions with PNIPAM were investigated. The results show that the PNIPAM solutions exhibitobvious thermosensitivity and its transition temperature is around 32℃. When the temperature is above 40℃ （Tc, the criticaltransition temperature of thermosensitive suspension）, the 50% ZnO （volume fraction） suspension with 8 mg/mL PNIPAM has asharp increase in viscosity and reaches up to 11.49 Pa·s at 50℃, displaying strong elasticity. The main reasons are the increase ofeffective volume fraction attributed to precipitation of PNIPAM segments and the flocculation between ZnO powder particles. Inaddition, the maximum solid loading （volume fraction） at 20 ℃ is higher than that at 40℃, which proves that the phase transition ofPNIPAM can induce the flocculation of suspension.

A Review of Colloid Transport in Fractured Rocks

Recent recognition of colloid and colloidassociated transport of strongly sorbing contaminants in fractured rocks highlights the importance of exploring the transport behavior of colloids under conditions prevailing in the field.The rapid transport of colloids through fractured rocks-as affected by the hydraulic properties of the flow system,the properties of fracture surface and the geochemical conditionshas not been sufficiently elucidated,and predictions of colloid transport through fractures have encountered difficulties,particularly at the field scale.This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanisms and modeling of colloid transport and retention in fractured rocks.Commonly used experimental techniques and approaches for conducting colloid transport experiments at different scales,ranging from the laboratory to the field scale,are summarized and commented upon.The importance of various interactions(e.g.,dissolution,colloid deposition,generation,mobilization and deposition of filling materials within fractures) between the flowing solution and the fracture walls(in many cases,with skin or coating on the host rock at the liquid-solid interface) has been stressed.Colloid transport through fractures of high heterogeneity has not yet been well understood and modeled at the field scale.Here,we summarize the current knowledge and understanding accumulated in the last two decades in regard to colloid and colloidassociated transport through fractures.Future research needs are also discussed.