Complications and survival in patients undergoing colonic stenting for malignant obstruction

AIM:To investigate whether predicting patients that might be at a higher risk for complications might serve to improve the selection of patients undergoing colonic stenting.METHODS:A retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent an attempted self-expandable metal stent(SEMS)insertion for malignant colonic obstruction between November 2006 and March 2013.All patients were either referred for preoperative colonic decompression with the intent of a single surgical procedure,or for palliation of the malignant colorectal obstruction for unresectable cancer.Fisher’s test orχ2test was performed on categorical variables,and the t test for continuous variables.Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine the association between independent variables and the presence of complications from SEMS insertion.RESULTS:SEMS insertion was attempted in 73 patients.Males comprised 55.71%and the mean age was 67.41±12.41 years.Of these,65.15%underwent subsequent surgery,while 34.85%received SEMS as palliation for advanced disease.Extracolonic tumors were only4.76%.The majority of patients had stageⅣdisease(63.83%),while the remainder had stageⅢ(36.17%).SEMS were successfully inserted in 93.85%(95%CI:87.85%-99.85%).Perforations occurred in 4.10%,SEMS migration in 8.21%,and stent re-occlusion from ingrowth occurred in 2.74%of patients.The mean duration of follow up for the patients was 13.52±17.48 mo(range 0-73 mo).None of the variables:age,sex,time between the onset of symptoms to SEMS insertion,time between SEMS insertion and surgery,length of the stenosis,location of the stenosis,albumin level,or receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy,could predict the development of complications from either SEMS insertion nor prolonged survival.CONCLUSION:None of the variables could predict the development of complications or survival.Further studies are required to identify patients who would benefit the most from SEMS.

Preoperative colonoscopy through the colonic stent in patients with colorectal cancer obstruction

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility of a preoperative colonoscopy through a self-expendable metallic stent (SEMS) and to identify the factors that affect complete colonoscopy.

Laparoscopic colonic anastomosis using a degradable stent in a porcine model

AIM: To explore the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic colonic anastomosis using a degradable stent in a porcine model.METHODS: Twenty Bama mini-pigs were randomly assigned to a stent group(n = 10) and control group(hand-sewn anastomosis, n = 10). The anastomotic completion and operation times were recorded, along with histological examination, postoperative general condition, complications, mortality, bursting pressure, and the average anastomotic circumference(AC).RESULTS: All pigs survived postoperatively except for one in the stent group that died from ileus at 11 wk postoperatively. The operation and anastomotic completion times of the stent group were significantly shorter than those of the control group(P = 0.004 and P = 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in bursting pressure between the groups(P = 0.751). No obvious difference was found between the AC and normal circumference in the stent group, but AC was significantly less than normal circumferencein the control group(P = 0.047, P < 0.05). No intestinal leakage and luminal stenosis occurred in the stent group. Histological examination revealed that the stent group presented with lower general inflammation and better healing.CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic colonic anastomosis with a degradable stent is a simple, rapid, and safe procedure in this porcine model.

Oncologic impact of colonic stents for obstructive left-sided colon cancer

Colonic stenting has had a significant positive impact on the management of obstructive left-sided colon cancer(OLCC) in terms of both palliative treatment and bridge-to-surgery(BTS). Notably, many studies have convincingly demonstrated the effectiveness of stenting as a BTS, resulting in improvements in shortterm outcomes and quality of life, safety, and efficacy in subsequent curative surgery, and increased cost-effectiveness, whereas the safety of chemotherapy after stenting and the long-term outcomes of stenting as a BTS are controversial. Several studies have suggested an increased risk of perforation in patients receiving bevacizumab chemotherapy after colonic stenting. In addition, several pathological analyses have suggested a negative oncological impact of colonic stenting. In contrast, many recent studies have demonstrated that colonic stenting for OLCC does not negatively impact the safety of chemotherapy or long-term oncological outcomes. The updated version of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines released in 2020 included colonic stenting as a BTS for OLCC as a recommended treatment. It should be noted that the experience of endoscopists is involved in determining technical and clinical success rates and possibly oncological outcomes. This review discusses the positive and negative impacts of colonic stenting on OLCC treatment, particularly in terms of oncology.

Self-Expanding Metal Stenting for Malignant Colonic Tumours: A Prospective Study

Background: Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) have been used in the management of malignant colorectal obstruction for palliation or as a bridging tool to single-stage surgery. We present the clinical results of a series of patients with colonic cancer in whom SEMS were inserted endoscopically under radiological guidance. Methods: Between September 2007 and January 2010, prospectively collected data from 21 patients who underwent SEMS insertion was analysed. This data includes demographics, indication for stenting, stent size, technical success, clinical success, complications, survival and duration of hospitalisation. Results: 14 male and 7 female patients with malignant colonic obstruction underwent SEMS insertion: 19 requiring palliation and 2 bridging to surgery. The rate of technical success was 100% and of initial clinical success was 100%. In 16/19 (84.2%) of the palliation group, clinical success was maintained at mean follow up of 3.4 months (1-6 months), while 3/19 (15.8%) died, two with functioning stents and one with stent occlusion. The two patients with operable tumours were successfully bridged to one-stage elective surgery at 1 month and 4 months following stenting. Post-procedure complications occurred in 5 patients: 1 perforation, 2 pain, 1 migration and 1 stent occlusion. All patients were discharged alive and the median hospital stay was 1 day (range: 1 to 13 days). Conclusion: SEMS provides an effective and safe option in the palliation of malignant colorectal obstruction. In operable patients, it provides a useful option to avoid colostomy, by facilitating safer single-stage surgery. In this prospective study of SEMS insertion, high rates of technical and initial clinical success were achieved. This could be attributed to performing the procedure under combined endoscopic and radiological guidance.

Trimming of a migrated metal stent for malignant colonic stricture using argon plasma coagulation

We report the first case of trimming of a migrated metal colonic stent for stent induced severe anorectal pain. We present a case of a 54-year-old female with history of metastatic colorectal carcinoma who had stent placement secondary to obstruction. Subsequent distal migration of the stent caused ulcerations into the rectal mucosa and excruciating anorectal pain. We used argon plasma coagulation (APC) to successfully trim the exposed distal portion of the metal stent and rat tooth forceps to retrieve the stent fragments. The use of APC for trimming metallic stents is an effective procedure that can be used to trim migrated rectal stents that result in significant rectal pain. To date, few studies have been published that use APC to trim metallic stents placed in the gastrointestinal tract. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the only known case in which the indication for stent trimming was severe stent induced rectal pain. The procedure resulted in complete relief of patient symptoms. Therefore, APC is a safe and effective way to trim colo-rectal stents to definitively relieve the symptom of stent induced rectal pain in patients who have experienced distal stent migration and mucosal ulceration.

Preoperative colonic stents vs emergency surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: meta-analysis with systematic review of the literature

AIM To investigate by meta-analytic study and systematic review, advantages of colonic stent placement in comparison with emergency surgery.METHODS We conducted an extensive literature search by PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and the Cochrane Libraries. We searched for all the papers in English published till February 2016, by applying combinations of the following terms: Obstructive colon cancer, colon cancer in emergency, colorectal stenting, emergency surgery for colorectal cancer, guidelines for obstructive colorectal cancer, stenting vs emergency surgery in the treatment of obstructive colorectal cancer, selfexpanding metallic stents, stenting as bridge to surgery. The study was designed following the PrismaStatement. By our search, we identified 452 studies, and 57 potentially relevant studies in full-text were reviewed by 2 investigators; ultimately, 9 randomized controlled trials were considered for meta-analysis and all the others were considered for systematic review.RESULTS In the meta-analysis, by comparing colonic stenting(CS) as bridge to surgery and emergency surgery, the pooled analysis showed no significant difference between the two techniques in terms of mortality [odds ratio(oR) = 0.91], morbidity(oR = 2.38) or permanent stoma rate(oR = 1.67); primary anastomosis was more frequent in the stent group(oR = 0.45; P = 0.004) and stoma creation was more frequent in the emergency surgery group(oR = 2.36; P = 0.002). No statistical difference was found in disease-free survival and overall survival. The pooled analysis showed a significant difference between the colonic stent and emergency surgery groups(oR = 0.37), with a significantly higher 1-year recurrence rate in the stent group(P = 0.007).CONCLUSION CS improves primary anastomosis rate with significantly high 1-year follow-up recurrence and no statistical difference in terms of disease-free survival and overall survival.

Analysis of risk factors associated with complications of colonic stenting for malignant obstruction

Self expanding metalic stent(SEMS) application can cause serious problems up to one third of the patients and some studies reported negative effect of SEMSs on survival in patients with malignancy. The SEMS type especially the rigid one like Wall-stent rather than more flexible type Ultraflex was also reported to have bad impact on the risk of perforation we believe that stent based management protocol for patients with non-perforating left sided obstructing colorectal cancer is a complex method that needs qualified medical and technical team.

Colonic perforation with duodenal-colic fistula formation by a biliary stent in a liver transplant recipient

Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) is increasing utilized in the setting of liver transplantation for a number of post-operative related biliary issues. Although ERCP represents an excellent technology, it is not without attendant risk including sepsis, bleeding and perforation. In this case report, the first of its kind, is described the occurrence of a migrated biliary stent induced duodenal-colic fistula formation in a liver transplantation patient who had required dual biliary stenting given post-operative biliary structuring. The placement of dual stents and their size are likely implicated in the cause of perforation. The enteric anatomy and the medical immunosuppression likely contributed to a delay in diagnosis and worse outcome.

Comparison of decompression tubes with metallic stents for the management of right-sided malignant colonic obstruction

BACKGROUND Emergency surgical resection is a standard treatment for right-sided malignant colonic obstruction; however, the procedure is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Although a bridge to surgery can be created to obviate the need for emergency surgery, its effects on long-term outcomes and the most practical management strategies for right-sided malignant colonic obstruction remain unclear.AIM To determine the appropriate management approach for right-sided malignant colonic obstruction.METHODS Forty patients with right-sided malignant colonic obstruction who underwent curative resection from January 2007 to April 2017 were included in the study.We compared the perioperative and long-term outcomes of patients who received bridges to surgery established using decompression tubes and those created using self-expandable metallic stents(SEMS). The primary outcome was the overall survival duration(OS) and the secondary endpoints were the diseasefree survival(DFS) duration and the preoperative and postoperative morbidity rates. Analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis.RESULTS There were 21 patients in the decompression tube group and 19 in the SEMS group. There were no significant differences in the perioperative morbidity rates of the two groups. The OS rate was significantly higher in the decompression tube group than in the SEMS group(5-year OS rate; decompression tube 79.5%,SEMS 32%, P = 0.043). Multivariate analysis revealed that the bridge to surgery using a decompression tube was significantly associated with the OS(hazard ratio, 17.41; P = 0.004). The 3-year DFS rate was significantly higher in thedecompression tube group than in the SEMS group(68.9% vs 45.9%; log-rank test,P = 0.032). A propensity score–adjusted analysis also demonstrated that the prognosis was significantly better in the decompression tube group than in the SEMS group.CONCLUSION The bridge to surgery using trans-nasal and trans-anal decompression tubes for right-sided malignant colonic obstruction is safe and may improve long-term outcomes.

Managing acute colorectal obstruction by 'bridge stenting' to laparoscopic surgery: Our experience

AIM: To verify the clinical results of the endoscopic stenting procedure for colorectal obstructions followed by laparoscopic colorectal resection with 'one stage anastomosis'. METHODS: From March 2003 to March 2009 in our surgical department, 48 patients underwent endoscopic stenting for colorectal occlusive lesion: 30 males (62.5%) and 18 females (37.5%) with an age range from 40 years to 92 years (median age 69.5). All patients enrolled in our study were diagnosed with an intestinal obstruction originating from the colorectal tract without bowel perforation signs. Obstruction was primitive colorectal cancer in 45 cases (93.7%) and benign anastomotic stricture in 3 cases (6.3%). RESULTS: Surgical resection was totally laparoscopic in 69% of cases (24 patients) while 17% (6 patients) of cases were video-assisted due to the local extension of cancer with infiltrations of surrounding structures (urinary bladder in 2 cases, ileus and iliac vessels in the others). In 14% of cases (5 patients), resection was performed by open surgery due to the high American Society of Anesthesiologists score and the elderly age of patients (median age of 89 years). We performed a terminal stomy in only 7 patients out of 35, 6 colostomies and one ileostomy (in a total colectomy). In the other 28 cases (80%), we performed bowel anastomosis at the same time as resection, employing a temporary ileostomy only in 5 cases. CONCLUSION: Colorectal stenting transforms an emergency operation in to an elective operation performable in a totally laparoscopic manner, limiting the confection of colostomy with its correlated complications.

Stents for colorectal obstruction:Past,present,and future

Since the development of uncovered self-expanding metal stents(SEMS) in the 1990 s, endoscopic stents have evolved dramatically. Application of new materialsand new designs has expanded the indications for enteral SEMS. At present, enteral stents are considered the first-line modality for palliative care, and numerous types of enteral stents are under development for extended clinical usage, beyond a merely palliative purpose. Herein, we will discuss the current status and the future development of lower enteral stents.

Outcomes after stenting for malignant large bowel obstruction without radiologist support

AIM: To assess outcomes after colonic stent insertion for obstructing colorectal malignancies performed by an endoscopist without radiologist support.

Colorectal stenting:An advanced approach to malignant colorectal obstruction

Some colorectal cancer(CRC)patients present symptoms of bowel obstruction,which is considered a surgical emergency.Because of poor medical condition and high incidence of post-surgical complications,there has been increasing use of self-expanding metal stents(SEMS)for the purpose of palliation or as a bridge to surgery with some benefits,including shorter hospital stays,lower rates of adverse events,and one-stage surgery.However,with increasing survival of CRC patients,there have been controversial data on clinical outcomes and complications,compared between SEMS use and surgery for treatment of malignant bowel obstruction.We review recent clinical data on clinical outcomes of SEMS use compared to surgery,including complications.

Management of Recurrent Large Bowel Obstruction Due to Stent Occlusion by ‘Stent-Over-Stent’: A Case Report and Literature Review

Endoscopic stenting for malignant large bowel obstruction is common nowadays. However, recurrent obstruction secondary to stent occlusion due to tumour ingrowth or overgrowth might occur. We reported a case of a 70-year-old man with large bowel obstruction initially treated with colonic stenting. It was complicated with recurrent intestinal obstruction, with colonoscopy showing stent blockage by tumour ingrowth over distal part of the stent. Successful endoscopic implantation of additional colonic stent over the old stent was achieved and intestinal obstruction was resolved afterwards.

Role of self-expanding metal stents in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM: To assess the safety and efficacy of self-expandable metal stents(SEMSs) for malignant colorectal obstruction. METHODS: Data regarding technical success, clinical success, and procedure related complications were collected from included studies. Der Simonian-Laird random effects model was used to generate the overall outcome. Thirty international studies with a total of 2058 patients with malignant colorectal obstruction were included. RESULTS: The technical and clinical success rates for SEMS placement were 94%(95%CI: 92-96) and 91%(95%CI: 88-93), respectively. Overall complication rate for SEMS was 23%(95%CI: 18-29). Stent migration8%(95%CI: 6-10) and stent obstruction 8%(95%CI: 6-11) were the most common complications, followed by perforation 5%(95%CI: 4%-7%). Surgical or endoscopic re-interventions were needed in 14%(95%CI: 10-18) of patients. Endoscopic repeat stent placement was required in 8%(95%CI: 6-10), while surgical intervention was needed in 6%(95%CI: 4-8).CONCLUSION: SEMS are effective when used as palliation or bridge to surgery for malignant colorectal obstruction with high technical and clinical success. About 14% of patients require repeat endoscopic or surgical intervention for stent failure or to manage stent related complications.

支架置入治疗小鼠原位结直肠癌模型所致结肠狭窄的实验研究

目的:探索小鼠原位结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)模型中结肠支架置入的方法与价值。方法:6~8周龄BALB/c雌性裸鼠20只,接受内窥镜引导下小鼠结肠黏膜下人结肠癌HCT-116细胞注射。结肠肿瘤形成后,选取肿瘤大小达到4级的15只小鼠作为实验模型,进行支架放置,观察支架置入后小鼠结肠肿瘤及肠腔变化。结果:利用小动物内窥镜行结肠黏膜注射肿瘤细胞建立小鼠结肠癌模型的技术成功率为100%,结肠腔内肿瘤形成率为95%。肿瘤大小达到4级需要12~16天(中位时间14天)。所有小鼠的支架置入技术成功率为100%。支架置入后结肠肠腔内肿瘤受压肠腔通畅,肿瘤呈现为1级,一周后肿瘤快速增殖沿支架网眼向肠腔内生长,导致肠腔再次狭窄。结论:通过小鼠原位CRC模型的支架置入可以完美地模拟人类CRC梗阻支架置入后再狭窄的过程,为研究肿瘤支架置入后肠腔再狭窄的机制奠定了基础。

肠道支架置入联合腹腔镜手术应用于梗阻性左半结肠癌治疗的临床价值分析

目的分析肠道支架置入联合腹腔镜手术应用于梗阻性左半结肠癌治疗的临床价值。方法随机选取2018年8月—2023年4月上海杨思医院100例梗阻性左半结肠癌患者为研究对象,采用随机对照试验设计,在计算机随机数字生成下将患者分为两组,观察组(n=50)为肠道支架置入联合腹腔镜手术治疗,对照组(n=50)为传统治疗。比较两组患者手术时间、出血量、术后进食时间、住院时间、切口感染率、腹腔感染率、血清肿瘤标志物水平以及Ⅰ期手术吻合成功率。结果两组患者手术时间[(183.19±22.31)min vs(182.46±32.74)min]比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组术中出血量(67.75±23.13)mL低于对照组的(211.36±11.81)mL,差异有统计学意义(t=39.101,P<0.05)。观察组术后住院时间及术后进食时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。术后,观察组甲胎蛋白、癌胚抗原均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组一期手术吻合成功率高于对照组,感染总发生率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论梗阻性左半结肠癌患者采用肠道支架置入联合腹腔镜手术治疗效果较为理想,术后恢复较快,且感染发生率较低,可有效提高一期吻合术的成功率。

急诊手术与支架扩张后择期手术治疗右半结肠癌合并急性肠梗阻患者效果的比较

目的比较急诊手术与支架扩张后择期手术治疗右半结肠癌合并急性肠梗阻患者的效果。方法根据治疗方式的不同将96例右半结肠癌合并急性肠梗阻患者分为对照组(n=46,急诊手术)和观察组(n=50,支架扩张后择期手术),比较两组患者的围手术期指标、胃肠激素指标[胃动素(MTL)、胃泌素(GAS)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)]、炎性因子指标[白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]、术后并发症发生情况及生存情况。结果观察组患者术中出血量少于对照组,首次肛门排气时间、流质饮食恢复时间、术后住院时间均短于对照组,淋巴结清扫数目多于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。手术后,两组患者MTL、GAS、VIP、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平均低于本组手术前,观察组患者MTL、GAS、VIP水平均高于对照组,IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。观察组患者的术后并发症总发生率低于对照组,3年生存率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论与急诊手术比较,支架扩张后择期手术治疗右半结肠癌合并急性肠梗阻患者,可以减少术中出血量,增加淋巴结清扫数目,促进术后恢复,降低胃肠激素和炎性因子水平,减少术后并发症,提高术后生存率。

超顺应经内镜钳道结肠支架治疗肝脾曲结肠恶性梗阻7例

目的 评价超顺应经内镜钳道结肠支架治疗肝脾曲结肠恶性梗阻的可行性和治疗效果。方法 2013年9月至2014年7月超顺应经内镜钳道结肠支架治疗肝脾曲结肠恶性梗阻患者7例。内镜及透视引导下行支架置入，评价其技术和近期临床成功率、并发症和临床移位率。结果 恶性结肠梗阻部位肝曲1例，脾曲6例，平均曲度为125.7°±20.7°，技术均获成功，无支架相关性并发症。支架姑息性治疗3例，手术过渡治疗4例，7例临床梗阻均缓解，患者腹围由术前的（87±3） cm降至术后7 d的（70±6） cm。4例行1期手术，支架置入时间为8～10 d，平均（9.3±1.0） d，无吻合口瘘和术后再狭窄。生存期为4～14个月，平均（8.7±3.6）个月。结论 超顺应经内镜钳道结肠支架治疗肝脾曲结肠恶性梗阻安全有效，可作为肝脾曲恶性梗阻的首选治疗方法。