Surface photometry and radial color gradients of nearby luminous early-type galaxies in SDSS Stripe 82

We make use of the images from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stripe 82（Stripe 82） to present an analysis of r band surface brightness profiles and radial color gradients（g-r,u-r） in our sample of 111 nearby early-type galaxies（ETGs） .Thanks to the Stripe 82 images,each of which is co-added from about 50 single frames,we are able to pay special attention to the low-surface-brightness areas（LSB areas） of the galaxies.The LSB areas affect the Sérsic fittings and concentration indices by making both of the indices less than the typical values for ETGs.In the Sérsic fits to all the surface brightness profiles,we found some Sérsic indices that range from 1.5 to 2.5,much smaller than those of typical de Vaucouleur profiles and relatively close to those of exponential disks,and some others much larger than four but still with accurate fitting.Two galaxies cannot be fitted with a single Sérsic profile,but once we try double Sérsic profiles,the fittings are improved：one with a profile relatively close to the de Vaucouleur law in the inner area and a profile relatively close to an exponential law in the LSB area,the other with a nice fitting in the inner area but still having a failed fitting in the outer area.About 60%of the sample has negative color gradients（red-core） within 1.5Re,much more than the approximately 10%positive ones（blue-core） within the same radius.However,taking into account the LSB areas,we find that the color gradients are not necessarily monotonic：about one third of the red-core（or blue-core） galaxies have positive（or negative） color gradients in the outer areas. So LSB areas not only make ETGs’Sérsic profiles deviate from de Vaucouleur ones and shift to the disk end,but also reveal that quite a number of ETGs have opposite color gradients in inner and outer areas.These outcomes remind us of the necessity of double-Sérsic fitting.These LSB phenomena may be interpreted by mergers and thus have different metallicity in the outer areas.Isophotal parameters are also discussed briefly in this paper with the following conclusion：there are more disky nearby ETGs that are identified than boxy ones.

Color gradients of spiral disks in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We investigate the radial color gradients of galactic disks using a sample of - 20 000 face-on spiral galaxies selected from the fourth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS-DR4）. We combine galaxies with similar concentrations, sizes and luminosities to construct composite galaxies, and then measure their color profiles by stacking the azimuthally averaged radial color profiles of all the member galaxies. Except for the smallest galaxies （R50 〈 3 kpc）, almost all galaxies show negative disk color gradients with mean 9 - r gradient Ggr = -0.006 magkpc-1 and r - z gradient Grz = -0.018 mag kpc^-1. The disk color gradients are independent of the morphological types of galaxies and strongly dependent on the disk surface brightness μd, with lower surface brightness galactic disks having steeper color gradients. We quantify the intrinsic correlation between color gradients and surface brightness as Ggr = -0.011μd ＋ 0.233 and Grz - -0.015μd ＋ 0.324. These quantified correlations provide tight observational constraints on the formation and evolution models of spiral galaxies.

Strategies for Applying LED Lights in Night Space Lighting for Bridges

LED lights have been widely used in urban night space lighting in recent years as they are small,energy-saving,and efficient.This article explores the use of LEDs in bridge night space lighting and their application strategies.The aim is to offer valuable insights and references for urban planners and bridge lighting designers in China.By advancing the application of LED technology in bridge night lighting,the goal is to enhance the city’s nighttime ambiance,making the bridge an iconic landmark and a defining feature of the city.

An iterative Wiener filtering method based on the gravity gradient invariants

How to deal with colored noises of GOCE （Gravity field and steady - state Ocean Circulation Explorer） satellite has been the key to data processing. This paper focused on colored noises of GOCE gradient data and the frequency spectrum analysis. According to the analysis results, gravity field model of the optima] degrees 90-240 is given, which is recovered by COCE gradient data. This paper presents an iterative Wiener filtering method based on the gravity gradient invariants. By this method a degree-220 model was calculated from GOCE SGG （Satellite Gravity Gradient） data. The degrees above 90 of ITG2010 were taken as the prior gravity field model, replacing the low degree gravity field model calculated by GOCE orbit data. GOCE gradient colored noises was processed by Wiener filtering. Finally by Wiener filtering iterative calculation, the gravity field model was restored by space-wise harmonic analysis method. The results show that the model＇s accuracy matched well with the ESA＇s （European Space Agency） results by using the same data,