Coupling of reduced inorganic fertilizer with plant-based organic fertilizer as a promising fertilizer management strategy for colored rice in tropical regions

Colored rice is a type of high-quality,high-added-value rice that has attracted increasing attention in recent years.The use of large amounts of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in rice fields results in low fertilizer use efficiency and high environmental pollution.Organic fertilizer is a promising way to improve soil quality and sustain high yields.However,most studies focus on the effect of animal-based organic fertilizers.The effects of different ratios of plantbased organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on the grain yield and quality of colored rice have rarely been reported.Therefore,a two-year field experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 to study the effects of replacing inorganic N fertilizers with plant-based organic fertilizers on the yield,nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and anthocyanin content of two colored rice varieties in a tropical region in China.The experimental treatments included no nitrogen fertilization(T1),100% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer(T2),30%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer substitution with plant-based organic fertilizer(T3),60%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer substitution with plant-based organic fertilizer(T4),and 100% plantbased organic fertilizer(T5).The total nitrogen provided to all the treatments except T1 was the same at 120 kg ha-1.Our results showed that the T3 treatment enhanced the grain yield and anthocyanin content of colored rice by increasing nitrogen use efficiency compared with T2.On average,grain yields were increased by 9 and 8%,while the anthocyanin content increased by 16 and 10% in the two colored rice varieties under T3 across the two years,respectively,as compared with T2.Further study of the residual effect of partial substitution of inorganic fertilizers showed that the substitution of inorganic fertilizer with plant-based organic fertilizer improved the soil physiochemical properties,and thus increased the rice grain yield,in the subsequent seasons.The highest grain yield of the subsequent rice crop was observed under the T5 treatment.Our results suggested that the application of plantbased organic fertilizers can sustain the production of colored rice with high anthocyanin content in tropical regions,which is beneficial in reconciling the relationship between rice production and environmental protection.

Modeling Dynamics of Leaf Color Based on RGB Value in Rice

This paper was to develop a model for simulating the leaf color changes in rice （Oryza sativa L.） based on RGB （red, green, and blue） values. Based on rice experiment data with different cultivars and nitrogen （N） rates, the time-course RGB values of each leaf on main stem were collected during the growth period in rice, and a model for simulating the dynamics of leaf color in rice was then developed using quantitative modeling technology. The results showed that the RGB values of leaf color gradually decreased from the initial values （light green） to the steady values （green） during the first stage, remained the steady values （green） during the second stage, then gradually increased to the final values （from green to yellow） during the third stage. The decreasing linear functions, constant functions and increasing linear functions were used to simulate the changes in RGB values of leaf color at the first, second and third stages with growing degree days （GDD）, respectively; two cultivar parameters, MatRGB （leaf color matrix） and AR （a vector composed of the ratio of the cumulative GDD of each stage during color change process of leaf n to that during leaf n drawn under adequate N status）, were introduced to quantify the genetic characters in RGB values of leaf color and in durations of different stages during leaf color change, respectively; FN （N impact factor） was used to quantify the effects of N levels on RGB values of leaf color and on durations of different stages during leaf color change; linear functions were applied to simulate the changes in leaf color along the leaf midvein direction during leaf development process. Validation of the models with the independent experiment dataset exhibited that the root mean square errors （RMSE） between the observed and simulated RGB values were among 8 to 13, the relative RMSE （RRMSE） were among 8 to 10%, the mean absolute differences （da） were among 3.85 to 6.90, and the ratio of da to the mean observation values （Clap） were among 3.04 to 4.90%. In addition, the leaf color model was used to render the leaf color change over growth progress using the technology of visualization, with a good performance on predicting dynamic changes in rice leaf color. These results would provide a technical support for further developing virtual plant during rice growth and development.

Distribution of Leaf Color and Nitrogen Nutrition Diagnosis in Rice Plant

Greenness and nitrogen content of each leaf on main stem of different japonica and indica rice varieties under different nitrogen levels were investigated. Results showed that the fourth leaf from the top exhibited active changes with the change of plant nitrogen status. When the plant nitrogen content was low, its color and nitrogen content were obviously lower than those of the three top leaves. With the increase of plant nitrogen content, the color and nitrogen content of the fourth leaf increased quickly, and the differences of color and nitrogen content between the fourth leaf and the three top leaves decreased. So, the fourth leaf was an ideal indication of plant nutrition status. In addition, color difference between the fourth and the third leaf from the top was highly related to the plant nitrogen content regardless of the variety and development stage. Therefore, color difference between the fourth and the third leaf could be widely used for diagnosis of plant nutrition. Results also indicated that the minimized color difference between the fourth and the third leaf at the critical effective tillering, the emergence of the second leaf from the top, and the heading was the symbol of high yield. Plant nitrogen content of 27 g kg-1 DW for japonica rice and 25 g kg-1 DW for indica were the critical nitrogen concentrations.

Construction of Near Isogenic Lines for Pericarp Color and Evaluation on Their Near isogenicity in Rice

The inheritance of purple pericarp was studied through genetic analysis using F2, BC1F1 and F3 from a cross between a purple pericarp rice variety Zixiangnuo and a white pericarp rice variety Chunjiangnuo 2. Seven pairs of near isogenic lines （NILs） for pericarp color of rice were further constructed. Genetic analysis indicated that the purple pericarp was controlled by two complementary genes （Pb and Pp）. Agronomic trait analysis and polymorphism analysis using SSR markers on these seven pairs of NILs were used in the evaluation of near-isogenicity. No significant differences in agronomic traits were found except 1000-grain weight between the NILs. The polymorphic SSR markers for the parents were only detected in target segments of the five pairs of NILs different in Pb, which revealed the ideal near isogenicity of them. However, for the two pairs of NILs different in Pp, the polymorphic markers for the two parents were detected as well as in non-targeted segments of chromosomes 11 and 12, respectively.

Analysis of variation in temperature-responsive leaf color mutant lines induced from Gamma irradiation in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Eight lines of temperature-responsive leaf colormutants induced by applying 300 Gy Gamma-ray irradiation to Thermo-sensitive genic malesterile line 2177s,were obtained through con-tinuous selection in seven generations..Theleaves of these lines started to become greenafter the fourth leaf extension,and except

水稻维生素B_1合成相关基因OsTHIC的功能研究

【目的】维生素B_(1)(vitamin B_(1), VB_(1))是生物所必需的微量元素,其作为多个酶的辅因子,参与重要的细胞代谢途径,而水稻中维生素B_(1)合成途径还有待深入研究。本研究旨在解析水稻维生素B_(1)合成相关基因OsTHIC的生物学功能。【方法】综合运用诱变技术、色素测定、Mutmap+、基因编辑及非靶向代谢组分析等手段克隆目的基因并解析其功能。【结果】从EMS诱变的水稻突变体库中发现一个心叶白化致死突变体wll1(white leaf and lethal 1)。wll1从四叶期开始出现心叶白化表型,白化表型逐渐扩展到其他叶片并导致幼苗死亡。与野生型相比,wll1的叶绿素含量与类胡萝卜素含量显著降低。利用Mutmap+及基因编辑技术,确定目的基因为维生素B_(1)合成相关基因OsTHIC。OsTHIC在叶片具有较高表达量,OsTHIC蛋白定位于叶绿体。wll1及OsTHIC的敲除突变体中维生素B_(1)含量均显著低于野生型,外施维生素B_(1)可以恢复wll1的突变表型。外施维生素B_(1)及OsTHIC突变均会影响维生素B_(1)合成相关基因的表达。非靶向代谢组测序分析表明,野生型与wll1差异代谢物在氨基酸的生物合成、辅因子的生物合成、ABC转运器及氨酰基-tRNA的生物合成等方面显著富集。【结论】OsTHIC通过调控维生素B_(1)含量,参与氨基酸合成等代谢过程,在水稻生长发育过程中发挥重要作用。

基于深度相机的水稻穗层高度检测研究

为实现水稻穗层高度检测,基于深度相机对水稻穗层高度计算方法开展研究,以期为水稻割台高度控制、收割机智能化提供技术支持。为选择一种适用于水稻穗层分割的颜色空间,分别在RGB、HSV、LAB和i1i2i3颜色空间中对成熟水稻图像进行3D可视化,通过观察水稻穗层像素分布分析其可分离性;在此基础上,基于多阈值分割法、小联通区域移除、图像腐蚀等方法对水稻穗层进行提取;提出一种基于深度相机的水稻穗层高度(包括穗层最高高度H_(hs)、最低高度H_(ls))计算方法,并分别在实验室及田间进行验证试验。结果表明:水稻穗层在HSV颜色空间中具有较好的可分离性,所采用的图像分割、处理方法可有效提取水稻穗层;水稻穗层高度计算方法的实验室测试结果显示,H_(hs)与H_(ls)的计算误差均小于1.5%,田间测试结果显示H_(hs)与H_(ls)的计算误差分别为1.6%和18.2%。

浅析五色糯米饭中6种合成着色剂检测方法

本研究采用高效液相色谱测定方法检测五色糯米饭中的人工合成着色剂。结果表明,此方法操作简单省时,灵敏度和准确度较高,可用于测定五色糯米饭中的合成着色剂。

Relationship Between Degree of Starch Gelatinization and Quality Attributes of Parboiled Rice During Steaming

Paddy rice samples were parboiled by soaking at 65℃ for 180 min and steaming at 96℃ for 2–10 min,and then dried to achieve the final moisture content of 11% ± 1%. The degree of starch gelatinization （DSG） andseveral quality attributes （head rice yield （HRY）, color value and hardness） of parboiled rice were measured.Results showed that DSG （46.8%–77.9%）, color value （18.08–19.04） and hardness （118.6–219.2 N） allincreased following steaming. In contrast, the HRY increased （64.8%–67.1%） for steaming times between 2–4min but decreased （67.1%–65.0%） for steaming times between 4–10 min. Linear relations between DSG andcolor value （R2 = 0.87）, and DSG and hardness （R2 = 0.88） were observed. The suitable DSG of parboiled riceleading to the highest HRY was found to be 62.5%, obtained following 4 min of steaming.

Rice衰落信道的仿真方法研究

在电波散射丰富的移动通信信道中,当存在LOS(line-of-sight)分量时,可以直接用Rice理论统计模型来近似地代替待研究的信道。讨论了几种常见的计算机仿真Rice信道的方法,然后对其性能优劣进行了比较,并针对某些方法中存在的置疑,从理论与仿真上进行了分析,给出了结论:对Rice衰落信道进行仿真时必需一定功率谱形状的色高斯过程。

Effect of Soaking Temperature on Physical and Functional Properties of Parboiled Rice Cultivars Grown in Temperate Region of India

The physical and functional properties of seven parboiled rice cultivars (Jehlum, K-332, Koshar, Pusa-3, SKAU-345, SKAU-382 and SR-1) were investigated at different soaking temperatures of 60℃, 70℃ and 80℃ and it was compared with the brown raw rice of the respective cultivars. Parboiling was observed to decrease L* value and increase a* and b* values. The hardness of rice was significantly increased after parboiling and varied among the cultivars with the highest in Jehlum. Parboiling resulted in the decrease of pasting parameters with the increase in soaking temperature from 60℃ to 80℃. The pasting characteristics of parboiled rice sample showed the typical behaviour having high initial viscosity, but lower peak viscosity in comparison to raw rice. The water absorption index and water solubility indices were subsequently increased with the increase in soaking temperature.

广西不同品种有色稻米营养及功能性成分比较分析

【目的】比较广西不同品种类型有色稻米的营养及功能性成分差异,为广西有色稻米开发利用提供理论依据。【方法】选取广西巴马县的6个主栽有色稻地方品种(红米4个、黑米2个)为试验材料,以白米为对照,采用食品安全国家标准方法和试剂盒检测方法,测定有色稻地方品种糙米的19种营养成分和6种功能性成分,并对其进行统计分析、色差值分析和相关分析,明确不同品种有色稻米的差异和优势成分。【结果】有色稻米的膳食纤维、蛋白质、维生素B2(V_(B2))、维生素E(V_(E))、花色苷和黄酮等6种营养及功能性成分含量均显著高于白米(P<0.05,下同),分别高出18.9%~44.6%、27.0%~90.4%、9.1%~134.0%、29.2%~109.1%、197.7%~565.8%和10.8%~42.1%,其他成分因品种类型不同而存在差异。营养成分中,那乙短秆黑糯、那乙高秆黑糯和坡帮红米的氨基酸组成较平衡合理,必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸比值在54.40%~55.75%,较接近联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)模式(60.00%);那乙短秆黑糯和那乙高秆黑糯的脂肪含量分别较白米高22.6%和17.0%;4个红米品种的直链淀粉含量较白米高18.8%~82.0%;龙威红米和那乙高秆黑糯具有更丰富的矿质元素,铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)和硒(Se)含量均显著高于白米;那乙高秆黑糯的维生素较丰富,维生素B1(V_(B1))、V_(B2)、维生素C(V_(C))和VE等4种维生素含量均显著高于白米。功能性成分中,2种黑米和龙威红米、龙威红粳米较丰富,但不同品种的最优势成分各不相同,那乙短秆黑糯的花色苷含量较白米高565.8%,原花青素和β-胡萝卜素含量分别是白米的26.8和20.5倍,那乙高秆黑糯的甾醇总量较白米高10.5%,龙威红粳米的γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量较白米高25.6%,龙威红米的黄酮含量较白米高42.1%。有色稻米与白米色泽相差越大,色差总色度值(△E)越大,红米△E为18.63~27.37,黑米△E为32.62~33.52,与米粒视觉感官一致。分析色差、营养及功能性成分的相关性,发现25个指标共325个相关关系中,有21个达显著水平。【结论】有色稻米含有共同的优势成分,尽管原产地相同,不同品种类型间仍存在明显差异,表现为含有各具特色的其他优势成分。生产上可根据产品定位进行针对性地加工利用和产业化开发。综合各指标认为那乙短秆黑糯和龙威红米具有更高的开发利用价值。

柠檬酸缓冲液对蒸谷米色泽及品质特性的影响

采用不同pH的柠檬酸缓冲液浸泡稻谷,以纯水浸泡的蒸谷米为对照组,考察了不同处理组蒸谷米的色差、加工品质、感官评价、体外消化、热力学特性和质构特性的变化,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明:低pH浸泡液预处理后,蒸谷米色差有显著变化,其中pH 4浸泡液颜色最浅,相对纯水浸泡的蒸谷米,其L*值增加了5.27;消化结果显示,样品淀粉消化率随pH降低而降低,其中pH 3组淀粉消化率最低,其eGI值降低了11.83%,抗性淀粉增加了29.06%;加工品质结果显示,pH对出米率无显著影响,但随着浸泡液pH降低整精米率有所降低、爆腰率有所上升;感官评价和质构特性结果表明,蒸谷米的食用品质随着pH的降低先上升后下降。综合结果表明,适当低pH浸泡液预处理对蒸谷米的色泽、体外消化特性、感官品质具有一定的改善作用。

Efficacy and Economics of Different Need Based Nitrogen Management Approaches in Winter Rice

This experiment aimed to study the efficacy of different nitrogen (N) management approaches in winter rice. The experiment consisted of two rice varieties: 1) BRRI (Bangladesh Rice Research Institute) dhan29-an inbred and 2) Dhanigold-a hybrid, and eight N management approaches: 1) BRRI recommended N (control), 2) Soil analysis based N management, 3) N application based on Agro-ecological zone, 4) 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD (Silicon photon activate diode) value, 5) 30 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD value, 6) 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC (leaf colour chart) value, 7) 30 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC value and 8) Urea Super Granule. Between two varieties, hybrid Dhani gold produced higher grain yield (6.67 t·ha-1) than the inbred BRRI dhan29. Application of 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC value gave the highest grain yield (7.10 t·ha-1), whereas the lowest grain yield (5.92 t·ha-1) was found from the SPAD approach with 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD value. In case of treatment interaction highest grain yield (7.34 t·ha-1) was found in BRRI dhan29 coupled with 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC value with 18 kg·N·savings·ha-1 over control, maximum gross income (146,800 BDT·ha-1) and net benefit (142,120 BDT·ha-1), which was statistically identical with the grain yield from the interaction of Dhani gold and 30 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC value but required 42 kg·extra·N·ha-1 (over control). The lowest grain yield (5.19 t·ha-1) was found when Dhanigold was coupled with 30 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD value, while the 20 kg·N·application·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD value gave moderate yield (6.87 t·ha-1) with considerable higher gross (139,600 BDT·ha-1) and net (136,090 BDT·ha-1) incomes than the control (gross: 121,000 and net: 115,600 BDT·ha-1). The results reveal that 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC value appeared as the promising practice for inbred BRRI dhan29, and 30 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD value for hybrid Dhanigold in terms of yield, N use efficiency and economic benefit of winter rice.

色稻营养、功能成分及生物活性研究进展

色稻富含营养成分及功能因子,是理想的主食和功能性食物来源。本文系统介绍了色稻的营养成分(蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素等),功能因子(花青素、酚酸、膳食纤维等)及其生物活性(抗氧化活性、抗炎、抗癌和抗糖尿病特性等),并对色稻资源的开发利用进行了分析。从加强生物活性物质的稳定性等方面展望了色稻的发展趋势,以期为色稻的综合利用提供借鉴。

融合CLAHE-SV增强Lab颜色特征的水稻覆盖度提取

为解决由于阈值不确定和光照强度不稳定所造成的植被覆盖度提取效果不理想的问题,该研究提出一种融合CLAHE-SV(contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization-saturation value)增强Lab颜色空间特征的高斯混合模型聚类算法。以分蘖后期的水稻为对象,利用无人机获取2、3、4和5 m高度下的水稻可见光图像,采用限制对比度自适应直方图均衡化算法(contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization,CLAHE)对HSV颜色空间中饱和度(S)和亮度(V)分量进行增强,并在此基础上应用高斯混合模型(gaussian mixture model,GMM)结合Lab颜色空间的a分量分割图像背景和提取水稻覆盖度,并与GMM-RGB、GMM-HSV、GMM-Lab进行对比分析。结果表明,基于a分量构建的GMM-CLAHE-SV-a与GMM-a模型在不同高度图像中的分割效果均优于RGB、HSV、Lab,其中GMM-CLAHE-SV-a精度最佳。相比于GMM-a,在高度为2、3、4和5 m时GMM-CLAHE-SV-a的总体分割精度均值分别提高了2.16、1.01、1.03和1.26个百分点,Kappa系数均值分别提高了0.0414、0.0173、0.0190和0.0221;覆盖度的平均提取误差分别降低了8.75、7.01、5.93和5.34个百分点,决定系数R2分别提高了0.0960、0.0502、0.0622和0.1906,较好地降低了光强和倒影的影响。与已有方法相比,该算法无需标记训练集或计算阈值,可直接对无人机图像进行处理,具有较高的普适性,可以在复杂的大田环境下快速分割水稻像素并提取植被覆盖度信息。

水稻温敏型叶色突变体tsa58的变异检测及转录组分析

利用60 Co辐射诱变贵州地方粳稻种质资源“桥港珍珠米”,筛选获得一个温敏型叶色突变体tsa58(temperature-sensitive albino 58),该突变体在20℃和30℃条件下培养,幼苗存在显著的叶色差异。在20℃条件下,tsa58叶片呈现完全白化;在30℃条件下,tsa58叶色与野生型无明显差异。在20℃条件下,与野生型相比,tsa58叶片的总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量降低幅度最大,均达到极显著差异水平;在30℃条件下,与野生型相比,tsa58叶片的总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均与野生型无显著差异。为了明确该突变表型的候选基因,采用二代高通量测序技术对突变体tsa58和野生型进行全基因组变异分析。研究发现,在定位区间内的20878044~21473236间发生了INV(倒置)结构变异,其位点21473236位于Os02g0565400的外显子上。转录组分析结果表明,该基因在野生型中存在TSS、TTS、AE等3种剪接类型,并存在5个不同的剪接位点,而突变体tsa58未检测到可变剪接。由于该INV变异导致该基因的可变剪接类型发生变化,因此推测tsa58为Os02g0565400(WSL4)的新等位突变体。转录组差异基因分析表明,突变体tsa58与野生型的差异基因在核糖体最多,为27个,其中由叶绿体基因组编码的基因rps7、rpl32、rpl20和rps16均显著下调,而由细胞核基因组编码的基因中除OsRPL44显著下调外,其余基因均显著上调。

米炒人参炮制过程中饮片颜色与成分含量相关性分析

目的:探讨米炒人参炮制过程中颜色与人参皂苷含量之间的相关性。方法:应用台式分光测色仪测定米炒人参样品炮制前后的粉末颜色,采用UPLC测定样品中10个人参皂苷的含量,采用SPSS 24.0软件对样品色度值与人参皂苷含量进行相关性分析。结果:10个人参皂苷含量与色度值L^(*)、a^(*)、b^(*)均具有显著或极显著相关性,人参皂苷Re、Rg_(1)、Rd、Rb_(1)、Rc、Rb_(2)、Rb_(3)与L^(*)、b^(*)呈极显著正相关,与a^(*)呈极显著负相关;人参皂苷20(S)-Rg_(3)、Rk_(1)、Rg_(5)与L^(*)、b^(*)呈显著或极显著负相关,与a^(*)呈极显著正相关。结论:人参米炒炮制过程中,饮片外观色度值与内在成分含量具有相关性,可通过外观性状的变化判断内在成分含量的变化,为饮片质量评价提供参考。

利用光电色选进行谷糙分离的技术探讨

谷糙分离是大米加工过程中重要的环节,为提高谷糙分离精度,探讨了一种新型谷糙分离技术,该技术通过色选机进行筛选,即利用稻谷与糙米的光学特性差异进行谷糙分离。该光学色选技术的谷糙分离效果相关实验表明,当实验的原料谷粒特性为稻谷比例7.9%、红米比例0.9%、绿米比例2.2%、糙米比例89.0%时,原料谷粒经过SPARK Pro三次光学色选和复选后,得到4个最终混合物,分别是稻谷、红米、绿米和糙米混合物,并且稻谷混合物中稻谷比例为98.5%,红米混合物中红米比例为95.8%,绿米混合物中绿米比例为95.2%,糙米混合物中糙米比例为97.7%。实现了糙米与其他物料的高效分离,为谷糙分离提供了一个新技术思路。

防过碾碾米工艺与设备——大米适度加工关键新技术研究(2)

针对糙米多道碾白后,有一部分米粒已达到产品加工精度要求,但传统碾米工艺中,所有米粒都需经过后续碾米机碾白,造成过碾的现状,研发了全新防过碾碾米工艺,将已达到加工精度的米粒及时分离出来,既减轻设备、消耗品的磨损,节省能耗,也防止了已达加工精度的大米重复碾磨,造成过碾。