Ultraslim endoscopy with flexible spectral imaging color enhancement for upper gastrointestinal neoplasms

AIM:To conduct a preliminary study on the effect of flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) used in combination with ultraslim endoscopy by focusing on the enhanced contrast between tumor and non-tumor lesions. METHODS: We examined 50 lesions of 40 patients with epithelial tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract before endoscopic submucosal dissection using ultraslim endoscopy with conventional natural color imag ing and with FICE imaging. We retrospectively invest igated the effect of the use of FICE on endoscopic diagn osis in comparison with normal light. RESULTS: Visibility of the epithelial tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract with FICE was superior to normal light in 54% of the observations and comparable to normal light in 46% of the observations. There was no lesion for which visibility with FICE was inferior to that with normal light. FICE visualized 69.6% of hyperemic lesions and 58.8% of discolored lesions better than conventional endoscopy with natural color imaging. FICE sign if icantly improved the visibility of lesions with hyp ere mia or discoloration compared with normocolored lesions. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the use of FICE would improve the ability of ultraslim endoscopy to detect epithelial tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Spectral Characterization of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter for Productive Inland Waters and Its Source Analysis

This study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM) and spectral slope(S), and further to analyze its sources in three productive water supplies(Eagle Creek, Geist and Morse reservoirs) from Indiana, USA. The results showed that he absorption coefficient aCDOM(440) ranged from 0.37 m–1 to 3.93 m–1 with an average of 1.89 ± 0.76 m–1(±SD) for the aggregated dataset, and S varied from 0.0048 nm–1 to 0.0239 nm–1 with an average of 0.0108 ± 0.0040 nm–1. A significant relationship between S and aCDOM(440) can be fitted with a power equation(S = 0.013 × aCDOM(440)–0.42, R2 = 0.612), excluding data from Geist Reservoir during high flow(12 April 2010) and the Morse Reservoir on 25 June 2010 due to a T-storm achieves even higher determination coefficient(R2 = 0.842). Correlation analysis indicated that aCDOM(440) has strong association with inorganic suspended matter(ISM) concentration(0.231 < R2 < 0.786) for each of the field surveys, and this trend followed the aggregated datasets(R2 = 0.447, p < 0.001). In contrast, chlorophyll-a was only correlated with aCDOM(440) in summer and autumn(0.081 < R2 < 0.763), indicating that CDOM is mainly from terrigenous sources in early spring and that phytoplankton contributed during the algal blooming season. The S value was used to characterize CDOM origin. The results indicate that the CDOM source is mainly controlled by hydrological variations, while phytoplankton originated organic matter also closely linked with CDOM dynamics in three productive reservoirs.

CROSS-SPECTRAL MOMENT AND SVD METHODS ESTIMATING THE PARAMETERS OF CLOSE SINUSOIDS IN COLORED NOISE

The cross-spectral estimation methods are efficient in estimating the parameters of sinusoidal signals embedded in colored noise. But up to now, only FPT and cross-periodogram methods are used in this field, the modern auto-spectral estimation method is introduced into cross-spectral estimation in this paper, meanwhile the cross-correlation based Yule-Walker equation is proposed theoretically and the moment and singular-value decomposition (SVD)) algorithms for cross-spectral estimation have been developed. Finally, a numerical example is given for comparing the presented methods with the well-known Cadzow’s SVD method.

遥感统计推断理论与应用初探

提出一种新的介于遥感分类(定性分析)与遥感反演(定量分析)之间的遥感定性-定量分析方法,即遥感统计推断。遥感统计推断在理论上基于统计光学和概率分布变换,主要研究在一定区域范围内的地物参数的概率分布特征(如土壤的湿度、温度,水体盐度、叶绿素浓度等)如何改变和影响传感器所观测到的光学参数(如地表反射率、水体的遥感反射率等)的概率分布特征(称之为光谱概率分布),以及如何基于传感器观测到的光谱概率分布去反向推断地物参数在此区域内的统计分布特征,从而为刻画地物参数提供相应的定性与定量信息。相比于传统的遥感分类和反演,遥感统计推断的优点在于:(1)能够快速地获取地物参数的全局统计特征,如均值、方差、极值等等,而不需要反演分析每一个像素光谱,这一优点对于当前很多基于大数据、高分辨率的遥感应用尤为重要,因为有些应用部门的管理人员最感兴趣的往往是管理对象(如湖泊、水库、农田)的整体特征,他们并不需要知道在每一个像素处的地物参数的大小;(2)地物的光谱概率分布可以直接用于地物的分类研究,提供了一种有别于基于像素光谱签名特征的传统遥感分类的新分类方法,这种方法提供的是研究区域的整体分类(如一个湖泊的分类)而不是每个像素的分类(如水质的分类);(3)遥感统计推断可以为遥感反演建模提供辅助信息,基于这些信息调整反演模型的函数和/或参数,使得反演模型结果的统计特征与遥感统计推断的结果相匹配。该文简要介绍了遥感统计推断的一些基本概念、原理以及其相较于遥感分类和反演的优势、推断的适用对象和面向推断的遥感数据处理方法,分析了国内主要湖泊水体的光谱概率分布特征,并基于杭州西湖实地采测数据,提出了一种基于自展法(bootstrap-based)的用于推断关键统计分布参数(例如西湖悬浮颗粒浓度的平均值)的简易遥感统计推断方法。

基于无人机多光谱的棉花多生育期叶面积指数反演

【目的】叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)是表征作物长势、光合、蒸腾的重要指标。论文旨在研究不同生育期、多生育期无人机多光谱数据棉花LAI估测模型,明确不同生育期间棉花LAI估测模型变化规律,为实时掌握棉花长势并因地制宜进行田间科学管理提供依据。【方法】利用大疆精灵4多光谱无人机获取棉花现蕾期、初花期、结铃期、吐絮期多光谱图像和RGB图像。选用归一化差植被指数(NDVI)、绿度归一化差植被指数(GNDVI)、归一化差红边指数(NDRE)、叶片叶绿素指数(LCI)、优化的土壤调节植被指数(OSAVI)5种多光谱指数和修正红绿植被指数(MGRVI)、红绿植被指数(GRVI)、绿叶指数(GLA)、超红指数(EXR)、大气阻抗植被指数(VARI)5种颜色指数分别建立棉花各生育期及棉花生长多生育期数据集合,结合打孔法获取地面LAI实测数据,使用机器学习算法中偏最小二乘(PLSR)、岭回归(RR)、随机森林(RF)、支持向量机(SVM)、神经网络(BP)构建棉花LAI预测模型。【结果】覆膜棉花LAI随着生育期的变化呈现先增长后下降的趋势,现蕾期、初花期、结铃期内侧棉花叶面积指数均值均显著大于外侧(P<0.05);选择的指数在各时期彼此间均呈显著相关(P<0.05),总体而言,多光谱指数与颜色指数间的相关性随着生育期的进行而呈现下降趋势,选择的指数在各时期均与棉花LAI相关性显著(P<0.05),多光谱指数相关系数介于0.35—0.85,颜色指数相关系数介于0.49—0.71,相关系数绝对值较大的指数多为多光谱指数,颜色指数与棉花LAI的相关系数绝对值较小;估测模型性能结果显示棉花各生育期模型中多光谱指数优于颜色指数,且各指数模型预测性能随着生育期的变化呈现一定规律性,NDVI是预测棉花LAI的最优指数。从模型结果上看,RF模型和BP模型在各生育期下获得了较高的估计精度。初花期LAI反演模型精度最高,最优模型验证集R2为0.809,MAE为0.288,NRMSE为0.120。多生育期最优模型验证集R2为0.386,MAE为0.700,NRMSE为0.198。【结论】棉花内外侧LAI在现蕾期、初花期、结铃期存在显著差异。在各生育期中,RF和BP模型是预测棉花LAI较优模型。NDVI在各指数中表现最好,是预测棉花LAI的最优指数。多生育期模型效果较单生育期明显下降,最优指数为GNDVI,最优模型为BP。本研究中预测棉花LAI的最优窗口期是初花期。研究结果可为无人机遥感监测棉花LAI提供理论依据和技术支持。

不同色温环境光下彩色电润湿电子纸的色彩校正

针对反射式显示器彩色电润湿电子纸在不同色温环境光下显示颜色不一致,影响显示图片色彩还原度的问题,提出一种基于彩色电润湿电子纸光谱反射率特性的色彩校正方法。通过彩色电润湿电子纸的光谱反射率特性,得到不同色温环境光下显示颜色的光谱对应关系,以此建立不同色温环境光下彩色电润湿电子纸显示颜色的映射关系,并根据该映射关系对输入颜色数据进行校正,从而减小不同色温环境光下显示颜色的色差。设置标准光源A(5000 K)、实验光源B(3500 K)和实验光源C(6500 K)对样品进行测试。在两个实验光源下,测量100个测试色块在经过本文方法校正前后的色度数据。实验结果表明,校正前后显示颜色与标准光源下显示颜色的平均色差分别减小了55%和35%,校正后的显示图像平均主观评价Z得分分别为0.45和0.25。

自制着色底板和光谱特征检测竹叶面积

为快速准确地检测健康与病态竹叶单叶面积,提出一种基于自制着色底板和光谱特征(CBP-SF)的叶面积检测方法。根据叶片光谱特征设计底板,然后利用波段计算、碎片过滤和自适应阈值方法进行图像分割,再根据竹叶大小进行参照物切割,最后统计叶片区域和参考矩形框的像元数并计算叶面积。与随机森林(RF)、最大类间方差法(OTSU)和叶面积仪法(LAM)的对比结果表明:对于健康竹叶的检测效果,CBP-SF>RF>OTSU=LAM;对于病态竹叶的检测效果,CBP-SF>RF>OTSU>LAM;对于全样本竹叶的检测效果,CBP-SF>RF>OTSU>LAM。CBP-SF具备检测健康与病态竹叶单叶面积的能力。

黄-红色缅甸黄龙玉颜色和光谱特征的定量研究

利用傅立叶红外光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、紫外-可见分光光度计、能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪、电子探针X射线显微分析仪和X-Rite SP62手持式分光光度计对黄-红色缅甸黄龙玉样品进行了颜色特征、化学组成以及光谱学特征的研究,分析缅甸黄龙玉的颜色与光谱特性之间的定量关系。结果表明,缅甸黄龙玉主要由SiO_(2)组成,含少量Fe、Cu、Cr等过渡金属元素,属于隐晶质石英质玉。在CIE D65标准光源和N9孟塞尔中性背景下,缅甸黄龙玉的明度与色调角具有高度的相关性,Fe含量的变化对其明度和色调角具有显著影响。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱的一阶导数可以推断缅甸黄龙玉中针铁矿和赤铁矿的相对含量,且随着主波谷的位置向长波方向偏移,缅甸黄龙玉的颜色会从黄色调向红色调转变。

基于密度的凹版专色叠印色光谱预测模型的研究及应用

目的建立一种基于密度与光谱反射率关系的专色叠印色光谱预测模型。方法首先建立前景色、后景色密度与其光谱反射率关系;基于此建立叠印色光谱反射率的计算方法;其次对模型进行优化,完成专色叠印色光谱预测模型的建立;再通过凹版印刷实打样30张专色叠印色样张,基于Malab利用色差以及拟合决定系数R2对预测模型进行验证;最后在相同工艺条件下实打样专色叠印色样张进行预测,通过色差完成对模型的精度检验。结果验证表明,不同专色叠印色在同一网点面积率下与其对应的前景色、后景色密度之间存在较强相关关系,其拟合决定系数R2均大于0.9;模型精度检验中,73.7%的模型预测值与样张实测值色差为0~2.5个CIE1976色差单位,大部分色块色差为0~2个CIE1976色差单位,占总频率的60.54%,整体平均色差为1.92个CIE1976色差单位。结论本文所建模型具有较高的预测精度,能基本满足对颜色预测的需求。

基于相机RGB值的光谱反射率重建方法研究

光谱反射率重建技术可实现背景颜色数据准确校正和复制还原,以此为基础可设计实施高融合迷彩,为机动装备在不同背景环境下提供有效防护屏障,具有重要价值。参照光谱成像技术特点,根据颜色形成原理和三刺激值定量计算公式,通过控制单一变量法设计实验方案,提出加权平均光谱反射率重建方法(TWA),利用相机和光谱仪分别获取训练样本的成像系统响应值(RGB)和光谱反射率数据,对所提取的样本RGB值和光谱反射率数据分别采用传统最小二乘法(OLS)、正则化最小二乘法(RLS)、偏最小二乘法(PLS)、主成分分析法(PCA)和本文中提出的加权平均法(TWA)进行光谱反射率重建训练,获得光谱重建矩阵,最后利用光谱重建矩阵对测试样本响应值进行光谱反射率重建,并对实验结果进行分析,对比不同方法的光谱反射率重建效果。研究结果表明,加权平均法在光谱均方根误差SRMSE、平均拟合优度系数GFC、平均色差等指标上效果更优,重建所得光谱反射率精度更高,颜色校正效果更佳。

非可控条件下基于深度神经网络的彩色图像光谱估计

光谱反射比可以从彩色图像估计得到,目前基于彩色图像的光谱估计一般在可控条件下进行,即光源和彩色相机的拍摄参数等都是严格固定的,以确保引起相机响应值变化的主要因素仅是光谱反射比,从而可以准确建立相机响应值到光谱反射比的映射关系。但在非可控条件下,引起相机响应值变化的因素较多,增加了光谱估计的难度。本文借助深度神经网络强大的非线性拟合能力,基于残差神经网络设计了一种深度神经网络,从彩色图像的RGB值估计光谱反射比。利用智能手机在非可控条件下采集了大量彩色图像,并通过5折交叉验证对所提出的网络进行了测试。结果表明,所设计的深度神经网络比已有的两种光谱估计算法获得了更高的光谱估计精度,因而可以更准确地实现非可控条件下基于彩色图像的光谱估计。

二维超声及彩色多普勒超声对乳腺良恶性结节的诊断价值研讨

目的研究二维超声及彩色多普勒超声临床应用价值,分析其在乳腺良恶性结节诊断中的效果。方法随机选取2022年1月—2023年3月济宁市兖州区人民医院收治的60例乳腺结节患者为研究对象,以手术病理诊断为金标准,实施二维超声、彩色多普勒超声,对不同诊断方案的价值进行评估。结果病理诊断显示良性40例,恶性20例;彩色多普勒超声诊断良性41例,恶性19例;二维超声诊断良性47例,恶性13例。彩色多普勒超声灵敏度、准确度均高于二维超声,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);彩色多普勒超声对不同类型乳腺结节的诊断符合率高于二维超声,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声诊断具有较高的灵敏度、特异度、准确度,且对良恶性结节的鉴别诊断以及不同类型乳腺结节的检出有积极意义,可以指导后续针对性治疗措施的实施。

Image-enhanced endoscopy for diagnosis of colorectal tumors in view of endoscopic treatment

Recently,image-enhanced endoscopy(IEE) has been used to diagnose gastrointestinal tumors.This method is a change from conventional white-light(WL) endoscopy without dyeing solution,requiring only the push of a button.In IEE,there are many advantages in diagnosis of neoplastic tumors,evaluation of invasion depth for cancerous lesions,and detection of neoplastic lesions.In narrow band imaging(NBI) systems(Olympus Medical Co.,Tokyo,Japan),optical filters that allow narrow-band light to pass at wavelengths of 415 and 540 nm are used.Mucosal surface blood vessels are seen most clearly at 415 nm,which is the wavelength that corresponds to the hemoglobin absorption band,while vessels in the deep layer of the mucosa can be detected at 540 nm.Thus,NBI also can detect pit-like structures named surface pattern.The flexible spectral imaging color enhancement(FICE) system(Fujifilm Medical Co.,Tokyo,Japan) is also an IEE but different to NBI.FICE depends on the use of spectral-estimation technology to reconstruct images at different wavelengths based on WL images.FICE can enhance vascular and surface patterns.The autofluorescence imaging(AFI) video endoscope system(Olympus Medical Co.,Tokyo,Japan) is a new illumination method that uses the difference in intensity of autofluorescence between the normal area and neoplastic lesions.AFI light comprises a blue light for emitting and a green light for hemoglobin absorption.The aim of this review is to highlight the efficacy of IEE for diagnosis of colorectal tumors for endoscopic treatment.

Spectral classification of water masses under the influence of the Amazon River plume

The large amount of dissolved and particulate material discharged by the Amazon River into the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean cause distinct spectral response of its waters as compared to the nearby ocean waters. This paper shows the application of K-means clustering algorithm for classifying water masses in the region under the Amazon River plume influence according to their spectral behavior. Salinity and temperature data from 67 oceanographic stations were related to Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor （SeaWiFS） remote sensing reflectances values and the following bio-optical products： （i） chlorophyll-a concentration, （ii） water attenuation coefficient and （iii） absorption coefficient for dissolved and detrital material. Four different water masses were identified such as： （1） oceanic water, （2） intermediate oceanic water, （3） intermediate river plume water and （4） Amazon River plume water. The spectral behavior of these water masses allowed concluding that the main active optical component of the waters in the region is the colored dissolved organic matter originated mostly from the Amazon River.

Concentration and Characterization of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in the Surface Microlayer and Subsurface Water of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

The distribution and chemical properties of colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM) in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during December 2011-January 2012 were investigated. The input of freshwater and biological activities had an evident influence on the CDOM levels(characterized by the light absorption coefficient at the wavelength of 355 nm a_(355)) in the study area. The spatial distribution of CDOM levels displayed a gradually decreasing trend from the coastal waters(0.37 m^(-1)) to the open sea(0.18 m^(-1)). The spectral slope ratio(the slope ratio S_R defined as S_(275-295):S_(350-400)) during the cruise was correlated with salinity, and exhibited a large variation from inshore(average of 2.515) to offshore sites(average of 5.327) compared with the distribution of a_(355). The values of S_R were related to CDOM molecular weight(MW). The a_(355), S_R, and chlorophyll a in 37 samples collected from the surface microlayer were significantly correlated with those in the corresponding subsurface water samples, implying a strong exchange action between the microlayer and bulk water. The a_(355) and S_R of CDOM exhibited significant microlayer enrichment, with mean enrichment factors(EFs) of 1.72 and 1.62, respectively.

COLOR FLOW IMAGING OF HEPATIC CARCINOMA

Color flow imaging(CFI)ultrasound technique can discover the tumor vascularity and superimposed it to convontional B-mode ultrasonogram in real-time. The flow velocity on spectral Doppler sonogram can be measured by setting the sample volume to any selected site.One hundred and thirty-six patients with solid hepatic space-occupied lesions had been admitted and 113 cases were confirmed by operation and pathology,23 patients were strongly suspected by hepatic angiography (HAA).Ninety nine patients with 109 nodules were finally diagnosed as hepatic cellular carcinoma(HCC).According to color flow distribution pattern,3 kinds of color configuation had been nominated.Tumor vascularity discovered by CFI,especially the arterial blood flow was easy to be recognized,and its emerge rate was quite different between HCC group(94.5%)and hemangioma(HCH)group(17.07%)(P<0.01).Spectral Doppler studies were also carried out in these cases and the detectability of arterial flow in HCC group(95.41%)was much higher than that to HCH group (21. 95%) (P<0. 005).Resistant index(RI)and pulsatile index(PI)could be used to differentiate HCC (>0. 50 and >0.80 respectively)from HCH (P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively).Arterial-portal(A-P) shunt could also be detected by CFI and spectral Doppler(mostly its Vmax>0.6m/s).The detection rate of A-P shunt was 64% in HCC group,but no case could be detected in HCH group.

Spectral Hole Burning and Photo－Stimulated LuminescenceProcesses in BaF（Cl，Br）：Sm^（2＋）

Before and after X-irradiation, two photon spectral hole burning experiments in BaF (Cl,Br) : Sm2+ were performed by a 560 nm laser light at liquid nitrogen temperature. The results show that spectral hole burning of Sm2+ doped fluoride halide mixed crystals are accompanied by photostimulated luminescence process. This process make hole burning efficiency decreased.

The Color of the Sky

The color of the sky in day-time and at twilight is studied by means of spectroscopy, which provides an unambiguous way to understand and quantify why a sky is blue, pink, or red. The colors a daylight sky can take primarily owe to Rayleigh extinction and ozone absorption. Spectra of the sky illuminated by the sun can generally be represented by a generic analytical expression which involves the Rayleigh function , ozone absorption, and, to a lesser extend, aerosol extinction. This study is based on a representative sample of spectra selected from a few hundred observations taken in different places, times, and dates, with a portable fiber spectrometer.

光谱成像的图像颜色恒常性计算方法

光谱成像可以记录拍摄场景的光谱信息,从而实现颜色的高保真复现,图像的光谱信息通常同时混合了物体的光谱信息和光源信息,所以现有的光谱成像颜色还原需要通过提前放置的标定板或已知光谱特性的物体获取拍摄环境的光源信息,再进行图像的颜色恒常性校正。但光谱相机在实际使用过程中,通常难以满足上述条件,从而对图像高保真颜色还原提出挑战。针对此问题,提出一种光谱成像的图像颜色恒常性计算方法,将光谱成像系统获得光谱数据转换到XYZ颜色空间,并将图像分区域进行统计得到图像的统计点,通过大量常见光源的分布规律,给统计点施加位置权重和色温权重,同时设置亮度权重去除图像中过暗和过饱和的统计点,利用加权平均获得环境光的色度参数,根据需求将图像的XYZ颜色空间数据转换到RGB颜色空间,根据环境光的色度参数计算图像不同通道的增益,从而完成光谱图像的颜色恒常性计算。为了验证所提出算法的有效性,对140张光谱图像进行处理,计算算法得到的环境光色度参数和真实光源色度之间的再现角误差,对校正结果进行评价,结果表明提出的算法明显优于光谱图像不做处理和灰度世界法。为进一步分析算法校正结果与人眼感知之间的联系,设计颜色心理物理学实验中的分度实验,18名视觉正常的观察者参与实验,所有观察者对算法校正结果打分的平均值介于良好和优秀之间,可以满足实际使用需求;沿着平均色温线的方向,观察者所允许的光源色度差异较其它方向稍大;在图像中包含大面积记忆色时,当光源色度差异向使记忆色饱和度增大的方向偏移时,此时观察者所容忍的色度差异变大。由客观和心理物理学实验结果可知,所提出的算法可以在拍摄光源未知,且没有标板的情况下,较好的对光谱成像中的图像颜色恒常性进行处理,为光谱图像的颜色高保真再现打下基础。

镭射纸凹印无银边基准底色选择及应用研究

为探究无银边的镭射纸应用于烟标凹版印刷后,不同基准底色种类和深浅对套印过程中色标检测的影响,本研究对凹印烟标产品的印刷色组和印刷色序工艺进行分析。从印刷油墨色库中进行对比筛选,拟定蓝色作为基准底色块;并进行模拟实验分析,初步验证以蓝色作为基准底色块的可行性;最后进行上机实验验证。实验结果表明:选用蓝色基准底色块能够满足烟标的正常套印生产要求;对改进后的工艺进行20个月纸张使用统计发现,相较于有银边的镭射纸,改进后可平均节约1.616%的烟标卡纸用量。本研究证明在实际上机生产中以蓝色作为基准底色块具有较好的可行性,成功解决了镭射纸需带有银边才能实现色标套准问题,节省了印刷材料成本。