The Classification of Colorful-leaf Tree Species and the Application in Landscape Architecture

This paper summarized the classification of colorful tree species and the application principles on landscape architecture and briefly introduced the present application situation of colorful tree species in China. It also raised suggestions related to the introduction and application of the colorful tree species.

Resources of Colored-leaf Trees and Their Phenological Ornamental Characteristics in Lhasa City

By using biological five points,expert consultation and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,the species,phenological ornamental characteristics,and landscape application of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City were surveyed systematically. The results show that there are 42 species of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City,belonging to 31 genera and 18 families,of which there are 5,19,and 18 species of spring,autumn,and common colored-leaf trees,accounting for 11.90%,45.24% and 42.86% of total number of the investigated tree species respectively. It is clearly seen that there are too few species of spring colored-leaf trees in the city. There are 19 and 17 species of trees possessing red and yellow leaves,while the leaves of other 6 species of colored-leaf trees are shown in other colors,and the number of their species accounts for 45.24%,40.48% and 14.28% of total number of the investigated tree species respectively. The best ornamental periods of spring,autumn and common colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City average 38.4,41.8 and 251.8 d respectively. Prunus cerasifera Ehrhar f. atropurpurea Rehd.,Ulmus pumila L.,Populus × beijingensis W. Y. Hsu,and Salix alba are applied most frequently in Lhasa City,and their relative frequency is 18.67%,10.29%,9.91% and 8.95% respectively. According to the comprehensive assessment value of their ornamental characteristics,the ornamental characteristics of 15 species of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City are good or very good,and there is a positive correlation between the comprehensive assessment value and relative frequency. Based on the investigation,the current application situation and problems of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City were analyzed,and solutions to the problems were proposed.

ON EQUITABLE VERTEX DISTINGUISHING EDGE COLORINGS OF TREES

It has been known that determining the exact value of vertex distinguishing edge index X ＇8（G） of a graph G is difficult, even for simple classes of graphs such as paths, cycles, bipartite complete graphs, complete, graphs, and graphs with maximum degree 2. Let rid（G） denote the number of vertices of degree d in G, and let X＇es（G） be the equitable vertex distinguishing edge index of G. We show that a tree T holds nl （T） ≤ X ＇s （T） ≤ n1 （T） ＋ 1 and X＇s（T） = X＇es（T） if T satisfies one of the following conditions （i） n2（T） ≤△（T） or （ii） there exists a constant c with respect to 0 〈 c 〈 1 such that n2（T） △ cn1（T） and ∑3 ≤d≤△（T）nd（T） ≤ （1 - c）n1（T） ＋ 1.

Uniquely Tree Colorable Graphs

In this paper, the concepts of tree chromatic numbers and uniquely tree colorable graphs are introduced. After discussion some fundamental properties, three necessary conditions for a simple graph to be uniquely tree colorable are given. Moreover, a series of uniquely tree colorable graphs are constructed.

THE EFFECT OF WOOD SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF TREES ON WOOD COLOR IN WORKING OPERATION

The multinomial wood surface roughness parameters and wood color parameters of 5 kinds of species of trees were measured in working operation by the stylus surface roughness meter and colorimeter, and the measurement results were compared. The results indicated: The variations of wood surface roughness had the effect on the wood color of some kinds of species of trees on working operation, with the surface roughness decreasing, the brightness and luminance exponent increased, the hue angle increased lightly, but the variation of color saturation was different to the different wood color hue of species of trees.

Changes in Tree Frog (<i>Hyla savignyi</i>) Coloration in Unstable Habitats at the Southern Border of Its Distribution

This study examined the relationship between tree frog (Hyla savignyi) coloring and its different seasonal habitats at the southern border of its distribution. The results show that tree frog color is affected by the dominant colors in its habitat, which vary seasonally, especially between winter and summer. Tree frog colors were various shades of green, white, brown, and black. No genetic marker was found to characterize the color. The ability of a small frog to infer its own time with the help of color changes occurring in the habitat on the southern border of its distribution, which are relatively broad, gives this species an advantage.

动车组列控车载子系统故障机理建模与分析

针对传统Petri网(P/T系统)无法根据后继标识确定系统失效部位的问题,采用着色Petri网(Colored Petri Net,CPN)建立动车组列控车载子系统的故障传播模型。首先,通过CPN与传统Petri网理论的对比说明采用CPN建模的可行性。其次,根据车载子系统的结构组成及工作模式建立故障树模型,并通过Petri网描述故障树逻辑门事件之间的逻辑关系,给出故障树的Petri网表示方法,建立车载子系统的P/T系统模型;进一步根据CPN理论确定托肯染色方法、权函数等模型参数,将P/T系统转化为着色网系统,并举例说明后继标识的计算规则。最后,通过与传统Petri网推理及故障识别过程的对比,证明了采用CPN分析系统故障机理的正确性及在故障识别过程中的高效性。所提方法可为车载子系统的故障识别提供一定依据。

滇山茶bHLH基因家族鉴定及花色形成相关基因筛选

【目的】通过生物信息学方法初步筛选与滇山茶花色相关的bHLH基因,为后续深入研究滇山茶花色提供支持。【方法】基于滇山茶全长转录组数据,通过生物信息学方法鉴定滇山茶bHLH基因家族成员,并对其理化性质、二级结构、系统发育关系和结构域等进行分析。利用二代转录组和代谢组数据挖掘与滇山茶花色相关的bHLH基因,通过实时定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)验证bHLH基因在滇山茶开花过程中和不同品种间的表达情况。【结果】在滇山茶全长转录组中鉴定到71个滇山茶CrbHLHs基因,蛋白分子量的范围在22994.58-102996.96 Da,等电位为4.98-9.51,均为亲水性蛋白。与拟南芥聚类分析发现,滇山茶bHLH基因家族成员可分布到14个亚族。多组学联合分析发现,CrbHLH8、CrbHLH61和CrbHLH63与矢车菊色素苷呈正相关,而CrbHLH59与其呈负相关;CrbHLH13和CrbHLH71与原花青素呈正相关,其中CrbHLH8和CrbHLH61为IIIf亚族成员。【结论】从滇山茶全长转录组中鉴定出71个CrbHLHs家族成员,其中6个CrbHLHs与滇山茶花色相关。

基于SSA-CatBoost 的颜色校正模型仿真

针对图像采集设备在采集过程中出现的颜色失真以及传统方法存在校正效果不佳的问题,提出了一种结合SSA算法的CatBoost颜色校正模型。首先,建立三个CatBoost模型,并使用SSA算法分别搜索三个模型的最佳参数;然后将所得到的最优参数赋值给三个CatBoost模型,并分别对三通道的测量值与真实值进行拟合;最后,与传统多项式回归方法进行对比,校验此模型校正效果。模型仿真结果表明,上述模型可将色差值ΔE控制在3以内,证实了SSA-CatBoost模型具有更好的颜色校正。

东北常见树种叶色季节动态和影响因子研究

【目的】探究东北常见树种叶色季节动态变化及影响因素,以期为揭示植物叶片呈色机理和东北地区园林景观配置提供依据。【方法】本研究选取北美红枫、白桦、紫叶稠李和金叶榆等10种东北常见园林绿化树种为试材,对其色差参数(L*、a*、b*)、色素含量及可溶性糖含量进行测定,并与取样周期内的平均温度进行相关性分析。【结果】不同树种叶片中的色素含量及比例存在显著差异。在整个转色期,叶色季节动态受平均温度和内部各色素含量的综合影响。其中,所有色差参数与叶绿素含量、平均温度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),a*与花色苷含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。同时,相关性分析表明,叶片中可溶性糖含量在转色期变化并不显著,与叶色变化无显著相关性。【结论】随平均温度降低,秋色叶黄色树种及红色树种叶片中叶绿素含量逐渐降低。在黄色树种中类胡萝卜素与叶绿素比值升高,而红色树种花色苷与叶绿素比值升高。常色叶树种中紫叶稠李和辽东桤木叶片颜色及色素含量较为稳定,而紫叶李和金叶榆在后期出现复绿现象,分别由于花青素含量降低和叶绿素含量升高导致。

RAPD-PCR Analysis on Genetic Relationships Between Cultivars of Tree Peony

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to analyze genetic polymophism of 35 Tree Peony cultivars with 7 different color groups. Thirty four primers amplified 418 DNA fragments and 337 polymorphic bands (80.6%), including specific DNA markers for 18 cultivars that could be used to differentiate cultivars. The UPCMA method was used to analyze the genetic relationship among cultivars. The results showed that 35 Peony cultivars could be divided into 2 cluster groups when using similarity criteria of 1.5, and into 4 cluster groups when using similarity criteria of 1.0. The result confirmed that the flower color has no relation to the genetic clusters and the Tree Peony cultivars originated from the same area has close genetic relationship. Therefore, genetic background has no large effect on the genetic relationship. The sequence based on polymorphic rate from high to low was Blue groups > Yellow groups > Bark red groups > Blake groups > White groups>Green groups>Red groups.

Algorithm for Cost Non-preemptive Scheduling of Partial k-Trees

Let G be a graph, in which each vertex (job) v has a positive integer weight (processing time) p(v) and eachedge (u,v) represented that the pair of jobs u and v cannot be processed in the same slot. In this paper we assume that every job is non-preemptive. Let C={1,2,...} be a color set. A multicoloring (scheduling) F of G is to assign each job v a set of p(v) consecutive positive integers (processing consecutive time slots) in C so that any pair of adjacent vertices receive disjoint sets. Such a multicoloring is called a non-preemptive scheduling. The cost non-preemptive scheduling problem is to find an optimal multicoloring of G.

基于多色彩空间的YOLOv5松枯死树检测方法

【目的】针对在松枯死树监测实践中,从无人机航拍RGB影像中自动识别松枯死树漏检率高的问题,提出了一种生产应用场景下基于多色彩空间的YOLOv5松枯死树高精度自动识别新方法。【方法】利用无人机采集大面积松材线虫病发生林分的RGB图像,用Pix4Dmapper软件拼接,用LabelImg开源软件建立VOC格式的松枯死树数据集,分别用Faster R-CNN、YOLOv3、YOLOv4、YOLOv5、SSD和EfficientDet等6种基于深度学习的目标检测算法对数据集进行训练和测试,以精确率、召回率、平均准确率以及F 1分数作为评价指标筛选出最优目标检测算法;然后将采集的RGB图像转换成LAB和HSV色彩空间图像,再将这3个色彩空间的图像分别用最优目标检测算法进行训练,得到目标在每个色彩空间的边界框,使用非极大值抑制算法对这些边界框进行处理,得到最优边界框实现松枯死树自动识别。【结果】6种算法均取得良好效果,其中YOLOv5模型为最优算法,其精准率、平均查准率和F 1分数在6种算法中均最高,分别达到97.58%、82.40%和0.85。通过3个色彩空间融合后,反映漏检情况的召回率由74.54%提高到98.99%,平均准确率提升至98.39%。【结论】基于多色彩空间的YOLOv5模型能够显著提高从无人机航拍RGB影像中检测松枯死树的精度,为松枯死树监测提供了有力工具,也有助于松材线虫病的防治。

18种槭树科树种光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的比较

为探究不同槭树科树种的光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数差异,以三尾青皮槭、桂林槭、宁波三角槭、樟叶槭、金钱槭、长尾秀丽槭、长裂葛萝槭、元宝槭、革叶槭、薄叶槭、飞蛾槭、青榨槭、罗浮槭、五裂槭、光叶槭、彩岑槭、鸡爪槭、金沙槭18个槭树科树种为研究对象,比较不同槭树光合作用与叶绿素荧光参数的差异,并探讨二者之间的相关性。结果表明,18种槭树的光合特性及水分利用效率差异均达极显著水平(P<0.01),其中三尾青皮槭、元宝槭、金钱槭的净光合速率较高,革叶槭、飞蛾槭、青榨槭、罗浮槭的水分利用效率较高。18种槭树的叶绿素荧光参数差异显著(P<0.05),飞蛾槭、罗浮槭、光叶槭的PSⅡ潜在活性(F_(v)/F_(o))和PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(F_(v)/F_(m))较高。相关分析表明,不同槭树的胞间CO_(2)浓度与净光合速率之间呈极显著负相关,与气孔导度之间呈极显著正相关;不同槭树树种的水分利用效率与净光合速率、PSⅡ潜在活性及PSⅡ最大光能转换效率之间存在显著的正相关关系。可见,水分利用效率高的彩叶树种具有较高的光合效率,其生态适应性强,建议在福建扩大引种三尾青皮槭、光叶槭、罗浮槭和飞蛾槭等彩叶树种,对改善福建生态环境具有重要意义。

基于层次分析法的京杭运河(淮安段)外引彩叶树种综合评价

对近年来在京杭运河两岸(淮安段)引种驯化的彩叶树种进行适应性综合评价,以其中较有研究价值的16种作为研究对象,利用层次分析法(AHP)构建综合评价体系。结果表明,叶色、呈彩期、耐热性是综合评价体系中最重要的指标。最终利用综合评价分值将16种引种树种分为4个等级,金叶复叶槭(Acer negundo‘Aurea’)、北美枫香(Liquidambar styraciflua)等5种树种引种价值高,银红槭(Acer×freemanii)、美国红枫(Acer rubrum)等5种树种引种价值较高,娜塔栎(Quercus nuttallii Palmer)等4种树种引种价值一般,柳叶栎(Quercus phellos)等2种树种引种价值较低。研究结果对淮安地区进一步开展彩叶树种引种驯化具有重要意义,同时也为其他城市风景园林规划建设提供可借鉴的依据。

衡阳市常见彩叶树种物候期对气候变化的响应

以衡阳市2018—2022年的气象资料和物候观察数据为基础,分析水杉、银杏、榉树、乌桕、金枝槐、鸡爪槭、北美红枫、二球悬铃木8种彩叶树种秋季叶始变色期和叶全变色期的变化趋势,并研究叶始变色期、叶全变色期与物候观测期间气温、日照时数和降水量的相关性,分析气候变化对彩叶树种物候的影响。结果表明,2018—2022年8种彩叶树种的秋季物候推迟;所调查彩叶树种物候特征各不一样。彩叶树种中树叶开始变色最早的是水杉,最晚是乌桕;叶全变色时间最早的是北美红枫,最晚是乌桕;叶变色持续时间最长的是二球悬铃木,最短是北美红枫;彩叶树种叶变色期与气温和日照时数呈显著正相关;降水量对彩叶树种物候期的影响不显著。

郑州北龙湖湿地公园花境植物应用研究

随着园林绿化的快速发展,花境园在园林中的应用越来越广泛。以北龙湖湿地公园54个花境园为研究对象,对该区域花境植物种类、使用频次、应用情况以及花境色彩等方面进行研究。研究表明,花镜植物共80科、213属、320种,优势科为菊科、禾本科、唇形科、蔷薇科、百合科、马鞭草科、玄参科;花镜园中使用植物主要以多年生草本为主,其次是灌木,使用频次较高的植物为亮晶女贞和松果菊;花镜整体以紫色系植物居多,其次是黄色系、红色系植物。结合北龙湖花境植物的分析研究,对花境植物优化配置以及花境材料的选择提出相关参考。

18种槭树光合色素含量及其与SPAD值相关性

为探讨彩叶树种叶片成色机理,以三尾青皮槭、桂林槭、宁波三角槭、樟叶槭、金钱槭、长尾秀丽槭、长裂葛萝槭、元宝槭、革叶槭、薄叶槭、飞蛾槭、青榨槭、罗浮槭、五裂槭、光叶槭、彩岑槭、鸡爪槭、金沙槭等18种槭树为研究对象,比较不同槭树树种光合色素含量的差异及其与叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)之间的相关性。结果表明:不同槭树树种之间光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷)、SPAD值存在极显著差异(P<0.001),樟叶槭、长尾秀丽槭和薄叶槭的叶绿素a含量较高;长尾秀丽槭和薄叶槭的叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总量及类胡萝卜素含量较高;彩岑槭和鸡爪槭的花色素苷相对含量最高(P<0.05),分别为16.04、20.89色素单位·g^(-1);罗浮槭、长裂葛萝槭、三尾青皮槭和光叶槭叶片SPAD值较高。相关分析表明,不同槭树树种类胡萝卜素含量与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量之间存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),不同槭树树种SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素总量之间存在显著正相关关系。本研究结果可为彩叶树种的选育及造林配置提供参考。

衡阳市公园绿地彩叶树种秋季物候特征及其分类

【目的】研究衡阳市公园绿地秋季彩叶树种的物候特征变化与分类,增加景观的时序之美,为植物群落配置提供科学依据。【方法】选取衡阳市3所主要公园绿地的25种秋季彩叶树种为研究对象,对其秋季叶始变期、叶半变色期、叶全变色期、叶全落期进行了观测。【结果】(1)秋季彩叶树种叶始变期从10月上旬一直延续到11月上旬,叶半变色期从10月中旬到12月中旬,叶全变色期从10月下旬到12月下旬,叶全落期集中在11月中旬到12月底,彩叶持续时间在38~82 d之间;(2)秋季彩叶树种叶始变期、叶半变色期、叶全变色期、叶全落期之间具有显著相关性,彩叶持续时间与叶变化期和叶落期之间没有明显的相关性;(3)根据彩叶树种叶始变期和彩叶持续时间,依据聚类分析法,将所调查的25种植物划分为4种类型。【结论】不同彩叶树种的秋季物候特征各不相同,划分在同一类型的植物物候期具有类似的物候特点,在植物配置时具有一定的可替代性。

冀北地区优良观赏彩叶树种引种试验

为丰富和推广冀北地区绿化用彩叶树种类,研究冀北地区彩叶树引种生长表现,以河北省木兰围场国有林场龙头山良繁场试验示范基地引种的中华金叶榆、金叶水蜡、红叶李、京梅、桃叶卫矛为研究对象,对其连续5 a生长表现进行观察分析,结果表明:5种彩叶树的成活率平均83.8%,保存率81.2%,处于较高水平;5种彩叶树在生长年度均可正常生长;5种彩叶树叶变色持续期与规律不尽相同,观赏期较长;中华金叶榆、京梅、红叶李抗性表现良好,金叶水蜡和桃叶卫矛需管理成本较高。