Why is the beautyberry so colourful? Evolution,biogeography,and diversification of fruit colours in Callicarpa(Lamiaceae)

Fruit colour is essential to seed dispersal,speciation,and biological diversity in global ecosystems.The relationship between fruit-colour variation and species diversification has long been of interest in evolutionary biology,but remains poorly understood at the genus level.Here,we used Callicarpa,a typical representative of pantropical angiosperm,to analyse whether fruit colours are correlated with biogeographic distribution,dispersal events,and diversification rate.We estimated a time-calibrated phylogeny for Callicarpa and reconstructed ancestral fruit colour.Utilizing phylogenetic methods,we estimated the major dispersal events across the phylogenetic tree and the most likely fruit colours related to each dispersal event,and tested whether the dispersal frequencies and distances of the four fruit colours between major biogeographical areas were equal.We then tested whether fruit colours are correlated with latitude,elevation,and diversification rate.Biogeographical reconstructions showed that Callicarpa originated in the East Asia and Southeast Asia during the Eocene(-35.53 Ma) and diverse species diverged mainly in the Miocene and lasted into the Pleistocene.Large-scale dispersal events were significantly associated with violet-fruited lineages.Furthermore,different fruit colours were markedly correlated with different latitudes and elevations(e.g.,violet fruits were correlated with higher latitudes and elevations;red fruits and black fruits with lower latitudes;white fruits with higher elevations).Notably,violet fruits were statistically associated with highest diversification rates,driving fruit colour variation among different regions globally.Our results contribute to further understanding why fruit colour is so variable at the genus level of angiosperms in different areas around the world.

Intraspecific floral colour variation in three Pedicularis species

Flower constancy describes the phenomenon that pollinators tend to successively visit flowers of a single species during foraging,reducing reproductive interference in natural communities.The extent of flower constancy is largely determined by the floral traits of co-flowering species.Both higher inter-specific and lower intraspecific differences of floral traits should contribute to a higher level of flower constancy.However,previous studies mainly focused on interspecific difference,and the intraspecific variation(consistency)of floral traits received much less attention.We hypothesise that selection may favour lower intraspecific floral trait variation in communities composed of multiple co-flowering congeners.We investigated the floral colour variation of three focal Pedicularis species that share pollinators in 19communities composed of either single or multiple Pedicularis species.Colour was quantified using image-based colour analysis as perceived by pollinators.We found that most of the intrapopulation floral colour variation was below the colour discrimination threshold of bumblebees,implying strongly constrained by the visual selection by pollinators.Contrary to the hypothesis,there is no significant difference in intraspecific floral colour variation between different community contexts.It may be due to the relatively large interspecific floral colour differences of most co-flowering species.The influence of community context on intraspecific variation may be reflected in floral traits other than colours.

Molecular Cloning and Expression of Carotenogenic Genes in Yellowish and Mutant Whitish Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Fruits

ObjectiveThe study aimed to explore the factors regulating carotenoid accumulation in flesh color. MethodA loquat mutation （red-or orange-fleshed plant emerged a bud mutation of white-flesh in trunk） was used as material; HPLC analysis of β-carotene content was conducted. ResultThe β-carotene concentration in the flesh of wild and mutant types was 60.9 and 4.6 μg/g fresh weight, respectively. According to the conserved regions of genes from rose family genome, carotenogenic gene fragments in wild and mutant types were obtained. No nucleotide variation of the carotenogenic gene fragments was observed between wild and mutant genome. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Q-PCR） was compared and one carotenogenic gene, β-ring hydroxylase （HYB） were considerably suppressed in mature mutant loquat fruits compared with that in wild. The other six carotenogenic genes were also expressed but the expression patterns appeared to be not correlated with the amount of β-carotene concentration in wild loquat flesh. ConclusionThe mutant whitish loquat lacks the ability to synthesize β-carotene because of the transcriptional down-regulation of carotenogenic gene HYB.

色光条件下黄鳍鯛幼鱼视觉运动反应

本文研究了在6种波长单色光的5个等级光照度水平下黄鳍■幼鱼视觉运动反应率与光照度和刺激频率的关系,临界反应频率与光照度和光波长的关系,给出了各波长色光不同照度下的反应潜伏期及不同屏幕速度下的跟随角速度和跟随率。

关于正整数有序分拆的一些恒等式和n-colour有序分拆的两个组合性质

研究了正整数的无序分拆与有序分拆的关系.给出了正整数的无序分拆与有序分拆的一些恒等式.并且利用菲波拉契数与正整数n分拆成不含分部量1的有序分拆数的关系给出了n-colour有序分拆的两个组合性质.

日本城市色彩规划与研究

学习和了解日本的本土文化和日本城市的发展进程,需要细致的分析日本的历史和相关文化,适合日本人文需求的发展是日本城市的色彩发展的必然结果,如何可以从法律制度、机构的完善、设计规划等方面多重考量定位日本城市色彩的发展逻辑、规划框架、操作手段和创新手法,研究和探索日本城市色彩文化的演变过程和成功经验,以便于我国可以学习和借鉴其中优秀的设计、管理、施工方案,可以使我们本国的设计管理者,开拓思路,处理好我国未来城市色彩文化上的研究。

基于CPN建模技术的研究

Coloured Petri Nets(CPN) 是一种面向图形的建模语言.给出了CPN的形式化定义,并以实例说明描述分布式数据库系统的一种基于CPN的方法.

鲜艳色彩的平民主义与精英主义

什么是好的色彩？在人类的文明史上,我们明显地看到两种截然相反的取向：更多的色彩是更好的色彩,更少的色彩是更好的色彩。当然,这里的多或少不仅指色相的多少,也同样指色彩饱和度的高低。一般情况下,我们会把前一种取向与人类初始时期的朴素冲动联系在一起,因而为了强调教育与文化所带来的启蒙,我们会用后一种取向代表一种更为＂文明＂、更经＂教化＂的色彩价值观：西方基督教文化中的＂色彩恐惧症＂,中国传统宋明建筑装饰相对于清朝彩画的气定神闲.

关于英语中的color词群

简要介绍了英语color词群中的colour ,red ,white ,black ,green ,blue ,yellow ,brown ,purple ,pink ,golden以及silver等 12个表示色彩的词在日常学习中常见的固定结构及其用法 ,并分别对这些固定结构加以解释说明 .

都用What colour吗?

英语中表示颜色的形容词很多，同学们学过的有black，red，yellow，blue，white，green，purple，brown，orange，grey等词。由于这些词在句中所作的成分不同，故提问的方式也不同。请看下面三道对划线部分提问的题：

Colour and organic removal of biologically treated coffee curing wastewater by electrochemical oxidation method

The treatment of biologically treated wastewater of coffee-curing industry by the electrochemical oxidation using steel anode was investigated. Bench-scale experiments were conducted for activated sludge process on raw wastewater and the treated effluents were further treated by electrochemical oxidation method for its colour and organic content removal. The efficiency of the process was determined in terms of removal percentage of COD, BOD and colour during the course of reaction. Several operating parameters like time, pH and current density were examined to ascertain their effects on the treatment efficiency. Steel anode was found to be effective for the COD and colour removal with anode efficiency of 0.118 kgCOD\5h -1\5A -1\5m -2 and energy consumption 20.61 kWh\5kg -1 of COD at pH 9. The decrease in pH from 9 to 3 found to increase the anode efficiency from 0.118 kgCOD\5h -1\5A -1\5m -2 to 0.144 kWh\5kg -1 of COD while decrease the energy consumption from 20.61 kWh\5kg -1 of COD to 12.86 kWh\5kg -1 of COD. The pH of 5 was considered an ideal from the present treatment process as it avoids the addition of chemicals for neutralization of treated effluents and also economical with respect to energy consumption. An empirical relation developed for relationship between applied current density and COD removal efficiency showed strong predictive capability with coefficient of determination of 96.5%.

Response of colour and hygroscopic properties of Scots pine wood to thermal treatment

The effect of heat treatment on the surface colour and hygro- scopic properties of pine wood were investigated in this study. Boards of Scots pine wood （Pinus sylvestris L.） were subjected to thermal treatment at 200℃, for 4, 6, and 8 h. The change of equilibrium moisture content and density values of the specimens in order to facilitate the understand- ing of the treated material behavior. The colour parameters L＊ a＊ and b＊, used to depict the total colour change （dE） of wood surface, were shown to change proportionally to the treatment intensity. Moreover, swelling in the tangential and radial directions and absorption of the specimens ap- peared to be enhanced in great extent by the thermal treatment process. The mean value of swelling percentage in the tangential direction de- creased 10.26%, 17.22%, and 19.60% for specimens treated for 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively, referring to the final measurement after 72 h of immer- sion. In radial direction, mean value of swelling percentage decreased 19.56%, 32.75%, and 34.65% for treated for 4, 6 and 8 h, respectively, after 72 h immersion, which attests the decrease in swelling and im- provement in the hygroscopic behavior of Scots pine wood.

A biooptical model of retrieving petroleum concentration in seawater

A biooptical modeling, which is based on a radiation transfer model, can be employed to simultaneously retrieve the concentration of various colour factors by multi-spectral remote sensing data, after connecting inherent optical properties （absorption coefficient and backward scattering coefficient） of colour factor with apparent optical properties （remote sensing reflectivity）. At present, this method has been used in a relatively wide range of applications in the inversion of a conventional water colour factor concentration in the case II water body： applications such as chlorophyll, suspended sediment, yellow substance. On the basis of extensive field testing data of water quality, correspondingly apparent optical properties, and the full use of the existing parametric model of colour factor inherent optical properties （with the parametrization of petroleum substance inherent optical properties established in the project） the remote recognition model for oil concentration is established by introducing oil as a new water co/our factor into a biooptical remote algorithm. The estimated value of the oil concentration was obtained by solving the biooptical model, using the data measured in May 2008 and August 2009 and June 2010 in seawater. The highly accurate inversion result promises to estimate the oil concentration in water for remote sensing.

Colour stabilities of three types of orthodontic clear aligners exposed to staining agents

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the colour stabilities of three types of orthodontic clear aligners exposed to staining agents in vitro. Sixty clear orthodontic aligners produced by three manufacturers （Invisalign, Angelalign, and Smartee） were immersed in three staining solutions （coffee, black tea, and red wine） and one control solution （distilled water）. After 12-h and 7-day immersions, the aligners were washed in an ultrasonic cleaner and measured with a colourimeter. The colour changes （△E＊） were calculated on the basis of the Commission Internationale de I＇Eclairage L＊a＊b＊ colour system （CIE L＊a＊b＊）, and the results were then converted into National Bureau of Standards （NBS） units. Fourier transformation infrared （FT-IR） spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were conducted to observe the molecular and morphologic alterations to the aligner surfaces, respectively. The three types of aligners exhibited slight colour changes after 12 h of staining, with the exception of the Invisalign aligners stained with coffee. The Invisalign aligners exhibited significantly higher AE＊ values （ranging from 0.30 to 27.81） than those of the Angelalign and Smartee aligners （AE＊ values ranging from 0.33 to 1.89 and 0.32 to 1.61, respectively, P〈O.05）. IFT-IR analysis confirmed that the polymer-based structure of aligners did not exhibit significant chemical differences before and after the immersions. The SEM results revealed different surface alterations to the three types of aligner materials after the 7-day staining. The three types of aesthetic orthodontic appliances exhibited colour stability after the 12-h immersion, with the exception of the Invisalign aligners stained by coffee. The Invisalign aligners were more prone than the Angelalign and Smartee aligners to pigmentation. Aligner materials may be improved by considering aesthetic colour stability properties.

Influence of Aging Time on the Properties of Precursors of CuO/ZnO Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis

The aging process of pure copper precursors and copper-zinc binary precursorswere studied by XRD, TG-DTG and TPR techniques. The catalytic activity and stability of CuO/ZnOwere tested using fixed-bed flow reactor, and the physical properties of the catalysts and Cuspecies were characterized with N_2 adsorption and N_2O passivation method, respectively. For theCu-Zn binary system prepared at the precipitating condition of pH=8.0 and temperature=80℃, theinitial phase was a mixture of copper nitrate hydroxide Cu_2(NO_3)(OH)_3, georgeite and hydrozinciteZn_5(CO_3)_2(OH)_6. By increasing the duration of its aging time, the phase of Cu_2(NO_3)(OH)_2first transited to georgeite, and then interdiffused into Zn_5(CO_3)_2(OH)_6 and resulted in two newphases: rosasite (Cu,Zn)_2CO_3(OH)_2 and au-richalcite (Zn,Cu)_5(CO_3)_2(OH)_6. The former phasewas much easier to be formed than the latter one, while the latter phase was more responsible forthe activity of methanol synthesis than the former one. It is found that the composition andstructure of the precursors altered obviously after the colour transition point. The experimentalresults showed that methanol synthesis is a structure-sensitive catalytic reaction.

The effect of dehydrogenase enzyme activity in glycolysis on the colour stability of mutton during postmortem storage

This study investigated the influence of activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH） and lactate dehydrogenase-B （LDH-B） on the colour stability of mutton. From 60 sheep （Bayannur mutton sheep）, 15 Iongissimus dorsi （LD） muscles were selected on the basis of colour stability （R630/580 and a＊ value） during the storage and classified into three groups （5 for each group） as high colour stability （HCS）, intermediate colour stability （ICS） and low colour stability （LCS）. The activities of GAPDH and LDH-B, muscle colour attributes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleuotide （NADH） concen- tration and lactate concentration were measured. The samples in HCS had higher activities of GAPDH and LDH-B than the samples in the LCS, and the samples in the HCS group also possessed higher NADH and lower lactate concentration. The higher activity of dehydrogenase enzyme may result in higher NADH concentrations and colour stability in muscle tissue. The results suggest that the activity of GAPDH and LDH-B may also play a role in maintaining colour stability.

Effects of carbon content and solidification rate on thermal conductivity of grey cast iron

The thermal conductivity or diffusivity of pearlitic grey irons with various carbon contents is investigated by the laser flash method. The materials are cast in controlled thermal environments and produced in three dissimilar cooling rates. The cooling rate together with the carbon content largely influence the thermal conductivity of grey iron. Linear relationships exist between the thermal conductivity and the carbon content,the carbon equivalent and the fraction of former primary solidified austenite transformed into pearlite. The work shows that optimal thermal transport properties are obtained at medium cooling rates. Equations describing the thermal conductivity of pearlite,solidified as pre-eutectic austenite,and the eutectic of grey iron are derived. The thermal conductivity of pearlitic grey iron is modeled at both room temperature and elevated temperature with good accuracy.