Significant influence of sharp grain boundary corner on tensile elongation of copper bars with columnar grains and its mechanism

The reason why elongation of copper bars with columnar grains drops significantly after small cold-drawing was explored. The copper bars were prepared by warm-mould continuous casting. Tensile test was interrupted at various tensile strains in order to detect crack origin. Electron backscattered diffraction（EBSD） was used to analyze dislocation slip bands. It is found that the as-cast microstructure contains sharp grain boundary（GB） corners nearly parallel to the solidification direction（SD）. Elongation of the copper bars drops significantly from 68.8% in as-cast state to 18.8% in as-drawn state. It is revealed that plastic deformation becomes severer in the vicinity of sharp GB corners. Locally accumulated internal stress even activates a slip system with very low Schmid factor of 0.17. The localized plastic deformation near sharp grain boundary corner promotes crack initiation and propagation, which eventually leads to the significant drop of elongation.

Hot deformation characteristics of as-cast high-Cr ultra-super-critical rotor steel with columnar grains

Isothermal hot compression tests of as-cast high-Cr ultra-super-critical（USC） rotor steel with columnar grains perpendicular to the compression direction were carried out in the temperature range from 950 to 1250°C at strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 1 s^（-1）. The softening mechanism was dynamic recovery（DRV） at 950°C and the strain rate of 1 s^（-1）, whereas it was dynamic recrystallization（DRX） under the other conditions. A modified constitutive equation based on the Arrhenius model with strain compensation reasonably predicted the flow stress under various deformation conditions, and the activation energy was calculated to be 643.92 kJ ×mol^（-1）. The critical stresses of dynamic recrystallization under different conditions were determined from the work-hardening rate（θ）–flow stress（σ） and-θ/σ–σ curves. The optimum processing parameters via analysis of the processing map and the softening mechanism were determined to be a deformation temperature range from 1100 to 1200°C and a strain-rate range from 0.001 to 0.08 s^（-1）, with a power dissipation efficiency η greater than 31%.

Texture Evolution of Columnar Grains in Electrical Steel During Hot Rolling

Columnar grains in cast slabs of electrical steel show strong anisotropy in grain orientation and morphology and thus influence the subsequent microstructure and texture after hot rolling significantly. The texture evolution of hot rolled sheets containing initial columnar grains with their 〈100〉 directions approximately parallel to the rolling direction （RD）, transverse direction （TD） and normal direction （ND） of the hot rolled sheets was investigated by using EBSD technique. The results indicated that, whatever the initial texture of the columnar grains was, typical Goss, brass-type and copper-type shear texture component could develop in shear-deformed surface region. The copper-type texture formed under the maximum shearing force with the fine, sheared or dynamically recrystallized grains, and Goss grains were mainly elongated and deformed grains, while brass grains behaved between them. Ad- ditionally, the rotating relationship of the three types of shear textures was different due to the restriction of grain boundaries. In homogenously deformed center region, the RD sample contained more {112}〈110^-〉 grains, and TD sample was covered by {100} textures such as {100}〈011〉 and {100}〈021〉 with coarse grains, while the ND sample developed many {100}〈001〉 grains which were attributed to more {100} grains in the initial sample. Re- markable texture transition occurred on both sides of grain boundaries when {110} grains were adjacent to mfiber texture grains. It was found that significant texture gradient and preferred distribution of rotating axis existed in the soft orientation grains on the α- fiber when the grains neighbored hard grains on γ-fiber.

Effect of titanium content on the refinement of coarse columnar austenite grains during the solidification of peritectic steel

The effect of titanium content on the refinement of austenite grain size in as-cast peritectic carbon steel was investigated by fast directional solidification experiments with simulating the solidification and growth of surface and subsurface austenite in continuously cast slabs.Transmission electron microscope(TEM)and scanning electron microscope(SEM)were used to analyze the size and distribution of Ti(C,N)precipitates during solidification.Based on these results,the pinning pressure of Ti(C,N)precipitates on the growth of coarse columnar grains(CCGs)was studied.The results show that the austenite microstructure of as-cast peritectic carbon steel is mainly composed of the regions of CCGs and fine columnar grains(FCGs).Increasing the content of titanium reduces the region and the short axis of the CCGs.When the content of titanium is 0.09wt%,there is no CCG region.Dispersed microscale particles will firstly form in the liquid,which will decrease the transition temperature from FCGs to CCGs.The chain-like nanoscale Ti(C,N)will precipitate with the decrease of the transition temperature.Furthermore,calculations shows that the refinement of the CCGs is caused by the pinning effect of Ti(C,N)precipitates.

Effect of compression direction on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of continuous columnar-grained CuNi10Fe1Mn alloy

The dynamic recrystallization（DRX） behavior of continuous columnar-grained（CCG） Cu Ni10Fe1 Mn alloy was investigated by hot compression along the solidification direction（SD） and perpendicular to the solidification direction（PD）. Specimens were compressed to a true strain of 0.8 at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 900°C and strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 10 s-1. The results indicate that DRX nucleation at grain boundaries（GBs） and DRX nucleation at slip bands（SBs） are the two main nucleation modes. For SD specimens, C-shaped bending and zig-zagging of the GBs occurred during hot compression, which made DRX nucleation at the GBs easier than that at the SBs. When ln Z ≤ 37.4（Z is the Zener–Hollomon parameter）, DRX can occur in SD specimens with a critical temperature for the DRX onset of;50°C and a thermal activated energy（Q） of 313.5 k J·mol-1. In contrast, in PD specimens, the GBs remained straight, and DRX nucleation occurred preferentially at the SBs. For PD specimens, the critical temperature is about 700°C, Q is 351.7 k J·mol-1, and the occurrence condition of DRX is ln Z ≤ 40.1. The zig-zagging of GB morphology can significantly reduce the nucleation energy at the GBs; as a result, DRX nucleation occurs more easily in SD specimens than in PD specimens.

Effects of aging treatment on the microstructure and superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu71Al18Mn11 shape memory alloy

The effect of aging treatment on the superelasticity and martensitic transformation critical stress in columnar-grained Cu_（71）Al_（18）Mn_（11） shape memory alloy（SMA） at the temperature ranging from 250°C to 400°C was investigated. The microstructure evolution during the aging treatment was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the plate-like bainite precipitates distribute homogeneously within austenitic grains and at grain boundaries. The volume fraction of bainite increases with the increase in aging temperature and aging time, which substantially improves the martensitic transformation critical stress of the alloy, whereas the bainite only slightly affects the superelasticity. This behavior is attributed to a coherent relationship between the bainite and the austenite, as well as to the bainite and the martensite exhibiting the same crystal structure. The variations of the martensitic transformation critical stress and the superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu_（71）Al_（18）Mn_（11） SMA with aging-temperature and aging time are described by the Austin-Rickett equation, where the activation energy of bainite precipitation is 77.2 kJ ·mol1. Finally, a columnar-grained Cu_（71）Al_（18）Mn_（11） SMA with both excellent superelasticity（5%-9%） and high martensitic transformation critical stress（443-677 MPa） is obtained through the application of the appropriate aging treatments.

Constitutive analysis and optimization on hot working parameters of as-cast high Cr ultra-super-critical rotor steel with columnar grains

Isothermal hot compression tests on the as-cast high-Cr ultra-super-critical rotor steel with columnar grains were carried out in the temperature range from 1223 to 1523Kand at strain rates from 0.001 to 1s^（-1）.The compression direction was parallel to the longitudinal direction of columnar grains.The constitutive equation based on Arrhenius model was presented,and the processing maps based on the dynamic material model were developed,correlating with microstructure observation.The main softening mechanism was dynamic recovery at 1223 Kunder strain rates from 0.1to 1s^（-1）,whereas it was dynamic recrystallization under other deformation conditions.The constitutive equation modified by strain compensation reasonably predicted the flow stresses.The processing maps and microstructure evolution mechanism schematic indicated that the optimum hot working parameters lay in the zone defined by the temperature range from 1423 to 1473Kand the strain rate range from 0.001 to 1s^（-1）.

双辊薄带连铸凝固过程中柱状晶向等轴晶转变的广义稳定性判据

为促进柱状晶向等轴晶转变(CET)获得均匀的等轴晶,大多数有效的理论聚焦于生长而忽略了形核的影响。为此,构建耦合细化剂异质形核和枝晶生长的理论框架,采用考虑双辊薄带连铸(VTC)凝固过程中热力学驱动力(?G)和动力学能垒(Q)的广义稳定性(GS)新概念,研究CET位置、晶粒半径和力学性能。细化剂的加入,尤其是Al-5Ti-1B细化剂,通过增加形核的?G和生长的GS使晶粒半径细化到19μm,柱状枝晶的厚度增大到5~6 mm,同时提高强度和塑性。遵循高?G-高GS准则,细化剂直径优化为0.3μm。

TiAl金属间化合物定向技术研究进展

TiAl合金具有低密度和良好的高温性能,被视为航空航天领域极具应用潜力的一类新型结构材料。具有柱晶/单晶组织特征的全片层结构TiAl合金展现出极为优异的高温综合力学性能。本文首先介绍了定向TiAl合金的发展背景、定向组织、力学性能各向异性等基本概念;然后,基于工作原理、关键技术、组织特征三个层面,对传统Bridgman法、光学浮区法、电磁约束以及电磁冷坩埚等定向技术进行了论述;进一步,结合最新研究成果,对定向退火制备TiAl合金的工作进行了阐述;最后,展望了TiAl合金定向技术的研究方向,指出需要从优化成分设计、组织/相变可控、大尺度定向晶稳定制备等方面发展新原理与新技术。

连铸坯中柱状晶比例对无取向电工钢组织和磁性能的影响

在高牌号无取向硅钢的连铸生产过程中不进行电磁搅拌,可以保留更多具有强{100}织构的柱状晶。对该铸坯进行热轧、常化、冷轧和再结晶退火,检测工艺过程中的组织和织构,测定其对应的磁性能。结果表明:提高连铸坯中柱状晶比例,可以提高成品中的{100}等有利织构的强度,铁损P1.5/50降低,综合磁性明显改善,而且表面不会产生瓦楞状缺陷。

Enhancement of ductility and improvement of abnormal Goss grain growth of magnetostrictive Fe–Ga rolled alloys

The influences of initial microstructures on the mechanical properties and the recrystallization texture of magnetostrictive 0.1 at% Nb C-doped Fe83 Ga17 alloys were investigated. The directionally solidified columnar-grained structure substantially enhanced the tensile elongation at intermediate temperatures by suppressing fracture along the transverse boundaries. Compared with tensile elongations of 1.0% at 300℃ and 12.0% at 500℃ of the hot-forged equiaxed-grained alloys, the columnar-grained alloys exhibited substantially increased tensile elongations of 21.6% at 300℃ and 46.6% at 500℃. In the slabs for rolling, the introduction of 〈001〉-oriented columnar grains also promotes the secondary recrystallization of Goss grains in the finally annealed sheets, resulting in an improvement of the saturation magnetostriction. For the columnar-grained specimens, the inhomogeneous microstructure and disadvantage in number and size of Goss grains are improved in the primarily annealed sheets, which is beneficial to the abnormal growth of Goss grains during the final annealing process.

激光熔敷氧化锆热障涂层微观结构研究

采用5KW连续CO_2激光器对Ni基高温合金上二次重熔NiCoCrAlY和ZrO_2陶瓷层进行了研究。结果表明:激光快速熔化和凝固获得定向外延生长、紧密堆积的柱状晶氧化锆陶瓷层。NiCoCrAlY结合层与柱状晶之间存在氧化铝层,保证了柱状晶与NiCoCrAlY层的联结。激光重熔ZrO_2层由四方相和立方相组成,经快速冷却由高温保留至室温。

不锈钢上激光熔敷涂层结构特征与质量研究

采用5kW连续CO2激光器对经等离子喷涂的NiCoCrAlY结合层和ZrO2陶瓷层进行二次重熔处理,并利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针和显微硬度计对激光熔敷涂层进行了显微结构、元素分布以及显微硬度观察与测试.结果表明:多道搭接工艺能降低熔敷涂层气孔率.ZrO2陶瓷层稀释度低,与基体结合完好.并观察到NiCoCrAlY合金层中存在明显的对流图案.加入了TiO2-Al-Ti添加剂的ZrO2陶瓷层激光重熔后得到了无裂纹的定向生长柱状晶,并且呈现一次枝晶平均间距为2 3μm的表层和平均间距为3 8μm的次表层结构.

高温合金双性能整体叶盘铸造技术

介绍铸造高温合金双性能整体叶盘的铸造工艺,包括双性能合金材料的选择、整体叶盘组织的形成方法、控制措施和浇注工艺参数以及热处理制度对双性能整体叶盘力学性能的影响。结果表明,当浇注过热度ΔT=160~290℃,铸型搅动转数n=K+270~K+300(rpm)时,整体叶盘叶片为定向柱晶组织、轮盘为等轴晶组织,初步获得双性能叶盘的热处理制度为1180℃/2h+1230℃/3h,AC+1100℃/4h,AC+870℃/20h,AC。

连续柱状晶组织铜及铜合金的超延展变形行为与塑性提高机制

以本文作者所在课题组近年来的工作为基础,介绍了高性能连续柱状晶组织纯铜的室温超延展性、热交换用连续柱状晶组织BFe10-1-1管材的高塑性以及高弹高导Cu-12%Al(质量分数)合金的室温塑性提升。研究发现,连续柱状晶组织的高取向性、平直的低能小角晶界以及在强塑性变形过程中高组分的(001)"软"取向织构及不同于普通多晶组织的动态回复、组织演化特征,是其塑性提升、具有超延展变形能力的主要原因,总结了连续柱状晶组织塑性提高与超延展变形性的相关机制。研究结果为改善材料尤其是脆性材料和难加工材料的室温塑性与可加工性能提供了理论依据和新思路。

对柱状多晶硅薄膜的制备研究

在多晶硅薄膜(Poly-S i)生长理论的基础上,用等离子体化学气相沉积(RF-PECVD)系统,配合快速光热退火装置(RTP),在玻璃衬底和石英衬底上制备了柱状结构的多晶硅薄膜。借助于扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等测试手段,对薄膜的表面形貌和断面形貌进行了分析。结果发现:(1)柱晶的形成对薄膜的厚度有一定要求,而且薄膜越厚,柱晶直径越容易长得更大。本实验中,薄膜厚度达到2.5μm左右时,柱晶直径达到了1.5μm以上;(2)再结晶过程是从靠近光源的薄膜表面开始进而到薄膜内部的。再次说明RTP中再结晶的发生,与光和物质的相互作用密切相关。

高温合金表面激光熔敷热障涂层组织结构与氧化性能

采用 5KW连续CO2 激光器对Ni基高温合金上二次重熔NiCoCrAlY和ZrO2 陶瓷层进行了研究。结果表明 :激光快速熔化和凝固获得定向外延生长、紧密堆积的柱状晶氧化锆陶瓷层。NiCoCrAlY结合层与柱状晶之间存在氧化铝层 ,保证了柱状晶与NiCoCrAlY层的联结。扫描电镜和电子探针联合分析发现 ,氧化锆层与NiCoCrAlY结合层、结合层与基体间均为冶金结合。采用化学改性氧化锆消除了涂层裂纹。高温氧化性能测试得出激光重熔试样氧化动力学近似地遵守抛物线速率方程。在 12 0 0℃ ,空气下激光熔敷TBCs 抗氧化性明显高于等离子喷涂TBCs。

3D-CAFE法凝固参数对430不锈钢凝固组织的影响

采用3D-CAFE法与实验相结合的方法,研究形核参数(n v,max,ΔT v,max)和过热度对430铁素体不锈钢凝固组织的影响。本文条件下得到nv,max越大,ΔTv,max越小,晶粒越细小。计算得到最佳过热度值为20℃,并进行了过热度为20℃的实验室实验,试样的凝固组织几乎全部为球形等轴晶,晶粒的平均直径从表面到中心依次增加。实验室试样的晶粒平均直径为918.07μm,3D-CAFE模型计算20℃过热度试样的晶粒平均直径为920.13μm。计算得到的凝固组织与实验结果基本一致。

定向退火条件下柱状晶形成及连续扩展的相场模拟

基于定向退火条件下的移动热区模型,采用相场法研究定向退火条件下热区宽度对多晶材料中柱状晶形成及连续扩展的影响。模拟结果表明:增加热区宽度有利于形成柱状晶结构,且所得柱状晶的长宽比随着热区宽度的增加而增大;当热区移动速率一定时,柱状晶连续扩展所需临界热区宽度小于形成柱状晶所需临界热区宽度;当热区宽度大于初始晶粒直径的1.5倍时,热区宽度对柱状晶连续扩展的热区移动临界速率的影响很小。