Analysis of Oblique Wave Interaction with a Comb-Type Caisson Breakwater

This study develops an analytical solution for oblique wave interaction with a comb-type caisson breakwater based on linear potential theory. The fluid domain is divided into inner and outer regions according to the geometrical shape of breakwater. By using periodic boundary condition and separation of variables, series solutions of velocity potentials in inner and outer regions are developed. Unknown expansion coefficients in series solutions are determined by matching velocity and pressure of continuous conditions on the interface between two regions. Then, hydrodynamic quantities involving reflection coefficients and wave forces acting on breakwater are estimated. Analytical solution is validated by a multi-domain boundary element method solution for the present problem. Diffusion reflection due to periodic variations in breakwater shape and corresponding surface elevations around the breakwater are analyzed. Numerical examples are also presented to examine effects of caisson parameters on total wave forces acting on caissons and total wave forces acting on side plates. Compared with a traditional vertical wall breakwater, the wave force acting on a suitably designed comb-type caisson breakwater can be significantly reduced. This study can give a better understanding of the hydrodynamic performance of comb-type caisson breakwaters.

Interaction Between Waves and A Comb-Type Breakwater

The characteristics of wave transmission, reflection and energy dissipation of comb-type caisson breakwaters are studied through laboratory physical model tests. Regular and irregular waves, with a wide range of wave heights and periods and a constant water depth, are considered. Different dimensions of each portion of the comb-type caisson breakwater are tested. Empirical formulae for calculating the reduction coefficient k, which is the ratio of horizontal wave force on unit length of the comb-type breakwater to that on unit length of the vertical wall breakwater, and for calculating the reflection coefficient of waves k, are obtained from the measurements. The comb-type caisson breakwater has been found to be very efficient in dissipating incident wave energy and in reducing wave reflection, and has already been used for the construction of an island breakwater in the Dayao Bay of Dalian Port, Liaoning Province, China. Compared with the cost of a common caisson breakwater, about 24.5% of the investment has been saved owing to the use of this comb-type breakwater.

Numerical Investigations on Hydrodynamic Performance of An Open Comb-Type Breakwater Under Medium Water Levels

The comb-type breakwater(CTB)has been proposed and investigated in recent years due to its advantages in terms of deep-water adaptability,material saving and water exchanges.All existing empirical formulae for CTBs have been so far restricted to the water level above the bottom of the superstructure,which mainly occurs under the high tides or storm tides.However,based on recent engineering applications and experimental observations,the most severe conditions for CTBs are more likely to occur under a medium water level,because impulsive wave pressure may occur due to interactions between waves and the special chamber in CTBs.Meanwhile,during the most of construction and operation periods,the CTBs are mainly working under the medium water levels,i.e.,water levels below the bottom of the superstructure.In this study,the effects of main influence parameters on the horizontal wave force coefficient and wave transmission coefficient for open CTBs(with partially immersed side plates)under medium water levels were investigated based on a 3D numerical wave flume and corresponding empirical formulae were proposed.It is indicated that the location of the side plate related to the main caisson has significant influence on the hydrodynamic performance of CTBs.In engineering applications,the location of the side plate can be designed at b/L≤0.15 or b/L≥0.3(where b is the distance between the side plate and the front face of the main caisson and L is the incident wave length)for efficiently lowering the horizontal wave force and wave transmission.The flow mechanism of impulsive wave force on CTBs was revealed based on synchronous analyses of flow fields and pressure distribution.Through appropriate design of the height of the superstructure according to H/hD≤1.0 or H/hD≥1.5(where H is the incident wave height and hD is the distance between the still water level and the bottom of the superstructure),the likely impulsive wave pressure on the side plate can also be diminished.

Resistance Factor of Caisson-Tip with Internal Fillet for Suction Caissons Penetrating into Clay

This paper presents failure mechanisms of the soil at the caisson-tip with fillet during suction-assisted penetration of suction caissons in undrained clay.Theoretical solutions of resistance factor N_c of the caisson-tip are obtained in terms of the caisson-tip geometry ratio of the flat section of the caisson-tip to the caisson wall thickness m/t and adhesion factorsα_i along inside of caisson wall andα_b at the base of the caisson-tip.It is indicated that the factor N_c increases with the increase of m/t,α_i and a_b.The resistance factors N_c for the rough base(α_b=1)are larger by 0.57than that for the smooth base(α_b=0).Besides,the factors N_c of caisson-tip with flat base(m=t)are larger by 1.14 than that with full internal fillet(m=0).The required suction to penetrate suction caissons with various fillets is obtained in terms of the force equilibrium in vertical direction.The finite element limit analysis and centrifuge model test results are used to verify the rationality of the presented failure mechanisms and theoretical predictions.

Studies on Suction-Assisted Installation Behavior of Suction Caissons in Clay Under Various Undrained Shear Strengths

Suction caissons are widely used for anchoring floating platform and offshore wind turbines.Penetration of the suction caisson into the desired position under the combination of its self-weight and applied suction resulted from pumping out the encased water is integral to practical engineering.Model tests were carried out to investigate the suctionassisted installation of suction caissons in clay under various undrained shear strengths.It was found that there exists a critical penetration depth value.When the penetration depth is smaller than the critical value,the soil plug undrained shear strength is higher than intact clay(i.e.,clay prior to installation).However,when the penetration depth is greater than the critical penetration depth,the undrained shear strength of soil plug is lower than intact clay.The critical value decreases with the increasing consolidation time and undrained shear strength of clay.During suction-assisted installation,cracks occur around suction caissons.The installation way has little effect on the crack formation.The influence range(i.e.,the maximum distance between the crack and the suction caisson edge)was found to increase with the increasing friction coefficient of interface between the suction caisson wall and soil and decreases with the increasing soil undrained shear strength.In addition,the drained condition of the clay during installation is dominated by the caisson aspect ratio,the undrained shear strength and the friction coefficient between the caisson wall and clay.Equations to estimate the penetration resistance and the required suction to install the suction caisson are summarized.

Research on Prefabricated Open Caisson Construction Technology

With the continuous improvement of urban residents’lives,the demand for of urban infrastructure construction increases,requiring more and more advanced engineering technology.We should not only speed up the progress of the project,but also reduce the impact of the construction on the surrounding environment.Our company has had several achievements in this regard,and prefabricated open caisson construction process is one of them.In this paper,the application of prefabricated caisson construction method is analyzed in depth according to the actual situation of the rain sewage reconstruction treatment project of Minghe ecological water system in Dancheng County.Through practice,it is concluded that this construction method greatly improves the construction efficiency,shortens the overall construction process,reduces the construction cost,and effectively improves environmental quality of the construction site,which has good reference value.

沉箱外壁和隔墙内力计算优化

现行规范对于沉箱构件内力计算进行简化,忽略上部结构对构件的约束。将考虑沉箱上部结构对构件施加有效约束时的横向跨中弯矩和支座弯矩结果与规范计算模式结果进行对比分析,并比较不同计算模式下的构件顶部1.5l内(l为仓格间距)和构件底部1.5l内的内力。结果表明,当考虑沉箱上部结构对构件施加有效约束时,沉箱构件上部的横向跨中弯矩可减少约36%,支座弯矩可减少约14%,可显著优化结构设计,同时须核算构件竖向强度。虽然结构约束条件与底部相似,但由于荷载分布不同,构件顶部不适合采用三边固接一边简支模型计算内力;沉箱构件内力分布不均匀,边缘仓格的内力远大于中间仓格的内力,弯矩增加超过30%,对于仓格少于或等于2个的小型沉箱设计时尤其值得注意,此时建议建立整体模型进行分析计算。

防波堤和码头一体的双圆筒沉箱结构设计

针对兼具作业和防浪功能于一体的直立式双圆筒沉箱结构设计,提出船舶作业期间平均越浪量≤0.1 L∕(s·m)和风暴期间(100 a一遇)越浪量≤50 L∕(s·m)的高程控制标准。研究双圆筒采用混凝土薄板和厚板2种连接方式,并对其受力特性、计算模型、内力情况进行介绍。总结直立堤护底设计的推荐计算方法,发现CEM图表法与3D物模试验一致,OCDI法计算结果偏大,国标查图法计算块体稳定质量偏小。研究海侧挡浪墙设置在圆沉箱中部并设置反弧角的结构方案,提出的EurOtop法适用性广且结果贴近试验值;提出预制工字块封堵沉箱间填料并采用厚板连接堤头4个沉箱成整体的堤头保护方法;通过开展2D、3D模型试验验证了结构方案的可行性。研究成果可为类似设计提供参考。

淤泥固化土动力特性及在直立护岸抗震分析中的应用

以大连临空产业园填海造地项目为背景,开展淤泥固化土动力特性试验研究。运用FLAC^(3D)有限元软件对不同地基处理方案的直立沉箱护岸在地震作用下进行动力响应模拟。从加速度响应、孔压与有效应力、残余变形等方面定量评价直立沉箱护岸结构的抗震安全性。动力特性试验结果表明:阻尼比与剪切应变和固化剂掺量呈正相关,且围压越高,阻尼越小。数值分析结果表明:在地震作用下,不同的地基条件下加速度放大系数呈现出不同的峰值;沉箱下方砂土层不液化;淤泥固化土地基上沉箱的残余变形小于原状淤泥地基且高水位能减小残余变形,提高沉箱的安全性。研究成果可为类似港口工程抗震设计提供参考。

陆丰甲湖湾电厂配套码头水工结构创新

码头面不均匀沉降、大小泊位衔接不顺等是重力式码头中的常见质量问题。广东陆丰甲湖湾电厂1、2号机组和3、4号机组配套码头为岸壁式重力式码头,相比常规码头2000 t左右的沉箱构件,该码头主体采用4600 t以上的超大沉箱,减少了构件和结构缝数量,并通过统一主要构件的受力条件、设置过渡板针对性解决码头面不均匀沉降,通过设置过渡沉箱和预制块体解决了大小泊位衔接处的基床夯实问题。同时在码头结构与上部结构一体化设计以及附属设施选型方面均进行了一系列创新,实践表明达到了预期效果。

软土地区沉井施工引起地表沉降预测计算方法

沉井已被广泛应用于软土区的地下空间建设,但其下沉过程引起的地表沉降大小及分布不清,缺乏预测方法。本文以上海地区某沉井工程为背景,基于上海典型土层的HSS模型计算参数,采用有限差分法模拟圆形沉井下沉,基于对96个数值结果的系统分析和归一化研究,提出了一套沉井施工引起的地表沉降快速预测方法。该方法能够综合考虑沉井直径B、下沉深度H和井内留土高度h对地表沉降的影响。最后采用该计算方法预测了5个工程的地表沉降并同实测数据进行了对比,结果表明,该方法能够很好地预测软土区的沉井施工引起的地表沉降,可为快速评估沉井施工的环境效应提供有效方法。

Calculation mode of side friction for large open caisson

To overcome the problems in design methodologies and construction control measures for the large open caisson, systematic research was conducted on the side friction calculation mode of the large open caisson. Based on the field monitoring data of lateral soil pressure on the side wall of the open caisson for the southern anchorage of the Maanshan Yangtze River Highway Bridge, the statistical result of the side friction under different buried depths of the cutting edge of the open caisson was back-analyzed; and the side friction distribution of the large open caisson was underlined. The analysis results indicate that when the buried depth of the cutting edge is smaller than a certain depth H0, the side friction linearly increases with the increase in the buffed depth. However, as the buffed depth of the cutting edge is larger than H0, the side friction shows a distribution with small at both ends and large in the middle. The top of the distribution can be regarded as a linear curve, while the bottom as a hyperbolic curve. As the buffed depth of cutting edge increases continuously, the peak value of the side friction linearly increases and the location of the peak value gradually moves down. Based on the aforementioned conclusions, a revised calculation mode of the large open caisson is presented. Then, the calculated results are compared with the field monitoring data, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed revised calculation mode.

沉井侧摩阻力监测装置设计及应用研究

针对现有沉井施工过程中侧摩阻力测试方法要求高、难度大的问题,自主设计研发一套侧摩阻力直接测试装置,并提出输出电压与侧摩阻力的理论转化公式。通过有限元软件对不同传感器平行梁尺寸下梁端应变和最大应力、不同密封材料下装置的应变损失进行分析,指导传感器平行梁尺寸及密封材料的选择,并利用大型直剪仪对装置进行精准标定,最后在哈尔滨某沉井工程中进行现场应用。研究结果表明:1)平行梁的厚度越小、长度越大,弹性元件在荷载作用下微应变越大,但同时最大应力会增大;2)传感器内填充密封材料后,会存在一定应变损失,采用硅酮结构胶对装置进行密封应变损失最小;3)不同法向应力加载条件下侧摩阻力监测装置标定曲线的一致性较好,线性拟合系数均大于0.99,装置稳定性好。现场应用结果表明,通过侧摩阻力监测装置获取的沉井侧摩阻力与侧壁土压力的分布规律基本一致,且装置易于安装,可靠性好。

寒区码头沉箱盖板裂缝成因分析与数模计算验证

对营口港仙人岛港区30万t级原油码头检测时发现沉箱上方的空心盖板上普遍出现竖向裂缝,根据检测结果、施工记录、施工期温度、开裂时间、裂缝特点、开裂结构特点、工程区域海冰状况调查结果等进行综合分析,推断空心盖板、现浇上部结构、沉箱顶部开裂是由于空心盖板内结冰膨胀所致。利用有限元仿真模型对开裂原因进行验证,模拟了系缆力、整体温度变化以及海冰引起的体积膨胀4种工况对结构产生的应力应变影响,结果表明很小的冰体积膨胀便使盖板侧壁产生很大的拉应力,并导致结构的开裂,高应力区域与实际发生裂缝的区域基本一致。由此分析得知海冰的膨胀是造成空心盖板侧面裂缝出现的主要原因。

连续沉井法建设轨道交通地下车站的关键技术研究

为探索“碳达峰、碳中和”国家战略背景下建设方式的绿色转型,根据嘉兴至枫南市域铁路工程曹庄站的实际背景,提出连续沉井法建设轨道交通地下车站的设计方案,即通过分批下沉间距紧密的沉井群并纵向贯通形成狭长型整体车站结构;然后,阐述本工法所涉及的永临结合、结构连接、差异沉降控制、环境影响控制等关键技术。与传统明挖法相比,该工法可避免大量临时工程,降低工程造价;通过采用不排水开挖方式,可规避承压水突涌风险;该工法对周边土体影响小,适用于城区敏感环境下轨道交通地下车站的建设;通过增加狭长型车站可同步施工的作业面并实现结构制作、土方开挖同步进行,节省车站工期。

沉井下沉过程倾斜度演变特征研究

沉井下沉施工过程须贯彻勤测勤纠、随偏随纠原则,特别是对整个下沉过程实施信息化监测尤为必要,以实现均匀安全下沉。以某沉井下沉过程监测技术为例,讨论了各参数的演变特征,如下沉速率、倾角等,发现沉井下沉速率基本均匀,位移及倾斜程度均满足施工规范及安全要求。考虑取土频率及阻力等因子影响,沉井下沉各阶段基本呈现一类阻尼振荡衰减演变特征,这一特征可用于反馈整个沉井施工过程中的技术控制或评价整个施工过程质量控制,对类似工程施工具有指导意义。

仰观:从穹顶画到藻井画——以异域、西域和敦煌石窟为文明比较

针对敦煌石窟藻井画与异域、西域的穹顶画的不同,从西方券顶和穹顶画入手,分析双方的不同,探讨了表现神祇和人物的穹顶画为什么在敦煌几乎没有出现,认为敦煌藻井画的出现或与印度石窟平棋、阿富汗石窟三角天井构造有一定联系,但巴米扬、龟兹和吐鲁番石窟都有穹顶画,到了敦煌就停滞了空间创作与传播。敦煌藻井画由北朝隋初唐的艺术动感,发展为中唐的静态设计,晚唐五代繁复极致却僵硬成为程式化装饰,显然与异域穹顶人物画的写实本真相差甚远,并制约了后世藻井画的整体创新,失去了外来文化激活开新,影响到吸纳新艺术潮流的演变推进。

霍尔锚落锚对水下沉箱位移影响数值分析

应用沉箱保护水下生产系统时,海底管线和沉箱间跨接管与沉箱内部的管汇采用的往往是刚性连接,一旦沉箱基础位移超过设计允许值将会使管汇与外部管缆变形不协调,严重时将导致管线断裂并发生漏油等重大工程事故。通过耦合的欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)方法采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立霍尔锚紧急落锚对水下沉箱位移影响的计算模型,在与模型试验结果对比验证数值模型可靠性的基础上,模拟了贯入速度区间为6~22m/s、落锚间距为1~5倍锚长的102组不同工况下船舶落锚过程对水下沉箱位移的影响。结果表明,水下沉箱位移随锚贯入速度的增大而增大,随落锚距离增大而减小。根据数值计算结果和影响因素分析,提出了水下沉箱位移的预测方法和不同贯入速度下安全落锚距离的计算表达式。

敦煌藻井色彩元素在公共空间设计中的应用

敦煌藻井作为中国古代艺术的瑰宝,其色彩元素独特而丰富,蕴含着深厚的文化内涵和艺术价值。近年来,随着人们对传统文化艺术的重视和再认识,敦煌藻井色彩元素在公共空间设计中的应用逐渐增多,不仅为公共空间增添了独特的艺术魅力,也为传统文化的传承和发展提供了新的途径。本研究分析敦煌藻井色彩元素的特点以及在公共空间设计中的应用原则和应用意义,并对敦煌藻井在公共空间设计中的应用方式展开探讨,以期为公共空间的设计注入新的活力和魅力。

大型沉井接高过程中地基抗剪强度的有限元计算

为探讨大型沉井在强度较低且具有时变效应的软土地基上产生的突沉、偏沉等问题,运用ABAQUS有限元软件对南京市龙潭大桥南锚碇沉井前3节的接高过程进行模拟,观察沉井地基中超静孔压的消散情况,并通过规范法和有效应力法计算并比较其抗剪强度的变化。结果表明,在沉井混凝土养护期间,超静孔压迅速消散,地基抗剪强度得到提升,且浅部的强度提升较大,向深部则存在衰减;沉井能否进行下一节的浇筑接高不受超静孔压消散时间的控制,而主要受控于混凝土的养护情况;规范法的抗剪强度计算结果相较于有效应力法大,在工程实践中为保守取值,可选取有效应力法计算强度增长。