By two years (2007-2008) located fertilizer experiment, the effect of long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on black soil fertility and crop yield was investigated in Shuangcheng City, ...By two years (2007-2008) located fertilizer experiment, the effect of long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on black soil fertility and crop yield was investigated in Shuangcheng City, Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could increase the organinc matter, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. At the same time, the increasing application of organic fertilizer could reduce the soil bulk density and improve the field moisture capacity. Field moisture capacity and organic matter of the combined application of high quantities of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers AtB5 treatment increased the fhstest, organic matter increased by 3.33 g. kg and field moisture capacity increased by 11.25% than the beginning of the experiment. Under the same fertilization, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers' increasing production range was higher than the single chemical fertilizers' which was from 0.8% to 9.4%. The results showed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could increase the nutrient contents of soil and also was the highest productivity contribution to black soil fertility. It was the best fertilization structure of increasing productivity level and improving the soil fertility.展开更多
针对绿洲灌区玉米生产中普遍水肥投入大、利用效率低等问题,通过研究不同灌水量和有机无机肥等氮配施对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质的影响,以期获得最佳的灌水水平和有机无机肥等氮配施比例。2021—2022年,在绿洲灌区采用两因素裂区...针对绿洲灌区玉米生产中普遍水肥投入大、利用效率低等问题,通过研究不同灌水量和有机无机肥等氮配施对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质的影响,以期获得最佳的灌水水平和有机无机肥等氮配施比例。2021—2022年,在绿洲灌区采用两因素裂区试验设计,主区为2个灌水水平(传统灌水和减量20%灌水),副区为5个有机无机肥等氮配施比例(全施无机氮肥、75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥、50%无机氮肥+50%有机肥、25%无机氮肥+75%有机肥和全施有机肥),探究玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质对不同水氮管理模式的响应特征。结果表明,与传统灌水(I2)相比,减量20%灌水(I1)降低了玉米叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、光合势(photosynthetic potential,LAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),提高了胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)、籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒苏氨酸含量;有机无机肥配施对玉米光合生理指标、籽粒产量和品质都有显著影响,随有机肥比例增加,有机无机肥配施对玉米的影响会逐渐从正效应变为负效应;与传统灌水结合全施无机氮肥(I2F1)相比,减量20%灌水结合75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥(I1F2)玉米平均叶面积指数(mean leaf area index,MLAI)提高了6.9%~7.1%,总光合势(total photosynthetic potential,TLAD)无显著变化;玉米吐丝期-蜡熟期LAI提高了5.0%~11.4%,吐丝期-蜡熟期LAD提高了7.5%~9.1%。I1F2较I2F1提高了玉米抽雄期-蜡熟期叶绿素含量(chlorophyll content,SPAD)、Pn、Tr和Gs,降低了Ci。2年内I1F2较I2F1玉米增产12.0%~12.5%,籽粒中蛋白含量提高了6.9%~18.9%,籽粒中苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸含量分别提高了29.6%~43.3%、77.7%~93.3%、49.7%~51.5%、18.4%~28.6%、39.5%~46.0%、57.4%~78.1%和35.1%~41.3%。其他处理对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量及品质指标也有一定影响,但综合2年结果,I1F2影响更显著。因此,减量20%灌水(3240 m^(3)hm^(–2))结合75%无机化学氮肥(270 kg hm^(–2))配施25%有机肥(90 kg hm^(–2))是实现西北灌区玉米高产优质生产目标的适宜水氮管理模式。展开更多
近地层臭氧(O_(3))已严重威胁到作物生产,而施肥可以调节土壤的养分平衡,进而促进作物生长。以两个水稻品种(徽两优898和南粳9108)为研究对象,利用开顶式气室,设置2个O_(3)浓度处理(NF:环境大气为对照;NF40:环境大气+40 nmol/mol O_(3))...近地层臭氧(O_(3))已严重威胁到作物生产,而施肥可以调节土壤的养分平衡,进而促进作物生长。以两个水稻品种(徽两优898和南粳9108)为研究对象,利用开顶式气室,设置2个O_(3)浓度处理(NF:环境大气为对照;NF40:环境大气+40 nmol/mol O_(3)),每个O_(3)处理下嵌套设置3个肥料处理(Ino:施无机肥处理,270 kg N hm^(-2) a^(-1);Red:减施无机肥30%处理,189 kg N hm^(-2) a^(-1);Com:有机无机肥配施处理,Red+有机肥鸡粪5000 kg hm^(-2) a^(-1)),通过测定不同生育期水稻光合参数,探究不同肥料处理下O_(3)对水稻不同生育阶段光合生理的影响。结果表明,NF40对水稻营养生长阶段的饱和光合速率(A_(sat))没有显著影响,而显著地降低了水稻灌浆期的A_(sat)。基于两个水稻品种的A_(sat)和相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)相对减少量与O_(3)累积剂量关系的斜率,发现杂交稻徽两优898(A_(sat)和SPAD的斜率:-1.55和-0.98)比常规稻南粳9108(A_(sat)和SPAD的斜率:-0.92和0.06)对O_(3)更敏感。此外,基于不同O_(3)处理下水稻的气孔导度(g_(s))和胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_(i)),可以看出O_(3)造成南粳9108光合速率降低的主要是非气孔因素,而徽两优898光合的降低是由气孔因素和非气孔因素共同限制。与Ino处理相比,Red处理主要通过降低叶片SPAD进而显著地抑制两种水稻品种的A_(sat),但Ino处理和Com处理间A_(sat)没有显著差异,说明有机无机肥配施能部分缓解减施无机肥造成水稻光合的降低。O_(3)和肥料处理对两个水稻的所有光合参数都没有显著的交互影响,表明短期有机无机肥配施并不能有效缓解O_(3)对作物造成的负面影响。在O_(3)污染背景下,研究结果可以为通过合理的农田氮肥管理措施减缓O_(3)造成的作物减产提供理论依据。展开更多
基金Supported by Black Soil Conservation Tillage and Oriented Cultivation Technology Research (GB06B107-1)Innovation Fund of Northeast Agricultural University (CXP7003-3-3)+1 种基金Northeast Agricultural University and the Scientific Research Fund of Heilongjiang Province to Black CollegesUniversities Cold Key Laboratory of Utilization and Protection of Open-funded Projects (GXS08-5)
文摘By two years (2007-2008) located fertilizer experiment, the effect of long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on black soil fertility and crop yield was investigated in Shuangcheng City, Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could increase the organinc matter, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. At the same time, the increasing application of organic fertilizer could reduce the soil bulk density and improve the field moisture capacity. Field moisture capacity and organic matter of the combined application of high quantities of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers AtB5 treatment increased the fhstest, organic matter increased by 3.33 g. kg and field moisture capacity increased by 11.25% than the beginning of the experiment. Under the same fertilization, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers' increasing production range was higher than the single chemical fertilizers' which was from 0.8% to 9.4%. The results showed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could increase the nutrient contents of soil and also was the highest productivity contribution to black soil fertility. It was the best fertilization structure of increasing productivity level and improving the soil fertility.
文摘针对绿洲灌区玉米生产中普遍水肥投入大、利用效率低等问题,通过研究不同灌水量和有机无机肥等氮配施对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质的影响,以期获得最佳的灌水水平和有机无机肥等氮配施比例。2021—2022年,在绿洲灌区采用两因素裂区试验设计,主区为2个灌水水平(传统灌水和减量20%灌水),副区为5个有机无机肥等氮配施比例(全施无机氮肥、75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥、50%无机氮肥+50%有机肥、25%无机氮肥+75%有机肥和全施有机肥),探究玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质对不同水氮管理模式的响应特征。结果表明,与传统灌水(I2)相比,减量20%灌水(I1)降低了玉米叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、光合势(photosynthetic potential,LAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),提高了胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)、籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒苏氨酸含量;有机无机肥配施对玉米光合生理指标、籽粒产量和品质都有显著影响,随有机肥比例增加,有机无机肥配施对玉米的影响会逐渐从正效应变为负效应;与传统灌水结合全施无机氮肥(I2F1)相比,减量20%灌水结合75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥(I1F2)玉米平均叶面积指数(mean leaf area index,MLAI)提高了6.9%~7.1%,总光合势(total photosynthetic potential,TLAD)无显著变化;玉米吐丝期-蜡熟期LAI提高了5.0%~11.4%,吐丝期-蜡熟期LAD提高了7.5%~9.1%。I1F2较I2F1提高了玉米抽雄期-蜡熟期叶绿素含量(chlorophyll content,SPAD)、Pn、Tr和Gs,降低了Ci。2年内I1F2较I2F1玉米增产12.0%~12.5%,籽粒中蛋白含量提高了6.9%~18.9%,籽粒中苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸含量分别提高了29.6%~43.3%、77.7%~93.3%、49.7%~51.5%、18.4%~28.6%、39.5%~46.0%、57.4%~78.1%和35.1%~41.3%。其他处理对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量及品质指标也有一定影响,但综合2年结果,I1F2影响更显著。因此,减量20%灌水(3240 m^(3)hm^(–2))结合75%无机化学氮肥(270 kg hm^(–2))配施25%有机肥(90 kg hm^(–2))是实现西北灌区玉米高产优质生产目标的适宜水氮管理模式。
文摘近地层臭氧(O_(3))已严重威胁到作物生产,而施肥可以调节土壤的养分平衡,进而促进作物生长。以两个水稻品种(徽两优898和南粳9108)为研究对象,利用开顶式气室,设置2个O_(3)浓度处理(NF:环境大气为对照;NF40:环境大气+40 nmol/mol O_(3)),每个O_(3)处理下嵌套设置3个肥料处理(Ino:施无机肥处理,270 kg N hm^(-2) a^(-1);Red:减施无机肥30%处理,189 kg N hm^(-2) a^(-1);Com:有机无机肥配施处理,Red+有机肥鸡粪5000 kg hm^(-2) a^(-1)),通过测定不同生育期水稻光合参数,探究不同肥料处理下O_(3)对水稻不同生育阶段光合生理的影响。结果表明,NF40对水稻营养生长阶段的饱和光合速率(A_(sat))没有显著影响,而显著地降低了水稻灌浆期的A_(sat)。基于两个水稻品种的A_(sat)和相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)相对减少量与O_(3)累积剂量关系的斜率,发现杂交稻徽两优898(A_(sat)和SPAD的斜率:-1.55和-0.98)比常规稻南粳9108(A_(sat)和SPAD的斜率:-0.92和0.06)对O_(3)更敏感。此外,基于不同O_(3)处理下水稻的气孔导度(g_(s))和胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_(i)),可以看出O_(3)造成南粳9108光合速率降低的主要是非气孔因素,而徽两优898光合的降低是由气孔因素和非气孔因素共同限制。与Ino处理相比,Red处理主要通过降低叶片SPAD进而显著地抑制两种水稻品种的A_(sat),但Ino处理和Com处理间A_(sat)没有显著差异,说明有机无机肥配施能部分缓解减施无机肥造成水稻光合的降低。O_(3)和肥料处理对两个水稻的所有光合参数都没有显著的交互影响,表明短期有机无机肥配施并不能有效缓解O_(3)对作物造成的负面影响。在O_(3)污染背景下,研究结果可以为通过合理的农田氮肥管理措施减缓O_(3)造成的作物减产提供理论依据。