Analysis on characteristics of extreme precipitation indices and atmospheric circulation in Northern Shanxi

This article utilizes daily precipitation data from 28 national meteorological stations in northern Shanxi Province spanning from 1972 to 2020,and the US NCEP/NCAR monthly average reanalysis and ERA5 monthly average reanalysis data.The study employs techniques such as empirical orthogonal function(EOF)decomposition,MannKendall mutation and other methods to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of extreme precipitation index in northern Shanxi and their correlation with atmospheric circulation.The research results show that:the absolute index,relative index,intensity index and sustained dry period index(CDD)in the continuous index appear from southwest to northeast.The spatial distribution characteristics of the central region decrease,while the continuous wet period(CWD)decreases from the central to the east and west.The three indices Rx1day,Rx5day,and CWD mutated in 1978,1975,and 1983 respectively,and other extreme precipitation indices all appeared in a sudden change from a low-value period to a high-value period occurred around 2010.In the high-value years of the summer extreme precipitation index,there is a significant negative anomaly in the height field in the mid-high latitude regions of Eurasia.Northern Shanxi is controlled by a broad low-pressure trough in the Lake Baikal area.Water vapor transported via the east,west,and south routes converges in the northern Shanxi region and encounters cold air from the north.There is a strong upward motion anomaly at 500 hPa in the troposphere,and the dynamic conditions of upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence lead to more summer extreme precipitation in the northern Shanxi region.Conversely,in the low-value years of the summer extreme precipitation index,northern Shanxi is affected by a strong high-pressure ridge north of Lake Baikal.There is a downward motion anomaly at 500 hPa,and the northern Shanxi region lacks water vapor.The cold and warm air cannot converge,and both the water vapor conditions and dynamic conditions are poor,which is not conducive to the production of extreme precipitation in northern Shanxi.

Interannual Variability of Snow Depth over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Associated Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies

The interannual variability of wintertime snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) and related atmospheric circulation anomalies were investigated based on observed snow depth measurements and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.Empirical orthogonal function(EOF) analysis was applied to identify the spatio-temporal variability of wintertime TP snow depth.Snow depth anomalies were dominated by a monopole pattern over the TP and a dipole structure with opposite anomalies over the southeastern and northwestern TP.The atmospheric circulation conditions responsible for the interannual variability of TP snow depth were examined via regression analyses against the principal component of the most dominant EOF mode.In the upper troposphere,negative zonal wind anomalies over the TP with extensively positive anomalies to the south indicated that the southwestward shift of the westerly jet may favor the development of surface cyclones over the TP.An anomalous cyclone centered over the southeastern TP was associated with the anomalous westerly jet,which is conducive to heavier snowfall and results in positive snow depth anomalies.An anomalous cyclone was observed at 500 hPa over the TP,with an anomalous anticyclone immediately to the north,suggesting that the TP is frequently affected by surface cyclones.Regression analyses revealed that significant negative thickness anomalies exist around the TP from March to May,with a meridional dipole anomaly in March.The persistent negative anomalies due to more winter TP snow are not conducive to earlier reversal of the meridional temperature gradient,leading to a possible delay in the onset of the Asian summer monsoon.

Numerical simulation of influence of the anomalies of theCentral-eastern Equatorial Pacific SST and Arctic seaice cover in summer on the atmospheric circulation

A series of numerical experiments have been conducted with a perpetual July, nine-level general circulation spectral model to determine the effect of variation of the Arctic sea ice cover extent and the joint effect of anomalies of both the Arctic sea ice cover and the Central-eastern Equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature on the summer general circulation. Results show that the two factors,anomalously large extent of the Arctic sea ice cover and anomalously warm sea surface temperature over the Central-eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, play substantially the equal role in the effect on the summer general circulation, and either of them can notably induce the atmospheric anomalies. The main dynamical processes determining the effect of the Arctic sea ice and the equatorial SST anomalies are associated with two leading teleconnection patterns, i. e. the Asia North/American and Eurasian patterns observed in atmosphere. The results presented in this paper again prove that the general circulation is fundamentally motivated by the non-uniform heating between the equator and the pole on the rotating earth.

Relationship between Reduction of Summer Precipitation in North China and Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies

Based on Reanalysis datasets from National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and summer rainfall datasets from China National Climate Center (NCC), by using trend analysis and composite analysis methods, the relationship between the reduction of summer precipitation in North China and northern hemispheric circulation changes was investigated. The results show that summer rainfall in North China had a significant decreasing tendency, especially true since 1965 in which an abrupt change occurred. The northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation at 500 hPa had a remarkable change after 1965, from outstanding meridional circulation to outstanding zonal circulation, leading to upper trough activity to decrease, resulting in the rainfall weather processes caused by upward motion behind trough significantly to reduce. At 500 hPa in Mongolian region, air temperature decreased, resulting in lower troposphere pressure to increase, leading to low pressure activity significantly to decrease and rainfall weather processes influencing North China to reduce. At the same time, the decreased air temperature in 500 hPa would caused the upper troposphere geopotential height to reduce, resulting in high–altitude jet southerly location, the East Asian summer monsoon to weaken, then it was difficult for water vapor transport to cross the Yangtze River valley and reach the North China region, with a southerly summer monsoon rainfall zone. The summer precipitation reduction in North China had a good correlation with the northern hemispheric circulation changes.

Atmospheric Anomalies Related to Interdecadal Variability of SST in the North Pacific

Anomalous patterns of the atmospheric circulation and climate are studied corresponding to the two basic interdecadal variation modes of sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Pacific, namely, the 25-35-year mode and the 7-10-year mode. Results clearly indicate that corresponding to the positive and negative phases of the interdecadal modes of SST anomaly (SSTA) in the North Pacific, the anomalous patterns of the atmospheric circulation and climate are approximately out of phase, fully illustrating the important role of the interdecadal modes of SST. Since the two interdecadal modes of SSTA in the North Pacific have similar horizontal structures, their impacts on the atmospheric circulation and climate are also analogous. The impact of the interdecadal modes of the North Pacific SST on the atmospheric circulation is barotropic at middle latitudes and baroclinic in tropical regions.

Synoptic-scale reversal of dipole surface temperature anomalies over East Asia and Central Siberia in November 2021

2021年11月,东亚与中西伯利亚经历了相反的冷暖异常转换,表现为“中西伯利亚偏冷,东亚偏暖”与“中西伯利亚偏暖,东亚偏冷”的交替出现.该偶极型气温异常的天气尺度反转伴随着大尺度大气环流异常的反转.进一步分析表明,东亚与中西伯利亚的偶极型气温异常反转是1979-2021年期间11月欧亚气温日变化的主导模态之一(发生概率超过56%).

A numerical study of the impact of SST anomaly in the warm pool area on atmospheric circulation in winter

In this paper the impacts of the anomalous SST in the warm pool area of the Western Equatorial Pacific on the winter time circulation and the East Asian monsoon are studied by using the NCAR CCM. It is found that the abnormal heating in the warm pool area will change the strength and the position of the Walker Cell in the Equatorial Pacific and the anti-Walker Cell in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Both the Walker and anti-Walker Cells are strengthened. The local Hadley Cells over two hemispheres near the warm pool are also strengthened. The subtropical highs in two hemispheres become stronger and move poleward slightly. The westerly jets in the extratropical regions have similar changes as the subtropical highs. The winter monsoon in South-East Asia is weakened by the abnormal heating in the warm pool. The experiment also show that there are wave trains emanating from surrounding areas of the warm pool to the high latitudes, causing various changes in circulations and local weather.

RELATION BETWEEN SUMMER TYPHOON FREQUENCY ANOMALIES IN WEST PACIFIC AND ENSO EVENTS AND THE ANOMALOUS ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION CHARACTERISTICS

By using data of serially numbered typhoons in northwestern Pacific and NOAA OLR data andNCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of wind field, based on the statistics and study of the relationship between thecalendar years with more (or fewer) summer typhoons and ENSO events, we compared the composites of OLReigenvectors and tropical summer wind fields during El Nio and La Nio events with more or fewer thannormal summer typhoons, respectively. The results show that, in summer, without remarkable systematicanomalies of Mascarene High and Australia High in South Hemisphere, the anomaly of Walker circulation willdominate and follow the rule of ENSO impacts to atmospheric circulation and typhoon frequency. Otherwise,when systematic anomalies of Australia High appear during the El Nio events, circulation anomalies in theSouth Hemisphere will dominate, and many more typhoons will occur. In 1999, which is a special year of LaNia events, northward and eastward monsoon was induced by the stronger Mascarene High, and fewertyphoons arose. The typhoon source are regions where weak vertical wind shear, warm pool in western Pacificand the area with monsoon troughs are overlapping with each other. Finally, this paper analyzes and comparesthe source locations and ranges of more (fewer) typhoons in the events of El Nio and La Nio, respectively.

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of the SST Anomalies in the Tropical Western Pacific on the Blocking Highs over the Northeastern Asia

The effects of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical western Pacific on the atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia are simulated by the IAP-GCM with an observed and idealized distributions of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific,respectively.Firstly,the atmospheric circulation anomalies during July and August,1980 are simulated by three anomalous experiments including the global SST anomaly experiment,the tropical SST anomaly experiment and the extratropical SST anomaly experiment,using the observed SST anomalies in 1980.It is shown that the SST anomalies in the tropical ocean greatly influence the formation and maintenance of the blocking high over the northeastern Asia,and may play a more important role than the SST anomalies in the extratropical ocean in the influence on the atmospheric circulation anomalies.Secondly,the effects of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific on the atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia are also simulated with an idealized distribution of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific.The simulated results show that the negative anomalies of SST in the tropical western Pacific have a significant effect on the formation and maintenance of the blocking high over the northeastern Asia.

Boreal Winter Rainfall Anomaly over the Tropical Indo-Pacific and Its Effect on Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation in CMIP5 Models

Experimental outputs of 11 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project （AMIP） models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5） are analyzed to assess the atmospheric circulation anomaly over Northern Hemisphere induced by the anomalous rainfall over tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean during boreal winter.The analysis shows that the main features of the interannual variation of tropical rainfall anomalies,especially over the Central Pacific （CP） （5°S-5°N,175°E-135°W） and Indo-western Pacific （IWP） （20°S-20°N,110°-150°E） are well captured in all the CMIP5/AMIP models.For the IWP and western Indian Ocean （WIO） （10°S-10°N,45°-75°E）,the anomalous rainfall is weaker in the 11 CMIP5/AMIP models than in the observation.During El Ni（n）o/La Ni（n）a mature phases in boreal winter,consistent with observations,there are geopotential height anomalies known as the Pacific North American （PNA） pattern and Indo-western Pacific and East Asia （IWPEA） pattern in the upper troposphere,and the northwestern Pacific anticyclone （cyclone） （NWPA） in the lower troposphere in the models.Comparison between the models and observations shows that the ability to simulate the PNA and NWPA pattern depends on the ability to simulate the anomalous rainfall over the CP,while the ability to simulate the IWPEA pattern is related to the ability to simulate the rainfall anomaly in the IWP and WIO,as the SST anomaly is same in AMIP experiments.It is found that the tropical rainfall anomaly is important in modeling the impact of the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean on the extratropical atmospheric circulation anomaly.

Application of Clausius-Clappeyron Relation (1832) and Carnot Principle (1824) to Earth’s Atmosphere Tricellular Circulation

Atmospheric or climate phenomena are usually a combination of elementary events whose scales range from the very small (microscopic) to the infinitely large (synoptic). This means that build reasoning from ground- or space-based observations only, regardless of the physics of elementary processes, inevitably leads to erroneous results. Given the fact that plots of Troposphere Tricellular Circulation are only based on weather mean conditions measured near the ground (i.e.: pressure and winds fields observed at the surface of the earth), we want to improve these representations of the general circulation of the atmosphere, by using both Clausius-Clapeyron Relation and Carnot Principle derived respectively in 1832 and 1824. Indeed, Clausius-Clapeyron relation shows precisely that, unlike the dry water vapor that can be assimilated to the ideal gas at many circumstances, the saturated water vapor has, in an air parcel at the same time cold (temperature below 0.0098°C) and rich in moisture (vapor pressure above 6.11 mb), thermoelastic properties diametrically opposed to those of ideal gas (including dry water vapor). Vertical profiles of temperature and water vapor in the atmosphere provided by ground- or space-based observations lead to the location of a troposphere region in which the ideal gas assumption should be banned: hence appropriate and unique plot of earth’s atmosphere tricellular circulation.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SSTA IMPACTS OVER THE GLOBAL OCEAN ON THE ANOMALOUS CIRCULATION OVER EURASIA IN JANUARY 2008

In this paper,we discussed the features of atmospheric circulations over Eurasia as a response to sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the tropical Indian Ocean,the equatorial Pacific,Kuroshio and the North Atlantic.Our results are shown as follows: (1) CAM3.0,driven by the combined SSTAs over the four oceanic regions,can simulate well the features of anomalous atmospheric circulations over Eurasia in January 2008,indicating that the effects of the SSTAs over these four regions were one of the key causes of the anomalous systems over Eurasia.(2) The SSTAs over each key region contributed to the intensification of blocking over the Urals Mountains and a main East Asian trough.However,the influence of the SSTAs over individual oceanic regions differed from one another in other aspects.The SSTAs over the North Atlantic had an impact on the 500-hPa anomalous height (Z500A) over the middle-high latitudes and had a somewhat smaller effect over the low latitudes.For the warm SSTAs over Kuroshio,the subtropical high was much stronger,spread farther north than usual,and had an anomalous easterly that dominated the northwest Pacific Ocean.The warm SSTAs over the tropical Indian Ocean could have caused a negative Z500A from West Asia to Middle Asia,a remarkably anomalous southwesterly from the Indian Ocean to the south of China and an anomalous anticyclone circulation over the South China Sea-Philippine Sea region.Because of the La Nia event,the winter monsoon was stronger than normal,with an anomalously cooler northerly over the southeastern coastal areas of China.(3) The combined effects of the SSTAs over the four key regions were likely more important to the atmospheric circulation anomalies of January 2008 over Eurasia than the effects of individual or partly combined SSTAs.This unique SSTA distribution possibly led to the circulation anomalies over Eurasia in January 2008,especially the atmospheric circulation anomalies over the subtropics,which were more similar to those of the winter El Ni?o events than to the circulation anomalies following La Nia.

The Response of Geopotential Height Anomalies to El Niño and La Niña Conditions and Their Implications to Seasonal Rainfall Variability over the Horn of Africa

In this study, we unveil atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with the large-scale tropical teleconnections using National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis dataset. Composite analyses have been performed to know the impact of large-scale tropical circulations on the Horn of Africa. The composite analysis performed at the geopotential height of 850 Mb and 200 Mb, and precipitation rate (mm/day) during six strong El Niño and La Niña episodes revealed that the large-scale tropical variability induced climate anomalies in space and time. A substantial decrease in upper-level height (200 Mb) has been observed in the study area during El Niño composite years as compared to the La Niña years. During El Niño conditions, the upper-level divergence initiates low-level vertical motion, thereby enhancing convection, however, during La Niña composite years, nearly contrasting situations are noticed in Belg (February to May) season in Ethiopia. However, geopotential height anomalies at 850 Mb are above-normal during the strong El Niño years, suggesting suppressed convection due to vertical shrinking and enhancement of divergence at the lower level. Compared to the Belg (February to May), geopotential anomalies were generally positive during the Kiremt (June to September) season, thereby suppressing the rainfall, particularly in Southern Ethiopia and Northern Part of Kenya. In contrast, an increase in rainfall was observed during the Belg season (February to May).

山西北部极端降水时空演变规律及与大气环流因子的响应

基于山西北部28个国家气象站点,1972—2020年逐日降水资料,选用8个极端降水指数,采用线性回归、Pearson相关分析、连续小波和交叉小波变换分析等方法,研究了山西北部极端降水的时空变化及其与大气环流因子的相关性和周期特征。结果表明:(1)在时间上,山西北部8个极端降水指数都是在20世纪70年代后期和21世纪00年代后期到10年代,年总降水量(PRCPTOT)、中雨以上日数(R10mm)、强降水量(R95P)、极强降水量(R99P)、1 d最大降水量(Rx1day)、5 d最大降水量(Rx5day)均增多,日降水强度(SDII)显著增强,持续湿期日数(CWD)也略有增多。整个20世纪80年代降水异常偏少。(2)在空间上,极端降水指数呈从东北向西南地区逐步增加的态势。从站点趋势变化来分析,大多数站点的极端降水指数呈上升趋势,其中,上升趋势最显著的站点均位于忻州市境内西南部。朔州市境内和忻州市东南部站点PRCPTOT和SDII都呈增加趋势,但CWD则呈减少趋势,由此说明朔州市境内和忻州市东南部地区发生极端降水事件的概率较大。(3)通过小波变换分析发现,1990—2020年山西北部极端降水指数表现出约4 a左右的周期特征。在选取的大气环流指数中,北大西洋涛动指数(NAO)对山西北部极端降水影响最明显,NAO越大,PRCPTOT、R10mm、R95p、R99p、Rx1day、Rx5day、SDII则越小,同时CWD也越少,山西北部产生少雨干旱的几率较大,反之,易发生多雨、洪涝现象。研究结果可为山西北部气象灾害的防御提供科学理论依据。

2022年长江三峡地区气候状况分析

利用长江三峡地区逐日观测资料和我国自主研发的全球再分析资料CRA-40,分析了2022年三峡地区气候特征,梳理了气候事件及气象灾害,简析了发生在夏季的极端高温事件成因。得出以下结论:2022年,长江三峡地区暖干气候特点突出,年平均气温较常年高0.8℃,为1961年以来第二高,夏季平均气温和高温日数均为历史同期最高,分别较常年高出2.4℃和24.8d;三峡地区年降水量较常年减少18.4%,与常年相比大部分地区更加干燥,阶段性变化大,夏季和秋季降水偏少,年暴雨日数较常年减少。三峡地区夏秋季持续高温少雨引发严重气象干旱,对农业生产、水库蓄水、能源供应及人体健康产生较大影响。分析表明,全球变暖是造成极端高温发生的大背景,大气环流异常,特别是西太平洋副热带高压及南亚高压异常,是高温发生且极端性突出的直接原因。

塔里木河流域夏季降水年际和年代变化的环流异常

基于1961-2020年夏季(6-8月)NCAR/NCEP再分析资料和塔里木河流域38个气象站降水资料,使用5 a滑动平均分离出该流域夏季降水年代际和年际变化,选出年际变化典型的干年和湿年与年代际变化的干期(1963-1986年)和湿期(1989-2018年),分析与这两种时间尺度变化相关联的大气环流异常。结果表明:影响年代际变化的大气环流异常主要是大西洋和欧亚大陆的对流层位势高度场从西北至东南交替出现反气旋和气旋距平环流。在湿期,分别在蒙古国和中亚的反气旋和气旋距平环流加强,塔里木河流域东部和西部分别出现明显的东风和西南风异常,来自西北太平洋和印度洋的水汽增多;在干期则相反。影响年际变化的大气环流异常主要是:在湿年,塔里木河流域之外的西北部和东北部的对流层都为显著的反气旋距平环流,塔里木河流域西部对流层为气旋距平环流,流域东部对流层为反气旋和气旋距平环流影响区;从南北方向向塔里木河流域输送的水汽增多,北风的水汽输送增加较多,南风的水汽输送增加较少,来自北冰洋和印度洋水汽增多;在干年则相反。

盛夏亚洲大陆上空急流变化的两类模态及其与东亚大气环流异常的联系

基于NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,利用EOF分解方法揭示出1960-2019年7-8月亚洲大陆上空西风急流变化的两类主要模态,并利用合成方法研究了两类模态与东亚大气环流异常的联系及其气候效应。研究结果表明,夏季亚洲大陆上空西风急流变化的第一模态为纬向风以急流轴为界南北的反位相变化,主要表现为急流整体的南北移动;第二模态为纬向风以青藏高原为界在东西方向上的反相变化,主要表现为急流轴的西南(西北)-东北(东南)向倾斜,该结论不同于以往大多数研究将第二模态定义为急流的强度变化。通过对大气环流异常的分析发现,急流的南北移动对应南亚高压同步的南北移动以及西太平洋副热带高压范围的变化,急流向南移动时,南亚高压脊线偏南,同时西太平洋副热带高压向南扩张,急流向北移动时则相反,该模态主要影响亚洲地区40°N以南的降水异常以及贝加尔湖一带、东亚和南亚的温度异常。第二模态即纬向风以青藏高原为界的反相变化主要伴随着南亚高压强度的东西振荡,急流轴呈西南(西北)-东北(东南)向倾斜时,南亚高压东侧(西侧)位势高度增强,该模态与西亚高纬度地区、中亚以及印度半岛的降水异常有关。此外,第二模态具有一定的特殊性,可影响整个欧亚大陆的气温,并呈现双偶极子型的异常分布。

2021年5月江西降水异常偏多特征及成因分析

2021年5月江西省降水异常偏多,多项降水指数突破历史极值,异常的降水在累计降水量、降水强度、日降水量等方面表现出极端性。利用1961—2021年江西省83站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2021年5月江西降水异常偏多的主要原因。结果表明:5月大气环流异常是造成江西降水偏多的直接原因,欧亚中高纬500 hPa层环流呈“两脊一槽”的分布特征,受北大西洋三极子正位相影响,中国东北及周围地区位势高度为负距平,东北冷涡异常活跃,中高纬环流经向度增加,冷空气不断南下为降水提供了环流条件。西太平洋副热带高压月内加强西伸,为降水提供充足的水汽条件。此外,南海夏季风爆发偏晚和5月在印度洋活跃的热带季节内振荡对5月江西降水偏多有一定的指示意义。

我国南方地区初秋气温的年际变化特征及影响因子分析

利用1979-2021年NCEP 2.5°×2.5°、MOHC 1°×1°海洋等资料,通过经验正交函数(EOF)分解、合成分析和相关分析等方法,分析我国南方地区初秋气温的年际变化特征及其相关的大气和海洋异常。结果表明:(1)我国南方地区初秋气温主要表现为一致变化空间型和经向偶极变化型2种模态。(2)一致变化空间型主要受到高纬度西伯利亚高压和东亚大槽以及中低纬度地区的副热带高压和近地面风的共同影响,经向偶极变化型主要受到我国东北地区与长江下游流域对流层位势高度反位相变化的影响。(3)一致变化空间型与前期冬季我国邻近海域以及赤道印度洋和东太平洋地区海温异常、鄂霍茨克海和拉布拉多海海冰异常有关,经向偶极变化型则与前期冬季赤道中东太平洋的海温异常、鄂霍茨克海和巴伦支海海冰异常有关。

陕西夏季旱涝与欧亚大气环流异常的关系

陕西处于青藏高原边坡地带,南北狭长,气候类型多样,地形复杂,生态条件脆弱,旱涝是夏季的主要气象灾害,因此分析其旱涝的成因对该地区防灾减灾具有重要意义。利用陕西78个气象站1961—2018年夏季(6—8月)降水资料、NCEP/NCAR高度场和风场再分析资料、西太平洋副高指数资料,通过相关、合成、多元回归分析方法,研究了陕西夏季旱涝与大气环流异常的关系。结果表明,500 hPa上乌拉尔山阻塞高压和西太平洋副高是影响陕西夏季旱涝的关键因素,当乌拉尔山阻高和西太副高偏强时,陕西夏季降水偏多,反之偏少。200 hPa西风急流位置与陕西夏季降水关系密切,急流偏南时陕西夏季降水偏多,反之偏少。西太平洋副高偏强、偏西时,陕西夏季降水偏多,反之偏少,副高脊线位置主要影响陕西夏季雨带的南北移动。