Performance of PI controller for control of active and reactive power in DFIG operating in a grid-connected variable speed wind energy conversion system

Due to several factors, wind energy becomes an essential type of electricity generation. The share of this type of energy in the network is becoming increasingly important. The objective of this work is to present the modeling and control strategy of a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator （DFIG） driven by the rotor. This paper is to present the complete modeling and simulation of a wind turbine driven DFIG in the second mode of operating （the wind turbine pitch control is deactivated）. It will introduce the vector control, which makes it possible to control independently the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the generator and the grid, based on vector control concept （with stator flux or voltage orientation） with classical PI controllers. Various simula- tion tests are conducted to observe the system behavior and evaluate the performance of the control for some optimization criteria （energy efficiency and the robustness of the control）. It is also interesting to play on the quality of electric power by controlling the reactive power exchanged with the grid, which will facilitate making a local correction of power factor.

High performance decoupled active and reactive power control for three-phase grid-tied inverters using model predictive control

Finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is employed in this paper to control the operation of a three-phase grid-connected string inverter based on a direct PQ control scheme. The main objective is to achieve high-performance decoupled control of the active and reactive powers injected to the grid from distributed energy resources (DER).The FCS-MPC scheme instantaneously searches for and applies the optimum inverter switching state that can achieve certain goals, such as minimum deviation between reference and actual power;so that both power components (P and Q) are well controlled to their reference values.In addition, an effective method to attenuate undesired cross coupling between the P and Q control loops, which occurs only during transient operation, is investigated. The proposed method is based on the variation of the weight factors of the terms of the FCS-MPC cost function, so a higher weight factor is assigned to the cost function term that is exposed to greater disturbance. Empirical formulae of optimum weight factors as functions of the reference active and reactive power signals are proposed and mathematically derived. The investigated FCS-MPC control scheme is incorporated with the LVRT function to support the grid voltage in fulfilling and accomplishing the up-to-date grid codes. The LVRT algorithm is based on a modification of the references of active and reactive powers as functions of the instantaneous grid voltage such that suitable values of P and Q are injected to the grid during voltage sag.The performance of the elaborated FCS-MPC PQ scheme is studied under various operating scenarios, including steady-state and transient conditions. Results demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed scheme with regard to the achievement of high-performance operation and quick response of grid-tied inverters during normal and fault modes.

ADMM-based Distributed Active and Reactive Power Control for Regional AC Power Grid with Wind Farms

A distributed active and reactive power control(DARPC)strategy based on the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM)is proposed for regional AC transmission system(TS)with wind farms(WFs).The proposed DARPC strategy optimizes the power distribution among the WFs to minimize the power losses of the AC TS while tracking the active power reference from the transmission system operator(TSO),and minimizes the voltage deviation of the buses inside the WF from the rated voltage as well as the power losses of the WF collection system.The optimal power flow(OPF)of the TS is relaxed by using the semidefinite programming(SDP)relaxation while the branch flow model is used to model the WF collection system.In the DARPC strategy,the large-scale strongly-coupled optimization problem is decomposed by using the ADMM,which is solved in the regional TS controller and WF controllers in parallel without loss of the global optimality.The boundary information is exchanged between the regional TS controller and WF controllers.Compared with the conventional OPF method of the TS with WFs,the optimality and accuracy of the system operation can be improved.Moreover,the proposed strategy efficiently reduces the computation burden of the TS controller and eliminates the need of a central controller.The protection of the information privacy can be enhanced.A modified IEEE 9-bus system with two WFs consisting of 64 wind turbines(WTs)is used to validate the proposed DARPC strategy.

Vibration control of the finite L-shaped beam structures based on the active and reactive power flow

This paper analyzes the physical meaning of the active and reactive power flow in the finite L-shaped beams and studies the active vibration control of the structures based on the active and reactive power flow.The traveling wave approach is used to calculate the structural dynamic responses.Because the error of control force is inevitable in practical applications,the effects of the error of control force on the control results are studied.The study indicates that the error of control force has pronounced influence on the control results of the acceleration and reactive power flow.It is obvious that the reactive power flow can represent the vibration strength component of the complex intensity,and the active power flow strongly depends on the structural damping of the finite beams.

基于数据驱动的配电网无功优化

传统无功电压控制由于分布式电源、储能以及柔性负荷的接入面临计算速度和精度上的挑战。该文提出了一种基于数据驱动的配电网无功电压优化方法,通过跟踪实际系统的运行参数,实现无功电压的主动控制。在极限学习机中引入自动编码器构建深度学习机制,利用自动编码器建立极限学习机输入-输出的直接耦合关系,实现无监督学习和有监督学习有机结合,缩短训练模型的迭代过程;利用蒙特卡洛法基于分布式电源、负荷预测信息构建配电网运行场景,利用深度极限学习机挖掘运行场景优化运行与无功调压设备状态间的内在联系,建立电网运行场景与系统无功调压策略的映射关系。该文提出的基于数据驱动的无功优化方法不依赖实际系统潮流计算,能够实现配电网运行状态的跟踪和无功调节设备的优化调度,为配电网无功电压的主动控制打下基础。

基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的配电网电压协同控制策略

整县分布式光伏电源的大量开发与利用及分布式电源规模化并网对实现“碳达峰、碳中和”与“乡村振兴”两大国家战略具有重要的现实意义。由于分布式电源发电尖峰和低谷阶段与负荷峰谷时常不同步,进而导致配电系统过/欠电压问题,严重影响了电能质量,甚至威胁系统安全。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的配电网层级式电压协同控制策略。首先,建立基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的配电网层级式电压协同控制框架。其次,结合多微电网节点注入电流与电压的方程与功率–电压灵敏度分析,根据多节点电压越限程度,提出一种基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的多智能体协同调节策略,该策略先通过无功补偿器进行无功调节,当电压尚未得到有效治理时,再采用多微电网进行有功调节。再次,为了进一步满足各节点微电网有功功率调节需求,并考虑电网内部源–荷–储运行成本与污染排放,提出一种基于多目标优化的微电网内部分布式源–荷–储优化协调功率控制策略。最后,在MATLAB平台中设计了3种仿真场景以及IEEE测试系统模型对所提控制策略进行了验证。结果表明,所提出的电压协同控制方法在最经济的情况下可以实现各节点电压的综合高效治理,同时,所提出的微电网优化协调功率控制策略能使源–荷–储在绿色经济的供电模式下实时精准地满足电压治理目标下微电网有功调节的需求。仿真实验结果验证了本文所提控制策略的有效性。

基于模型预测控制的风储联合电场参与电网二次调频策略

随着风力发电在电网中渗透率不断增加,需要风储联合电场参与电网调频服务,维持电网的频率稳定.针对中高风速下的风储联合电场,通过分析风力发电机的机械特性和储能系统的运行特性,确定了减载运行方式下风力发电机桨距角的控制方式,提出一种基于模型预测控制的风储联合电场参与电网二次调频的控制策略.建立风电场桨距角控制的预测模型和电化学储能系统的预测模型,优化风力发电机和储能系统的有功功率输出,在调频基础上更好地减少了风能损失.根据上级系统的有功功率指令值和风力发电机实际输出功率之间的差值对桨距角控制进行进一步修正,使得风力发电机在二次调频期间能够更好地追踪到上级系统的功率指令值,迅速响应频率变化值,减小动态频率偏差,完成二次调频任务.仿真结果表明,该控制策略综合考虑了风力发电机可控的二次调频能力和电化学储能系统响应快速、跟踪精确的特性,使风储联合电场能够主动响应系统频率的变化,更好地跟踪上级系统下发的有功功率指令值,参与电网二次调频.

基于均值-方差-偏度的配电网有功-无功随机模型预测控制

针对高比例具有不确定性的可再生能源接入对配电网安全经济运行带来的挑战,提出一种基于均值-方差-偏度的有功-无功随机模型预测控制协调优化策略。首先,在综合考虑有功和无功成本的基础上,基于Fish⁃er-z变换的拉丁超立方采样生成可再生能源出力场景集,进而构建表征不确定性下收益的期望-偏度模型和表征不确定性风险的方差模型。然后,建立权衡收益和风险的三阶近似矩效用函数,提出基于均值-方差-偏度的有功-无功随机模型预测控制协调优化框架。最后,基于线性化潮流方法对所提模型进行线性化处理,在改进的IEEE-37节点系统进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提策略能够有效应对可再生能源不确定性对配电网经济运行与电压质量的影响。

高压级联SVG电流PR控制策略

对SVG在出现无功阶跃扰动时的补偿控制进行深入研究。SVG在无功功率调节时,如果出现阶跃扰动,无功功率的调节会直接影响有功功率的调节,这是因为传统的旋转坐标系控制方法对于有功功率和无功功率的控制环路之间存在耦合关系。为此,文中引入了有功和无功的解耦控制。另外,无功的阶跃信号会引起直流母线电压的突变,故将直流分量引入装置侧输出电流的值,并将这个直流分量滤除,保证控制的稳定性。最后在仿真的基础上,以光伏电站为背景对所提方法进行现场验证,结果充分证明了该算法的有效性。

Complete active-reactive power resource scheduling of smart distribution system with high penetration of distributed energy resources

In traditional power systems,besides the conventional power plants that provide the necessary reactive power in transmission system,the shunt capacitors along with the tap changers of transformers are also employed in distribution networks.In future years,because of the high number of distributed resources integrated into the distribution networks,it will be essential to schedule complete active-reactive power at distribution level.In this research work,an economic framework based on the active-reactive power bids has been developed for complete active-reactive power dispatch scheduling of smart distribution networks.The economical complete active-reactive power scheduling approach suggested in this study motivates distributed energy resources(DERs)to cooperate in both active power markets and the Volt/Var control scheme.To this end,using DER’s reactive power capability,a generic framework of reactive power offers for DERs is extracted.A 22-bus distribution test system is implemented to verify the impressiveness of the suggested active-reactive power scheduling approach.

考虑运行经济性与安全性的风电场功率模型预测优化控制

首先介绍风电场功率控制构架及功率控制过程,基于风电场各控制对象动态特性分析,构建模型预测控制用风电场功率控制线性化模型。在此基础上,以风电机组传动链机械载荷、场站功率跟踪偏差和损耗最小为优化目标,提出一种风电场有功/无功模型预测协调优化控制方法,设计目标函数及约束条件。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中建立风电场仿真模型,仿真结果表明所提控制策略能够在准确跟随电网调度下发的发电任务和电压指令的同时,可减小风电场有功和无功损耗、降低各机组传动链疲劳载荷,可提升风电运行安全性与经济性。

直接电压控制构网型变流器控制参数暂态稳定影响分析

目前针对直接电压控制构网型变流器暂态失稳模式的演化和控制参数对暂态稳定的影响机理尚需进一步深入研究。首先,分析了两种常见电流限幅策略对变流器暂态稳定性的影响,归纳总结出3种暂态失稳演化路径。其次,通过极限切除时间、极限切除角揭示了变流器有功环节不同参数对暂态稳定的影响规律,并针对直接电压控制构网型变流器的内电势和并网点电压之间的非线性关系,使用变流器临界势能为指标,揭示了变流器无功环节不同参数对稳定性的影响规律。在此基础上,解释了不同控制环节参数对变流器暂态稳定性的影响出现反常规律的机理。最后,在PSCAD仿真平台上通过算例验证了理论分析的正确性。

基于自抗扰控制的双馈风电场分层无功功率支撑策略

随着风力发电的规模化联网,电力系统电压问题愈发突出。为提高双馈风电场在电网故障下的暂态响应特性,提出1种基于自抗扰控制(ADRC)的双馈风电场分层无功功率支撑策略。首先,描述了双馈异步风力发电机(DFIG)的无功功率边界;其次,设计双馈风电场的分层无功功率支撑策略,在场站控制器中利用自抗扰控制器产生电压控制信号,在机组控制器中采用变增益系数辅助调整电压;最后,使用Washout滤波器抑制暂态过电压,搭建基于EMTP-RV的双馈风电场仿真模型。仿真分析表明,所提控制策略在电网电压跌落时具有良好的支撑效果。

LVRT策略对光伏高渗透率电网频率影响分析

光伏逆变器的低电压穿越(LVRT)能力对支持电网安全稳定运行有极为重要的意义,在光伏高渗透率电网中,低电压穿越期间易造成电网较大的有功功率缺额,导致频率下降。分析了目前相关国标主导的LVRT策略控制下光伏逆变器的输出特性,及其低电压穿越过程中对光伏高渗透率电网频率稳定的影响;以IEEE 3机9节点网架为基础,接入光伏电站模型进行了仿真分析,对比了两种典型控制策略下低电压穿越过程中频率的变化,建议加强低电压穿越期间光伏电站对电网的有功功率支撑作用,同时保障一定量值的无功电流和有功电流输出,实现对电网的有功功率和无功功率支撑,改善光伏电站低电压穿越性能对电网的支持作用。

面向差异化的新型配电网优化调度框架及策略

在大规模光伏接入的现状下,存量配电网与增量配电网存在有功/无功调节手段差异。本研究兼顾差异化的配电网现状及需求,设计了双层优化调度框架,外层对应日前阶段,基于日前负荷及分布式光伏发电预测,通过协调慢调节设备动作量,进行目标为经济性最优的优化调度,调度间隔为1小时。内层针对实时运行阶段,调度间隔为5分钟,通过协调分布式光伏、储能及负荷响应的有功无功输出,并计及大规模分布式光伏预测出力偏差风险,实现以网损及未来节点电压偏差风险最小,和灵活调节手段调节最小为目标的实时优化调度。采用改进的IEEE 33节点算例在多个场景下验证了方法的有效性。

风电并网中的储能技术研究进展

储能技术是解决风电并网"瓶颈"问题,提高电网对风电接纳能力的有效途径之一。首先扼要地分析了目前风电并网存在的主要问题和成因,并对各种储能技术及其在风电并网中的应用情况进行简要总结;然后着重阐述了储能技术在解决风电的低电压穿越(LVRT)、功率波动、调频控制、稳定性和经济运行等问题的最新研究进展,并对其研究思路和重点问题进行了归纳和分析;在此基础上,提出了将储能系统的数学建模、控制策略、位置及容量优化、运行经济性等问题作为下一步研究工作关注的重点。将为更好地研究和利用储能技术改善风电并网运行特性提供一定的借鉴。

基于逆系统方法有功—无功解耦PWM控制的链式STATCOM动态控制策略研究

大容量链式静止同步补偿器(链式 STATCOM)具有独特的优点,但也存在无功动态响应时间常数大的劣势。该文结合国家电网公司攻关项目——上海西郊变±50Mvar 链式STATCOM 的研制,重点研究了正常工况下链式 STATCOM的快速闭环无功控制方法。建立了链式 STATCOM 的有功-无功暂态模型,通过引入多变量非线性控制逆系统方法,设计了基于逆系统方法和有功-无功解耦的非线性动态无功控制策略。在一台链式 STATCOM 物理样机上实现该动态控制策略,实验结果表明所提的无功闭环控制方法具有优良的动态性能,使链式STATCOM的闭环无功响应时间减小至10ms以内。

大规模间歇式能源发电并网集群协调控制框架

探索了一种新型的间歇式电源运行模式与控制方法。基于现有的预测及控制技术,分析了大规模间歇式电源集群协调控制的可行性。为达到接近于常规电源调控特性的目标,指出了集群协调控制在有功功率控制、无功电压控制、安全稳定控制方面应具备的基本功能,提出了集群协调控制的基本原则,并在此基础上从时间尺度、空间粒度、功能解耦3个角度全面阐述了在制定集群协调控制策略时的基本出发点。设计了间歇式电源集群协调控制平台的整体功能结构,提出了包含机组/组件、场站、场站群、集群4层的分层分区控制体系。最后,展望了实施集群协调控制的外围支撑技术,指出"似常规电源控制"是间歇式电源集群协调控制的最终愿景。

基于有功—无功协调优化的主动配电网过电压预防控制方法

分布式发电接入配电网,可能引起过电压从而限制其并网能力。针对配电网的运行特点,文中提出了采用三相配电网模型的过电压预防控制方法。首先,采用电压对节点注入功率的三相灵敏度,分析了配电网中利用有功—无功协调控制电压的必要性;然后,基于三相模型,提出了综合调度分布式发电(DG)和无功补偿设备的优化模型。最后,采用IEEE 123节点三相标准测试系统的数值仿真表明,文中方法可以满足不对称主动配电网的运行要求,有效提高配电网消纳DG出力的能力。

静止无功补偿器与有源电力滤波器联合运行系统

提出一种具有功率因数校正、补偿负载不平衡和滤除电网谐波电流的静止无功补偿器(static var compensator,SVC)和有源电力滤波器(active power filter,APF)联合运行系统电路结构。其中,SVC由晶闸管控制电抗器(thyristor controlled reactor,TCR)及固定电容器(fastness capacitor,FC)组成,主要用来快速补偿无功,并通过对其三相不对称控制来消除电网三相不对称和负序电流;APF部分主要用来消除电网及SVC引起的谐波电流,同时抑制固定电容器与电网等效阻抗间可能的串并联谐振。在分析SVC和APF联合运行系统基本工作原理的基础上,对联合运行时的控制方法进行研究。仿真和实验结果证明了该联合运行系统的可行性。