Male mice were subjected to 6 Gy total body irradiation,20% TBSAfull-thickness burns,or combined radiation-burn injury and lipid peroxides(LPO),vita-min E,sulfhydryl group,respiratory control ratio(RCR),ADP/O ratio,an...Male mice were subjected to 6 Gy total body irradiation,20% TBSAfull-thickness burns,or combined radiation-burn injury and lipid peroxides(LPO),vita-min E,sulfhydryl group,respiratory control ratio(RCR),ADP/O ratio,and cytochromeoxidase activity of the liver mitochondria were determined in the first 9 d postinjury.Theresults are as follows:(1)LPO level increased in the early postinjury stage after combinedradiation-burn injury,on the 5th-7th day after irradiation and on the 7th day postburn.(2)Vitamin E level decreased significantly in the two groups of radiation and burn inju-ries but showed no significant decrease after combined injury.(3)The sulfhydryl groupshowed a tendency to increase in all the 3 groups.(4)The activity of cytochrome oxidaseincreased significantly on the 7th day after radiation but decreased considerably in theburn and combined injury groups.(5)RCR and ADP/O ratio decreased more significantlyin the combined injury group than in either the radiation group or the burn group.These facts suggest that the respiratory dysfunction of the liver mitochondria results mostprobably from the damage on the mitochondrial membrane due to lipid peroxidation.展开更多
The effects of pre-irradiation blood transfusion(BT)on survival rateof radiation-burn combinedly injured rats receiving bone marrow transplantation(BMT) were studied. It was found that after 9-11 Gy of radiation was g...The effects of pre-irradiation blood transfusion(BT)on survival rateof radiation-burn combinedly injured rats receiving bone marrow transplantation(BMT) were studied. It was found that after 9-11 Gy of radiation was given, the 90-daysurvival rate of the rats receiving BT(72%) and BMT was significantly higher than thatof those receiving BMT only(42%)(P<0.01).In those rats surviving over 100 days,cells of donor type could be found. In the first 30 days of surviving, the number of Tcells was significantly higher in the BMT alone group than in the group of BMT plusBT, but no difference In restoration of B cell was revealed. The findings suggest that BTcould promote the recipient's tolerance to BMT. The effects of BT on BMT are similarto those on skin grafting.展开更多
Nitric oxide formation and cyclic GMP level in the myocardium were studied in the early stage after radiation, bum andcombined radiation-bum injuries in rats. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was measured in the c...Nitric oxide formation and cyclic GMP level in the myocardium were studied in the early stage after radiation, bum andcombined radiation-bum injuries in rats. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was measured in the cytosol of the left ventricularwall. In the controls, the cytosol was found to contain mainly Ca2+ -dependent NOS (cNOS) and a small amount of Ca2+ -inden-pendent NOS (iNOS). After burn and combined radiation-burn injuries, a marked increase of iNOS activity with a peak in the 8thhour postinjury was found but the myocardial cNOS activity declined obviously. Parallel to iNOS activity increase, there was a significant increase of myocardial production of NO and cGMP. The combined effcts of radiation and burn injuries on the rats weremore severe than those of burn injury alone. All the changes could be prevented by the administration of dexamethasone. No obvious changes were observed in the rats after radiation injury alone. Since the increase of cGMP level in the heart is associated withreduced contractility, it is possible that the increased production of NO stimulated by iNOS accounts at least partially, for the depression of myocardial contractility after bum and combined radiation burn injury.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To investigate therapeutics for and the pathological basis of combined radiation and burn injuries. METHODS: Combined radiation and burn injuries on mice and rats were inflicted by gamma ray irradiation fro...OBJECTIVE: To investigate therapeutics for and the pathological basis of combined radiation and burn injuries. METHODS: Combined radiation and burn injuries on mice and rats were inflicted by gamma ray irradiation from a (60)Co source and thermal radiation from a 5 kW bromotungsten lamp. RESULTS: The dysfunction of myocardium played an important role in the development of early stage shock. Transfusion of irradiated (in vitro, 20 Gy) or stored (4 degrees C, 7 days) blood after irradiation was done to promote the success of allo-transplantation of bone marrow. Decrease of IL-4 mRNA expression was the molecular basis of depression of intestinal mucosa immune and intervention of IL-4 showed an antagonistic effect on enterogenic infection. A new lipid component extracted from burn eschar was documented for the first time and its toxic effects were elucidated. The survival rate of alloskin grafts after removal of burn eschar from the recipient animals was obviously increased in combined injury due to reduction of immune rejection activity by the radiation effect. In contrast, in animal models with simple burn, the alloskin grafts were all rejected within ten days after the procedure. A successful therapeutic result (survival rate: 92% for 30 days and 67% for 100 days) was obtained by comprehensive management of treated animals, while the untreated control animals all died within 3 - 7 days after injury. CONCLUSION: The pathogenesis of injury caused by simultaneous radiation and burn is extremely complicated and the treatment is very difficult. A comprehensive management program consisting of several therapeutic measures aimed at key links of the pathogenesis may achieve significantly improved results.展开更多
In the case of a terrorist attack by a“dirty bomb”,blast injuries,external irradiation and the incorporation of radioactivity are to be expected.Departing from information about the radiological attack scenario with...In the case of a terrorist attack by a“dirty bomb”,blast injuries,external irradiation and the incorporation of radioactivity are to be expected.Departing from information about the radiological attack scenario with cesium-137 in the U.S.National Scenario Planning Guide,we estimated the radiological doses absorbed.Similar calculations were performed for a smaller plume size and a detonation in a subway.For conditions as described in the U.S.scenario,the committed effective dose amounted to a maximum of 848 mSv,even for very unfavorable conditions.Red bone marrow equivalent doses are insufcient to induce acute radiation sickness(ARS).In the case of a smaller plume size,the ARS threshold may be exceeded in some cases.In a subway bombing,doses are much higher and the occurrence of ARS should be expected.The health hazards from a dirty bomb attack will depend on the location and the explosive device.The derived Haddon matrix indicates that preparing for such an event includes education of all the medical staff about radiation effects,the time lines of radiation damages and the treatment priorities.Further determinants of the outcome include rapid evacuation even from difficult locations,the availability of a specific triage tool to rapidly identify victims at risk for ARS,the availability of an antidote stockpile and dedicated hospital beds to treat seriously irradiated victims.展开更多
Abstract Objectives To investigate the effects of combined radiation and thermal burn injury on the survival of skin allografts and to analyze the relationship between the prolongation of allograft survival ...Abstract Objectives To investigate the effects of combined radiation and thermal burn injury on the survival of skin allografts and to analyze the relationship between the prolongation of allograft survival and the changes of immune functions of the thymocytes and splenocytes in rats. Methods Wistar rats were irradiated with 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 Gy of gamma rays. Thirty minutes after radiation, 15% TBSA Ⅲ degree burn was inflicted to the rats. Twenty four hours after the burn injury, allografts were used to cover the burn wounds. In the 8 Gy group, 1 hour before skin grafting, the bone marrow cells (4×10 8) from the same donor were also transplanted. All rats were carefully observed after injury. The rats with single radiation injury of 5 Gy gamma rays, with single burn injury and with combined radiation burn injury were killed 3, 7, 10, 15 and 30 days after skin grafting for immunological assay and pathological study. Results All the allografts in the single burn group were rejected in 10 days. In the combined injury groups, the survival rates of the allografts in rats undergoing 3 and 4 Gy radiation were 20% and 30%, respectively. In the combined injury groups undergoing 5, 6 and 8 Gy radiation, the 10 day survival rates of the allografts were 69%, 88% and 100% respectively, and the 30 day survival rates in the three groups were 36%, 42% and 100% separately. The grafted allogenic skin, with normal epithelial cells and good vascularity, healed well with the recipient's skin. Hairs grew well from the allografts 30 days after grafting. Three, 7 and 15 days after allografting, in the single burn group, the proliferative activities of the thymocytes were 90%, 185% and 130% of the preinjury level, and the antibody forming capacities of the splenocytes were 200%, 171% and 300% of the preinjury level, respectively; in the combined injury groups, the proliferative activities were 6%, 99% and 91% of the preinjury level, and the forming capacities were 2%, 36% and 90% of the preinjury level. Conclusions The survival rate of allograft in rats undergoing combined radiation and thermal burn injury rises with the increase in radiation dosage. The allograft covering single bun injury is severely rejected by immune reaction. The prolongation of the survival of allograft in combined injury group mainly results from radiation that suppresses immune functions.展开更多
Background Severe burn-blast combined injury is a great challenge to medical teams for its high mortality. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical characteristics of the injury and to present our clinical ...Background Severe burn-blast combined injury is a great challenge to medical teams for its high mortality. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical characteristics of the injury and to present our clinical experiences on the treatment of such cases.Methods Five patients with severe bum-blast combined injuries were admitted to our hospital 77 hours post-injury on June 7, 2005. The burn extent ranged from 80% to 97% （89.6%±7.2%） of TBSA （full-thickness burns 75%-92% （83.4%±7.3%））. All the patients were diagnosed as having blast injury and moderate or severe inhalation injury. Functions of the heart, liver, kidney, lung, pancreas and coagulation were observed. Autopsy samples of the heart, liver, and lungs were taken from the deceased. Comprehensive measures were taken during the treatment, including protection of organ dys function, use of antibiotics, early anticoagulant treatment, early closure of burn wounds, etc. All the data were analyzed statistically with t test.Results One patient died of septic shock 23 hours after admission （four days after injury）, the others survived. Dysfunction of the heart, liver, lungs, pancreas, and coagulation were found in all the patients on admission, and the functions were ameliorated after appropriate treatments.Conclusions Burn-blast combined injury may cause multiple organ dysfunctions, especially coagulopathy. Proper judgment of patients＇ condition, energetic anticoagulant treatment, early closure of burn wounds, rational use of antibiotics, nutritional support, intensive insulin treatment, timely and effective support and protection of organ function are the most important contributory factors in successful treatment of burn-blast combined injuries.展开更多
文摘Male mice were subjected to 6 Gy total body irradiation,20% TBSAfull-thickness burns,or combined radiation-burn injury and lipid peroxides(LPO),vita-min E,sulfhydryl group,respiratory control ratio(RCR),ADP/O ratio,and cytochromeoxidase activity of the liver mitochondria were determined in the first 9 d postinjury.Theresults are as follows:(1)LPO level increased in the early postinjury stage after combinedradiation-burn injury,on the 5th-7th day after irradiation and on the 7th day postburn.(2)Vitamin E level decreased significantly in the two groups of radiation and burn inju-ries but showed no significant decrease after combined injury.(3)The sulfhydryl groupshowed a tendency to increase in all the 3 groups.(4)The activity of cytochrome oxidaseincreased significantly on the 7th day after radiation but decreased considerably in theburn and combined injury groups.(5)RCR and ADP/O ratio decreased more significantlyin the combined injury group than in either the radiation group or the burn group.These facts suggest that the respiratory dysfunction of the liver mitochondria results mostprobably from the damage on the mitochondrial membrane due to lipid peroxidation.
文摘The effects of pre-irradiation blood transfusion(BT)on survival rateof radiation-burn combinedly injured rats receiving bone marrow transplantation(BMT) were studied. It was found that after 9-11 Gy of radiation was given, the 90-daysurvival rate of the rats receiving BT(72%) and BMT was significantly higher than thatof those receiving BMT only(42%)(P<0.01).In those rats surviving over 100 days,cells of donor type could be found. In the first 30 days of surviving, the number of Tcells was significantly higher in the BMT alone group than in the group of BMT plusBT, but no difference In restoration of B cell was revealed. The findings suggest that BTcould promote the recipient's tolerance to BMT. The effects of BT on BMT are similarto those on skin grafting.
文摘Nitric oxide formation and cyclic GMP level in the myocardium were studied in the early stage after radiation, bum andcombined radiation-bum injuries in rats. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was measured in the cytosol of the left ventricularwall. In the controls, the cytosol was found to contain mainly Ca2+ -dependent NOS (cNOS) and a small amount of Ca2+ -inden-pendent NOS (iNOS). After burn and combined radiation-burn injuries, a marked increase of iNOS activity with a peak in the 8thhour postinjury was found but the myocardial cNOS activity declined obviously. Parallel to iNOS activity increase, there was a significant increase of myocardial production of NO and cGMP. The combined effcts of radiation and burn injuries on the rats weremore severe than those of burn injury alone. All the changes could be prevented by the administration of dexamethasone. No obvious changes were observed in the rats after radiation injury alone. Since the increase of cGMP level in the heart is associated withreduced contractility, it is possible that the increased production of NO stimulated by iNOS accounts at least partially, for the depression of myocardial contractility after bum and combined radiation burn injury.
基金ThisstudywassupportedinpartbytheNationalBasicResearchandPrioritiesProgram (No G19990 5 42 0 5)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To investigate therapeutics for and the pathological basis of combined radiation and burn injuries. METHODS: Combined radiation and burn injuries on mice and rats were inflicted by gamma ray irradiation from a (60)Co source and thermal radiation from a 5 kW bromotungsten lamp. RESULTS: The dysfunction of myocardium played an important role in the development of early stage shock. Transfusion of irradiated (in vitro, 20 Gy) or stored (4 degrees C, 7 days) blood after irradiation was done to promote the success of allo-transplantation of bone marrow. Decrease of IL-4 mRNA expression was the molecular basis of depression of intestinal mucosa immune and intervention of IL-4 showed an antagonistic effect on enterogenic infection. A new lipid component extracted from burn eschar was documented for the first time and its toxic effects were elucidated. The survival rate of alloskin grafts after removal of burn eschar from the recipient animals was obviously increased in combined injury due to reduction of immune rejection activity by the radiation effect. In contrast, in animal models with simple burn, the alloskin grafts were all rejected within ten days after the procedure. A successful therapeutic result (survival rate: 92% for 30 days and 67% for 100 days) was obtained by comprehensive management of treated animals, while the untreated control animals all died within 3 - 7 days after injury. CONCLUSION: The pathogenesis of injury caused by simultaneous radiation and burn is extremely complicated and the treatment is very difficult. A comprehensive management program consisting of several therapeutic measures aimed at key links of the pathogenesis may achieve significantly improved results.
基金Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology,Neuherberg Str.1180937 Munich,Germany。
文摘In the case of a terrorist attack by a“dirty bomb”,blast injuries,external irradiation and the incorporation of radioactivity are to be expected.Departing from information about the radiological attack scenario with cesium-137 in the U.S.National Scenario Planning Guide,we estimated the radiological doses absorbed.Similar calculations were performed for a smaller plume size and a detonation in a subway.For conditions as described in the U.S.scenario,the committed effective dose amounted to a maximum of 848 mSv,even for very unfavorable conditions.Red bone marrow equivalent doses are insufcient to induce acute radiation sickness(ARS).In the case of a smaller plume size,the ARS threshold may be exceeded in some cases.In a subway bombing,doses are much higher and the occurrence of ARS should be expected.The health hazards from a dirty bomb attack will depend on the location and the explosive device.The derived Haddon matrix indicates that preparing for such an event includes education of all the medical staff about radiation effects,the time lines of radiation damages and the treatment priorities.Further determinants of the outcome include rapid evacuation even from difficult locations,the availability of a specific triage tool to rapidly identify victims at risk for ARS,the availability of an antidote stockpile and dedicated hospital beds to treat seriously irradiated victims.
文摘Abstract Objectives To investigate the effects of combined radiation and thermal burn injury on the survival of skin allografts and to analyze the relationship between the prolongation of allograft survival and the changes of immune functions of the thymocytes and splenocytes in rats. Methods Wistar rats were irradiated with 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 Gy of gamma rays. Thirty minutes after radiation, 15% TBSA Ⅲ degree burn was inflicted to the rats. Twenty four hours after the burn injury, allografts were used to cover the burn wounds. In the 8 Gy group, 1 hour before skin grafting, the bone marrow cells (4×10 8) from the same donor were also transplanted. All rats were carefully observed after injury. The rats with single radiation injury of 5 Gy gamma rays, with single burn injury and with combined radiation burn injury were killed 3, 7, 10, 15 and 30 days after skin grafting for immunological assay and pathological study. Results All the allografts in the single burn group were rejected in 10 days. In the combined injury groups, the survival rates of the allografts in rats undergoing 3 and 4 Gy radiation were 20% and 30%, respectively. In the combined injury groups undergoing 5, 6 and 8 Gy radiation, the 10 day survival rates of the allografts were 69%, 88% and 100% respectively, and the 30 day survival rates in the three groups were 36%, 42% and 100% separately. The grafted allogenic skin, with normal epithelial cells and good vascularity, healed well with the recipient's skin. Hairs grew well from the allografts 30 days after grafting. Three, 7 and 15 days after allografting, in the single burn group, the proliferative activities of the thymocytes were 90%, 185% and 130% of the preinjury level, and the antibody forming capacities of the splenocytes were 200%, 171% and 300% of the preinjury level, respectively; in the combined injury groups, the proliferative activities were 6%, 99% and 91% of the preinjury level, and the forming capacities were 2%, 36% and 90% of the preinjury level. Conclusions The survival rate of allograft in rats undergoing combined radiation and thermal burn injury rises with the increase in radiation dosage. The allograft covering single bun injury is severely rejected by immune reaction. The prolongation of the survival of allograft in combined injury group mainly results from radiation that suppresses immune functions.
基金a grant from the Eleven-fifth Research Fund of PLA(No.06Z054)
文摘Background Severe burn-blast combined injury is a great challenge to medical teams for its high mortality. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical characteristics of the injury and to present our clinical experiences on the treatment of such cases.Methods Five patients with severe bum-blast combined injuries were admitted to our hospital 77 hours post-injury on June 7, 2005. The burn extent ranged from 80% to 97% （89.6%±7.2%） of TBSA （full-thickness burns 75%-92% （83.4%±7.3%））. All the patients were diagnosed as having blast injury and moderate or severe inhalation injury. Functions of the heart, liver, kidney, lung, pancreas and coagulation were observed. Autopsy samples of the heart, liver, and lungs were taken from the deceased. Comprehensive measures were taken during the treatment, including protection of organ dys function, use of antibiotics, early anticoagulant treatment, early closure of burn wounds, etc. All the data were analyzed statistically with t test.Results One patient died of septic shock 23 hours after admission （four days after injury）, the others survived. Dysfunction of the heart, liver, lungs, pancreas, and coagulation were found in all the patients on admission, and the functions were ameliorated after appropriate treatments.Conclusions Burn-blast combined injury may cause multiple organ dysfunctions, especially coagulopathy. Proper judgment of patients＇ condition, energetic anticoagulant treatment, early closure of burn wounds, rational use of antibiotics, nutritional support, intensive insulin treatment, timely and effective support and protection of organ function are the most important contributory factors in successful treatment of burn-blast combined injuries.
