To understand the long-term effects of combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization on soil organic C(SOC) and total N(TN), we conducted a 30-year field experiment with a wheat–maize rotation system on the Hu...To understand the long-term effects of combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization on soil organic C(SOC) and total N(TN), we conducted a 30-year field experiment with a wheat–maize rotation system on the Huang-HuaiHai Plain during 1990–2019. The experimental treatments consisted of five fertilizer regimes: no fertilizer(control), chemical fertilizer only(NPK), chemical fertilizer with straw(NPKS), chemical fertilizer with manure(NPKM), and 1.5 times the rate of NPKM(1.5NPKM). The NPK, NPKS, and NPKM treatments had equal N inputs. The crop yields were measured over the whole experimental duration. Soil samples were collected from the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm) and subsoil(20–40 cm) layers for assessing soil aggregates and taking SOC and TN measurements. Compared with the NPK treatment, the SOC and TN contents increased significantly in both the topsoil(24.1–44.4% for SOC and 22.8–47.7% for TN) and subsoil layers(22.0–47.9% for SOC and 19.8–41.8% for TN) for the organically amended treatments(NPKS, NPKM and 1.5NPKM) after 30 years, while no significant differences were found for the average annual crop yields over the 30 years of the experiment. The 0–10 cm layer of the NPKS treatment and the 20–40 cm layer of the NPKM treatment had significantly higher macroaggregate fraction mass proportions(19.8 and 27.0%) than the NPK treatment. However, the 0–10 and 20–40 cm layers of the 1.5NPKM treatment had significantly lower macroaggregate fraction mass proportions(–19.2 and –29.1%) than the control. The analysis showed that the higher SOC and TN in the soil of organically amended treatments compared to the NPK treatment were related to the increases in SOC and TN protected in the stable fractions(i.e., free microaggregates and microaggregates within macroaggregates), in which the contributions of the stable fractions were 81.1–91.7% of the increase in SOC and 83.3–94.0% of the increase in TN, respectively. The relationships between average C inputs and both stable SOC and TN stocks were significantly positive with R2 values of 0.74 and 0.72(P<0.01) for the whole 40 cm soil profile, which indicates the importance of N for soil C storage. The results of our study provide key evidence that long-term combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization, while maintaining reasonable total N inputs, benefited soil C and N storage in both the topsoil and subsoil layers.展开更多
为了研究秸秆与猪粪混合物在一体化两相厌氧消化工艺中的可行性,该文研究了中温条件下,在玉米秸秆原料中添加不同比例的猪粪,对秸秆一体化两相(combined two phase)厌氧消化工艺的影响,同时研究CTP反应器中上、中、下部发酵后物料的产...为了研究秸秆与猪粪混合物在一体化两相厌氧消化工艺中的可行性,该文研究了中温条件下,在玉米秸秆原料中添加不同比例的猪粪,对秸秆一体化两相(combined two phase)厌氧消化工艺的影响,同时研究CTP反应器中上、中、下部发酵后物料的产气潜力,以解析CTP中不同部位物料的发酵情况。试验结果表明:添加猪粪可将以纯秸秆为原料的产气量从314L显著提高至500L左右,但会影响反应过程中的pH值、产气和产酸的稳定性,添加体积比为20%的猪粪更能促进发酵性能;CTP反应器不同部位产气潜力试验表明,中部产气量最低,以水解酸化过程为主,下部的产气量最高,以产甲烷过程,20%的猪粪体积添加量在满足CTP工艺要求的同时,更好地促进了两相分区,强化了CTP的优势。展开更多
基金supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-CSAL-202302 and GY2023-12-7)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-Profit Scientific Institutions, China (1610132019014)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0200101 and 2018YFD0200804)。
文摘To understand the long-term effects of combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization on soil organic C(SOC) and total N(TN), we conducted a 30-year field experiment with a wheat–maize rotation system on the Huang-HuaiHai Plain during 1990–2019. The experimental treatments consisted of five fertilizer regimes: no fertilizer(control), chemical fertilizer only(NPK), chemical fertilizer with straw(NPKS), chemical fertilizer with manure(NPKM), and 1.5 times the rate of NPKM(1.5NPKM). The NPK, NPKS, and NPKM treatments had equal N inputs. The crop yields were measured over the whole experimental duration. Soil samples were collected from the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm) and subsoil(20–40 cm) layers for assessing soil aggregates and taking SOC and TN measurements. Compared with the NPK treatment, the SOC and TN contents increased significantly in both the topsoil(24.1–44.4% for SOC and 22.8–47.7% for TN) and subsoil layers(22.0–47.9% for SOC and 19.8–41.8% for TN) for the organically amended treatments(NPKS, NPKM and 1.5NPKM) after 30 years, while no significant differences were found for the average annual crop yields over the 30 years of the experiment. The 0–10 cm layer of the NPKS treatment and the 20–40 cm layer of the NPKM treatment had significantly higher macroaggregate fraction mass proportions(19.8 and 27.0%) than the NPK treatment. However, the 0–10 and 20–40 cm layers of the 1.5NPKM treatment had significantly lower macroaggregate fraction mass proportions(–19.2 and –29.1%) than the control. The analysis showed that the higher SOC and TN in the soil of organically amended treatments compared to the NPK treatment were related to the increases in SOC and TN protected in the stable fractions(i.e., free microaggregates and microaggregates within macroaggregates), in which the contributions of the stable fractions were 81.1–91.7% of the increase in SOC and 83.3–94.0% of the increase in TN, respectively. The relationships between average C inputs and both stable SOC and TN stocks were significantly positive with R2 values of 0.74 and 0.72(P<0.01) for the whole 40 cm soil profile, which indicates the importance of N for soil C storage. The results of our study provide key evidence that long-term combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization, while maintaining reasonable total N inputs, benefited soil C and N storage in both the topsoil and subsoil layers.
文摘为了研究秸秆与猪粪混合物在一体化两相厌氧消化工艺中的可行性,该文研究了中温条件下,在玉米秸秆原料中添加不同比例的猪粪,对秸秆一体化两相(combined two phase)厌氧消化工艺的影响,同时研究CTP反应器中上、中、下部发酵后物料的产气潜力,以解析CTP中不同部位物料的发酵情况。试验结果表明:添加猪粪可将以纯秸秆为原料的产气量从314L显著提高至500L左右,但会影响反应过程中的pH值、产气和产酸的稳定性,添加体积比为20%的猪粪更能促进发酵性能;CTP反应器不同部位产气潜力试验表明,中部产气量最低,以水解酸化过程为主,下部的产气量最高,以产甲烷过程,20%的猪粪体积添加量在满足CTP工艺要求的同时,更好地促进了两相分区,强化了CTP的优势。
