Haloperidol-induced dyskinesia has been linked to a reduction in dopamine activity characterized by the inhibition of dopamine receptive sites on D2-receptor (D2R). As a result of D2R inhibition, calcium-linked neural...Haloperidol-induced dyskinesia has been linked to a reduction in dopamine activity characterized by the inhibition of dopamine receptive sites on D2-receptor (D2R). As a result of D2R inhibition, calcium-linked neural activity is affected and seen as a decline in mo-tor-cognitive function after prolonged haloperidol use in the treatment of psychotic disorders. In this study, we have elucidated the relationship between haloperidol-induced tardive dyskinesia and the neural activity in motor cortex (M1), basal nucleus (CPu), prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (CA1). Also, we explored the role of Vitamin D3 receptor (VD3R) activation as a therapeutic target in improving motor-cognitive functions in dyskinetic mice. Dyskinesia was induced in adult BALB/c mice after 28 days of haloperidol treatment (10 mg/Kg;intraperitoneal). We established the presence of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in the haloperidol treated mice (-D2) through assessment of the threshold and amplitude of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) for the Limbs (Li) and Orolingual (Ol) area (Li and Ol AIMs). As a confirmatory test, the dyskinetic mice (-D2) showed high global AIMs score when compared with the VD3RA intervention group (-D2/+VDR) for Li and Ol AIMs. Furthermore, in the behavioral tests, the dyskinetic mice exhibited a decrease in latency of fall (LOF;Rotarod-P 2/+VDR), 100 mg/Kg for 7 days, CPu-CA1 burst activity was restored leading to a decrease in abnormal movement, and an increase in motor function. Ultimately, we deduced that VD3RA activation reduced the threshold of abnormal movement in haloperidol induced dyskinesia.展开更多
Using a sample of 126 firms in Chinese IT industry, we developed an empirical model which tests the impact of R＆D investment and employee involvement （El） on innovation commercialization. The results showed that th...Using a sample of 126 firms in Chinese IT industry, we developed an empirical model which tests the impact of R＆D investment and employee involvement （El） on innovation commercialization. The results showed that the expenditure of R＆D has a positive effect on performance of innovation commercialization, while the number of R＆D staff has trivial impact on that. The results also revealed that E1 has no direct effect on commercialization performance, but plays a moderating role in the effect of R＆D investment on commercialization of innovation. More specifically, the R＆D expenditure of a finn with high involvement system has a less positive impact on the number of new products, but a more positive effect on the profit of new products.展开更多
文摘Haloperidol-induced dyskinesia has been linked to a reduction in dopamine activity characterized by the inhibition of dopamine receptive sites on D2-receptor (D2R). As a result of D2R inhibition, calcium-linked neural activity is affected and seen as a decline in mo-tor-cognitive function after prolonged haloperidol use in the treatment of psychotic disorders. In this study, we have elucidated the relationship between haloperidol-induced tardive dyskinesia and the neural activity in motor cortex (M1), basal nucleus (CPu), prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (CA1). Also, we explored the role of Vitamin D3 receptor (VD3R) activation as a therapeutic target in improving motor-cognitive functions in dyskinetic mice. Dyskinesia was induced in adult BALB/c mice after 28 days of haloperidol treatment (10 mg/Kg;intraperitoneal). We established the presence of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in the haloperidol treated mice (-D2) through assessment of the threshold and amplitude of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) for the Limbs (Li) and Orolingual (Ol) area (Li and Ol AIMs). As a confirmatory test, the dyskinetic mice (-D2) showed high global AIMs score when compared with the VD3RA intervention group (-D2/+VDR) for Li and Ol AIMs. Furthermore, in the behavioral tests, the dyskinetic mice exhibited a decrease in latency of fall (LOF;Rotarod-P 2/+VDR), 100 mg/Kg for 7 days, CPu-CA1 burst activity was restored leading to a decrease in abnormal movement, and an increase in motor function. Ultimately, we deduced that VD3RA activation reduced the threshold of abnormal movement in haloperidol induced dyskinesia.
文摘Using a sample of 126 firms in Chinese IT industry, we developed an empirical model which tests the impact of R＆D investment and employee involvement （El） on innovation commercialization. The results showed that the expenditure of R＆D has a positive effect on performance of innovation commercialization, while the number of R＆D staff has trivial impact on that. The results also revealed that E1 has no direct effect on commercialization performance, but plays a moderating role in the effect of R＆D investment on commercialization of innovation. More specifically, the R＆D expenditure of a finn with high involvement system has a less positive impact on the number of new products, but a more positive effect on the profit of new products.
