Effect of building energy efficiency standards on carbon emission efficiency in commercial buildings

The building sector plays a crucial role in the worldwide shift toward achieving net-zero emissions.Building energy efficiency standards(BEESs)are highly effective policies for reducing carbon emissions.Therefore,exploring the provincial variations in carbon emission efficiency(CEE)in the building sector and identifying the effect of BEESs on CEE is crucial.This study focuses on commercial buildings in China and applies a difference in differences model to evaluate the impact of BEESs on the CEE of commercial buildings.The slacks-based measure–data envelopment analysis model is employed to assess the CEE of commercial buildings in 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2019.Furthermore,heterogeneous tests are used to explore how climate characteristics and economic conditions affect the efficiency of BEESs.The results indicate that BEESs positively influence the CEE of commercial buildings.Specifically,a 1%increase in the intensity of BEESs causes a 0.1484%increase in the CEE of commercial buildings.Moreover,the impact of BEESs is particularly pronounced in the southern and western provinces.This study provides valuable scientific evidence for governments to enhance BEESs implementation.

Modeling the energy retrofit decision in commercial office buildings

Retrofitting existing buildings has emerged as a primary strategy for reducing energy use and carbon emissions, both nationally and in cities. Despite the increasing awareness of retrofitting opportunities and a growing portfolio of successful case studies, little is known about the decision-making processes of building owners and asset managers with respect to energy efficiency investments. Specifically, the research presented here examines the effects of ownership type, tenant demand, and real estate market location on building energy retrofit decisions in the commercial office sector. This paper uses an original, detailed survey of asset managers of 763 office buildings in nineteen cities sampled from the CBRE, Inc. portfolio. Controlling for various building characteristics, the results demonstrate that ownership type and local market do, in fact, influence the retrofit decision.Overall, this analysis provides new evidence for the importance of understanding ownership type and the varying motivations of differing types of owners in building energy efficiency investment decisions. The findings of both the survey analysis and the predictive model demonstrate additional support for the targeting of energy efficiency incentives and outreach based on ownership entity, local market conditions, and specific physical building characteristics.

Light Environment Analysis and Design Strategies of Large Commercial Buildings-A Case Study in Harbin

This paper presents a comprehensive survey for the situation of light environment in large commercial building through architecture design information,subjective and objective fieldwork and online survey for three typical commercial building forms( centralized form, covered mall shopping center, lifestyle center).Descriptive method is used for statistical analysis which includes the evaluation of light environmental quality,subjective assessment among daylight and artificial illumination,effect of physical characteristics on subjective assessment of light environment. Based on the results of statistical analysis,the improving strategies for light environment are proposed in terms of making use of daylight,artificial lighting design and improvement of the overall light environmental quality. The design strategies which based on the consumer needs is very important can provide help for further impact prediction on the quality of light environment.

The Problematic Build-pollution and Its Architectural Impact beyond the Architectural Uprising in Jordan （Case Study： Housing ＆ Commercial Buildings of Amman City）

By the adoption of architecture as a means for communication and discourse between the architect and the recipient, yet current arguments took the conscious of local architect away from the uniqueness and the concerns of the society, as well. It also dominated its creative and educational capabilities through making him distracted in formal non-rational overestimated compositions without dealing with the concerns and needs of the society and sympathize with its affection that led to the appearance of an intellectual crisis resulted from the loss of design strategy in the current trends among some Jordanian architects. As such, not only substantial amount of the leading architectural intellect had deteriorated to formal practices but also it took another approach, becoming incomplete intellectual isolation practicing an overestimated architecture that satisfies free markets requirements which appeared along with the globalization economy. This study attempts to comparatively investigate the variation in some architectural practices as a methodology based on design readings of the previous issues which were characterized of architectural uniqueness and current issues that lack of the existing intellectual references.

On the Teaching of Interior Design for Commercial Buildings in the Age of Experience Economy

The coming of the experience economy time not only brings huge challenge to traditional commercial space design, but also makes new demand on university commercial building intenor design- course teaching. Expenencmg construction is considered, as an important content in the teaching process to obtain better teaching objectives by means of design thought of ＂theme setting-physical manifestation- emotional experience＂, and assist students to set up design approach adjust to the new market demand.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BOMA BESt AND LEED CANADA EB:O&M IN GREENING COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

LEED Canada for Existing Buildings:Operations and Maintenance(LEED Canada EB:O&M)and Building Owners and Managers Association’s Building Environmental Standards(BOMA BESt)are complex green rating systems that offer owners,managers,consultants,and tenants distinct value propositions for existing buildings.Upon close examination,significant variations between the systems are evident in certification process,cost,rigor,engagement,marketing,accessibility,transparency,management,and program philosophy.Despite the many differences between the systems,they are often seen to be complementary programs and are sometimes used in tandem for the same building.This paper reports on a survey of the industry perceptions of the value and strengths of the LEED Canada EB:O&M and BOMA BESt rating systems with respect to the above criteria.As a result of the fundamentally different nature of the programs,preferences for LEED Canada EB:O&M and BOMA BESt are determined by stakeholder values and the programs are used for a variety of reasons.

IMPACT OF RETROFITTING ENERGY-EFFICIENT DESIGN STRATEGIES ON ENERGY USE OF EXISTING COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS:COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LOW-IMPACT AND DEEP RETROFIT STRATEGIES

This article discusses cnergy-ficicnt rtfitting design strategics for commercial office buildings,and cxamincs thcir ffect on energy consumption.The objective of the rescarch was to study how to intcgrate passive design stratcgics and cnergy-efficient building systems to improve building performancc,and reduce the cncrgy consumption of existing buildings in three different climate types(cold,mixed and hot climates).First,propertics of existing buildings were analyzed based on national CBECS database to detcrminc typical charactcristics of office buildings located in Chicago,Baltimore and Phoenix,including size,building envelope treatment and building systems.Then,fourteen diffrent prototypes were developed,varying the building shape and orientation to represent different building stock,and cncrgy modcling was conducted to cstablish energy usage baselinc.Multiplc design con-sidcrations were investigated bascd on cxtensivc cncrgy simulations and modeling;where low-impact and decp retrofits were considered.Low-impact stratcgics included improvements to the building cnvelope,lighting systems and optimization of HVAC systems opcration(without upgrading heating and cooling cquipment).Decp cnergy rctrofits also included improvements to building envclopc and lighting,and con-sidered changcs and improvements to HVAC systems(spccifically,integration of radiant systcms).Energy modeling was conducted for all prototypes,and results were obtained for the bascline(current energy usagc),and energy usage considering low-impact design stratcgics and decp rctrofts.A total of 126 cnergy modcls was devcloped,simulated and analyzed,providing a dataset that captured cnergy usage for investigated scenarios.The comparative analysis of simulation results was used to determine how specific techniqucs lead to energy savings in different climatc types,as well as for buildings of various shapes and oricntations.

Investigation and analysis on indoor air quality of large commercial office building in summer

To study the indoor air qualities（IAQ）of large commercial office buildings in Hunan province of China and the corresponding improvement methods,the IAQ of a large commercial office building in Changsha in July,2008,is investigated.A questionnaire survey and field tests are used to collect data.According to the data of twelve rooms in this building,objective evaluation and the subjective evaluation of the IAQ are obtained.Almost all of the environmental parameters in these rooms basically meet the standards of the objective evaluation.But the average concentration of carbon dioxide in most rooms cannot reach the value of the cleanliness standards,1 255 mg/m^3.The average acceptability of the IAQ in these rooms is 71%,which is lower than the value of the ASHRAE 55—1992 standards,80%.The proper increase in the wind speed and the indoor fresh air supply can greatly improve the objective evaluation and the subjective evaluation of the IAQ.

Commercial Building Containing Generation Sources: A Technical and Economic Assessment and Its Potential to Participate in Demand Response Programs

The interest on studying the impact of demand response is growing, especially on residential and commercial buildings which are responsible for a considerable consumption of energy worldwide. Also, it is virtually unquestionable that in most of these buildings there is a waste of energy, mainly electrical and thermal energy. In this context, the establishment of intelligent networks in these buildings, as well as the use of small or even medium-sized renewable sources of power can significantly contribute to the reduction and preservation of power. In this article, the results of the simulations carried out in a specific simulation program to evaluate the benefits brought by the installation of some local sources of power on a commercial building are presented. It is evaluated the impact on some of the economic variables linked to that system as well as compared its greenhouse gas emissions for the conditions with and without the presence of the local generation. It will also evaluate the building’s response towards the utility requirements, mainly the possibility to reduce or partially compensate the energy consumed, commonly referred to as Demand Response.

Groundbreaking Ceremony for the Building of Informationε-Commercial Center of Textileε-Clothing China

A new textile commercial center is being built in Hangzhou, capital city of Zhejiang province. The groundbreaking on April 20th was more ceremonious for this event than it was many a time before, as the project marks the shift for an innovation-led direction in this world’s largest textile province.

Urban Public Spaces and Design of Historical and Cultural Buildings——Series II of Urban Public Space Design

This paper summarized concept and role of urban public space, highlighted its role in emotional exchange, cultural exchange, and business communication, and the significance of showing inside image of the city in terms of morality and residents' quality. Combining with design of historical and cultural buildings, the paper explored the forms of historical and cultural buildings in urban public spaces from the perspectives of administration square, religious square, cultural square and commercial street, so as to design "human-concerned" urban public spaces that meet human needs and reflect personality of the city.

An Innovative Architectural Strategy for the Integration of Energy Issues into the Design Process of a Commercial Center in Switzerland

In a context of growing efforts to develop sustainability strategies, energy-related issues occupy central stage in the built environment. Thus, the energy performance of housings has improved radically over the past decades. Yet other types of buildings, in particular commercial centers, haven’t received the same level of interest. As a result, there is a need for effective and practical measures to decrease their energy consumption, both for heating and electricity. The objective of the paper is to demonstrate that it is possible, through coherent strategies, to integrate energy issues and bioclimatic principles into the design process of commercial centers. It analyzes the exemplary case study of Marin Commercial Center (Switzerland). The interdisciplinary approach, based on integrated design strategies, aimed at increasing the energy efficiency while keeping the cost comparable to the market cost. The main design principles include natural ventilation, nighttime cooling with energy recovery and natural lighting, as well as optimization of mechanical systems. The results of the simulations show that Marin Center attains the best energy performance observed so far among Swiss commercial centers. It also meets the Swiss Minergie standard. The paper thus questions traditional design processes and outlines the need for interdisciplinary evaluation and monitoring approaches tailored for commercial centers. Even though most crucial decisions are taken during the early stages, all phases of the process require systematic optimization strategies, especially operating stages. Recommendations include legal measures, in particular in the fields of ventilation and air-conditioning, education, professional development and technology transfer, and financial incentives for the replacement of energy intensive installations.

Modern Hotel Buildings in Guangzhou

Hotel buildings as important components of modern commercial buildings in Guangzhou City were originated from foreign hotel buildings, and urged the transition of national hotels to western advanced hotel buildings by applying western architectural styles, architectural science and management. This paper sorted out the development history of modern hotel buildings in Guangzhou City, summarized the features to provide references for the development of modern hotel buildings and protection and research of antique hotel buildings in Guangzhou.

Impact of COVID-19 on the energy consumption of commercial buildings:A case study in Singapore

Numerous studies have demonstrated that commercial activities have significantly reduced during COVID-19,while there are few studies disclosing the consequent impacts on the energy consumption of commercial build-ings.This study explores the changes in energy consumption of different types of commercial buildings in Sin-gapore under the impact of the pandemic,using commercial building energy performance data from 2017 to 2020(n=540).The sampled buildings include 93 hotel buildings,303 office buildings,106 retail buildings,and 38 mixed developments.The analysis mainly used linear regression and paired sample t-test.The results showed that relative to 2019,the mean energy use intensity(EUI)of sampled commercial buildings decreased by 56.77 kWh/m^(2)in the pandemic year(2020),a plunge of 19.9%.The extent to which the EUI of each type of commercial building is affected by the pandemic is found as:mixed development>retail>office>hotel.The study also identi-fied the factors that significantly influenced the EUI of commercial buildings before and during the pandemic.The results of the study complement existing knowledge about the factors influencing energy consumption in com-mercial buildings by considering the impact of the pandemic and furthermore contribute to the improvement of energy management in commercial buildings by providing directions for building energy efficiency approaches.

A method to predict cooling load of large commercial buildings based on weather forecast and internal occupancy

Considering the fact that customers of large commercial buildings have the characteristics of the higher density and randomness, this paper presented an air- conditioning cooling load prediction method based on weather forecast and internal occupancy density. The multiple linear feedback regression model was applied to predict, with precision, the air conditioning cooling load. Case analysis showed that the largest mean relative error of hourly and the daily predicting cooling load maximum were 18.1% and 5.14%, respectively.

Trends,benefits,risks,and challenges of IoT implementation in residential and commercial buildings

Residential and commercial buildings are undergoing a dramatic change,and the Internet of Things(IoT)tech-nologies are shaping the future of these buildings.Researchers have recently utilized IoT in a variety of applica-tions and settings to transfer conventional buildings into smart,efficient,and secure buildings.While functional IoT approaches have been developed,there is still a need for improvement in IoT applications and operations to understand the full potential of this technology.This improvement can properly be done by bridging the gaps of the current literature to provide a building block for future studies.The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of research work on the existing technologies and applications of IoT in residential and commercial buildings.For residential buildings,studies are divided to three major categories of home automa-tion,intelligent energy management systems,and healthcare facilities.For commercial buildings,the current literature is divided to four categories of office buildings,healthcare facilities,educational buildings,and restau-rants and retail facilities.Based on the review of each category,the trends,current benefits and risks,and future challenges of the IoT implementation in the built environments are identified and discussed.In particular,in-tegration of various IoT technologies with different capabilities,data storage and processing,and privacy and security risks are identified as the main challenges for IoT implementation.In addition,our results show that the commercial building sector has received more attention compared to the residential building sector.By providing the directions for future research opportunities,this paper benefits IoT developers and researchers to properly identify their work boundaries and define their contributions.

基于DEMATEL-ISM的商业建筑节能减排影响因素分析

随着国家政策不断助推建筑低碳发展,商业建筑作为建筑业的重要组成部分,其节能减排潜力巨大。为探究影响商业建筑碳减排的关键驱动因素,实现商业建筑节能减排,通过文献综述和专家访谈,提取商业建筑节能减排影响因素并确定影响程度。运用DEMATEL-ISM方法计算各因素之间的影响度和受影响度,并构建因素间的因果关系图。从全生命周期角度指出商业建筑的节能减排路径并提出相应减排措施。

商品房预售款监管难的民法回应

商品房预售款被房地产开发企业挪作他用是我国频现楼盘停工烂尾的最主要原因,为了保护广大购房人的权益,必须解决商品房预售款监管难的问题。就我国当前所采用的商品房预售款监管模式,无论是政府行政部门主导型的还是专用账户开立银行主导型,由于地方政府和监管银行与作为被监管者的房地产开发企业的利益交织在一起,很难真正为了购房人的利益严格监管,导致监管失灵。为了使商品房预售款监管发挥预期的效果,必须由预售款出缴者的购房人参与并主导其监管。预售款依规定必须缴存于独立的商品房建设项目专用账户,根据民法的交付理论尚未移转占有给房地产开发企业,故应由购房人作为预售款的所有人来签订监管协议。通过明确购房人、开户银行和房地产开发企业各方的权利、义务和民事责任,构建起能切实保护购房人权益的商品房预售款监管制度。

晋东南高都镇村庙对乡村聚落的整合作用

城镇化进程中,乡村聚落人居空间环境与社会环境发展失衡,乡村聚落正面临“失活消亡”的问题。对此,以晋城市高都镇村庙建筑为研究对象,探究村庙建筑与乡村聚落商业空间的关系,得出村庙建筑对传统乡村聚落的地域空间和商业空间两方面存在物质性和精神性的双重整合作用;村庙建筑等公共空间既是乡村聚落人居空间环境的物质核心,也是乡土社会商业行为的物质载体。

胶澳商埠公立通俗图书馆旧址巡礼

青岛市图书馆前身为胶澳商埠公立通俗图书馆,其旧址位于青岛市莒县路2号。馆舍曾是德据时期毛利公司公寓楼,非专门图书馆建筑,建筑风格为欧式,2020年被列入青岛市历史建筑保护名录。它是继胶澳地区图书馆(1898年)、尊孔文社藏书楼(1914年)之后,于1924年成立的向市民开放、提供普及读物服务的城市公共图书馆。胶澳商埠公立通俗图书馆(包括改称青岛市立图书馆后),在开办流动书车、建立巡回文库、设立平民夜校等方面做了大量工作,为民国时期图书馆主动式服务树立了良好范例。