Security Vulnerability Analyses of Large Language Models (LLMs) through Extension of the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) Framework

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tasks, becoming an integral part of various applications in society, including text generation, translation, summarization, and more. However, their widespread usage emphasizes the critical need to enhance their security posture to ensure the integrity and reliability of their outputs and minimize harmful effects. Prompt injections and training data poisoning attacks are two of the most prominent vulnerabilities in LLMs, which could potentially lead to unpredictable and undesirable behaviors, such as biased outputs, misinformation propagation, and even malicious content generation. The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) framework provides a standardized approach to capturing the principal characteristics of vulnerabilities, facilitating a deeper understanding of their severity within the security and AI communities. By extending the current CVSS framework, we generate scores for these vulnerabilities such that organizations can prioritize mitigation efforts, allocate resources effectively, and implement targeted security measures to defend against potential risks.

Fostering Chinese National Unity:Advocating the National Common Language and Writing System for Heightened Community Awareness

The promotion of the national common language and writing system stands as a cornerstone in cultivating a sense of community among the Chinese nation.The national common language and writing system,serving as a potent vehicle for cultural dissemination and linguistic communication,acts as a crucial bridge fostering unity,mutual support,cultural exchange,and cohesion among diverse ethnic groups.Its widespread promotion not only reinforces the cohesion of the Chinese nation but also plays a pivotal role in fortifying national and cultural identity.The advocacy and dissemination of the national common language and writing system contribute significantly to enhancing the sense of community within the Chinese nation.This concerted effort serves as an internal driving force,creating a positive feedback loop that strengthens both national identity and the cultural bonds shared by the Chinese people.The reciprocal relationship between the promotion and popularization of the national common language and writing system reinforces a mutual sense of assistance and reciprocity.This bidirectional dynamic propels a synergistic interplay,fostering a beneficial cycle in the promotion and widespread adoption of the national common language and writing system.In essence,the promotion and popularization of the national common language and writing system not only contribute to its advancement but also serve to deepen the sense of community within the Chinese nation.This reciprocal interaction between the two elements establishes a robust foundation for nurturing a strong and cohesive Chinese community.

Application of Recursive Query on Structured Query Language Server

The advantage of recursive programming is that it is very easy to write and it only requires very few lines of code if done correctly.Structured query language(SQL)is a database language and is used to manipulate data.In Microsoft SQL Server 2000,recursive queries are implemented to retrieve data which is presented in a hierarchical format,but this way has its disadvantages.Common table expression(CTE)construction introduced in Microsoft SQL Server 2005 provides the significant advantage of being able to reference itself to create a recursive CTE.Hierarchical data structures,organizational charts and other parent-child table relationship reports can easily benefit from the use of recursive CTEs.The recursive query is illustrated and implemented on some simple hierarchical data.In addition,one business case study is brought forward and the solution using recursive query based on CTE is shown.At the same time,stored procedures are programmed to do the recursion in SQL.Test results show that recursive queries based on CTEs bring us the chance to create much more complex queries while retaining a much simpler syntax.

Common Innovations in Sino-Tibetan Languages

To establish a classification on the basis of genetic linguistics requires two indispensible conditions: common retention, including cognate lexical retention and cognate morphological retention, and common innovation in a language group. The first condition is primary, and is the motivation for classification and the evidence of a genetic relationship. The second condition is secondary and supportive, and is the feature,approach and sign of a language group. This article focuses on common innovations in the Sino-Tibetan language family. Tone, voiceless aspirated stops, affricates, classifiers, noun prefixes for kinship and overlap are six common innovations that are proposed for defining the Sino-Tibetan language family.

自己的路自己走——评《Customizing the Microsoft．NET Framework Common Language Runtime》

.NET Framework的核心是CLR。由于参考数据不齐全，我们很难轻易地得知CLR的全部细节，仅能透过Jeffrey Richter的《Applied Microsoft．NET Framework Programming》、Don Box的《Essential．NET，Volume I：The Common Language Runtime》、David Stutz／Ted Neward／Geoff Shilling的《Shared Source CLI Essentials》，

The Conceptual Transformation of“National Language”and the Initial Construction of National Common Language at the End of Qing Dynasty

At the end of Qing Dynasty(1864-1911),the traditional concept of"national language"underwent a modern transformation,which began to refer to the common language of the nation-state.This conceptual change was stimulated by both Japanese thought and practice.The construction of the national common language formally started with the promulgation and implementation of the"Gui-Mao school system,"accelerated by the opening of the preparatory constitution,and began in its early practice through the enactment of the Statutes for the Establishment of Schools in the Mongolian,Tibetan and Hui Areas and the Decision of the Central Educational Conference of the Ministry of Education on the Unification of the State Language.This construction was always led by the court,jointly promoted by people from the government and the folk,and Manchu,Mongolian,and Han officials inclining the new.It not only can be regarded as one of the important contents of the New Deal and Constitutional Movement at the end of Qing Dynasty that has been neglected,but also the result of the long-term implementation of the official language by the Qing court and the increasing role of the Chinese language in the country's domestic and foreign affairs.It had an important impact on the emergence and early development of the consciousness of the modern Chinese nation.

A study on needs analysis of learners of Turkish language

This paper reports a small-scale study of needs analysis of leamers of Turkish as a foreign language at University of Florida. Needs analysis is described in the context of foreign language learning as ＂a systematic and ongoing process of gathering information about students＇ needs and preferences, interpreting the information and then making course decisions in order to meet those needs＂ （Graves, 2000, p. 74）. Because foreign language instruction has become much more learner-centered in recent years, needs analysis is a must for effective learning processes to occur （LONG, 1999, 2005; Kikuchi ＆ Apple, 2006）. In this context, the purpose of this pilot study is to gather information about the students＇ needs in learning Turkish at Center for European Studies, where less commonly taught languages, including Czech, Greek, Hungarian and Polish are offered. Drawing on interview data compiled from a number of studies （Tarone ＆ Yule, 1989; LI ＆ Richards, 1995）, the findings indicate that the students＇ needs may be grouped under four categories including their linguistic needs, their objectives in learning Turkish, learning resources, psychological and sociological factors that may impact their learning experiences. In the light of the interview findings, certain suggestions as to how to teach Turkish effectively are made.

西部民族地区理科教育高质量发展面临的挑战与应对——基于文化生态理论的视角

推进民族地区教育高质量发展是“十四五”时期我国教育事业发展的客观要求。进入新时代,西部民族地区理科教育发展中面临着诸多挑战,如学生的国家通用语言文字能力依然较弱,理科教师的培养与补充机制还不健全,传统民族教育体系的局限性日益凸显,理科教育文化生态失衡等。为此,提出推进西部民族地区理科教育高质量发展的几项对策:全面提升学生的国家通用语言文字能力,充分发挥国家通用语言文字在理科学习中的基础作用;建立理科教师培养与补充的长效机制;全面推进国家统编理科教材的使用;改革民族地区复杂多样的高考招生模式,向以国家通用语言文字考试为主的高考模式过渡;促进智能教育与理科教育的深度融合;创新理科教学方式,激发学生的科学学习热情。

辽宁省大学生语言文字应用能力调查研究

本研究对辽宁省大学生语言文字应用的普遍水平与现实情况进行测试及调查,得出当前大学生语言文字应用能力的现存问题及主要原因。结果表明,提高大学生语言文字应用能力仍需高校在强化语言文字教育、主动融入推普社会实践、探索新型数字赋能举措等方面做出努力。

论海峡两岸语言对比研究中的融合取向

两岸语言融合趋势日益明显,但相关研究滞后问题十分突出,对其进行系统深入研究的必要性和急迫性愈发凸显。首先对近年来海峡两岸的语言融合研究进行回顾与总结,其中,语言事实的发掘涉及共时与历时两个维度,理论研究的进展体现在对融合度及其他相关理论的思考及探索上。在已有研究的基础上,探讨如何进一步深化海峡两岸的语言融合研究。不仅明确对两岸语言融合研究的应有认识,而且从事实和理论两个方面进行初步探讨。在事实发掘方面,既要进行拓展研究,横向拓展研究范围、纵向拓展历时考察,又要进行深化研究,深入挖掘融合事实。在理论探索方面,取精用宏,博采众长,同时立足语言事实,锐意创新,不断完善和发展相关理论体系。

新时代背景下高职公共外语课程思政教学改革的价值、困境与对策

新时代对公共外语课程思政建设提出了新的要求,本文分析了新时代公共外语课程思政教学改革的实践价值,对目前公共外语课程思政教学存在的课程思政元素缺乏时效性、教学模式缺乏多样性、与思政课程缺乏紧密衔接等困境进行梳理,明确改革应遵循顶层统筹与精准培养相统一、显性教育与隐性教育相融合、教学实践与质量评价相结合的原则,并有针对性地提出树立新时代师资队伍的意识自觉;丰富育人渠道提升育人实效;构建科学育人评价标尺;建立公共外语课程思政协同育人体系的改革对策。

从“封闭”走向“融合”:新时代民族学校体系变革的路向

推进民族学校体系变革是新时代民族地区基础教育高质量发展的客观要求。新中国成立以来,民族学校大致经历了“初创与形成、恢复与发展、改革与深化、完善与提升”四个发展时期。当前,民族学校发展中还面临一些挑战,如封闭的民族教育体系不利于多元化高质量人才的培养,闭环的学校空间格局造成青少年“族内聚集、族外隔离”的现象,孤立的民族学校体制加剧了其与普通学校的差距等。进入新时代,亟须建立高度“开放、融合”的教育体系,促进民族学校融入国家统一的教育体系;在尊重历史、尊重公众情感的基础上,分层推进“民汉合校”;以“增进共同性,尊重和包容差异性”为原则,拓宽各民族青少年交往交流的广度与深度;实施“公平、精准”取向的教育差别化支持政策,全面推进民族教育高质量发展。

全面加强国家通用语言文字教育教学背景下的“大学语文”课程建设研究

在全面加强国家通用语言文字教育教学背景下,“大学语文”的课程建设必须系统研究和探索面向语言文字应用能力的大学语文知识体系,明确“大学语文”课程的教学内容,课程内容应包含中华经典作品解读、口语表达练习、普通话和规范汉字训练三部分。同时,“大学语文”的课程建设必须关注语文教师,提升教师语言文字教学能力。教师应熟悉党和国家语言文字方针政策及相关法律法规,能够将推广普及国家通用语言文字与传承弘扬中华优秀语言文化有机融入课程思政。

统编《语文》教材助力国家通用语言文字教育:挑战、困境和新征程

在民族地区中小学使用国家统编教材,是党中央作出的关于加强民族地区国家通用语言文字教育的重大决策部署。根据国家教材政策,民族地区中小学校全面推行使用三科统编教材,逐步实现与全国接轨。但由于历史发展、经济水平、教育基础等方面的原因,在新旧教材过渡时期,统编版教材在民族地区的推行使用必然遇到较大挑战和诸多问题。深入基层、深入学校、深入一线、深入师生,才能了解教材使用的实际问题。以“课堂观察”为主线,主要采用“看、听、评、引”四面一体的研究策略,及时调研统编版《语文》教材在民族地区中小学教学实践中的使用成效、现实困境和现实需求,进而探索解决策略,并付诸行动,提出针对性建议,从而尽快提高教材的推行力度和使用质量,不断提升民族地区学校国家通用语言文字应用水平。

如何测试ChatGPT的语义理解与常识推理水平?——兼谈大语言模型时代语言学的挑战与机会

ChatGPT等大语言模型在语义理解和常识推理方面表现优秀,其技术奥秘在于模型开发者在对词语进行向量表示时,遵循分布式语义学原理,采用了“嵌入”这种代数方法。但是,经典的测试语言运用等智能水平的“图灵测试”,难以识别欺骗和回避等作弊手段,因此,计算机科学家设计了“新图灵测试”,其中的威诺格拉德模式挑战与语言学关系密切。这一模式以代词消歧为测试点设计句子对和问题,但是经过大规模语料训练的语言模型可以凭借词汇上的统计相关性,而不是靠真正理解句子的意义来给出正确答案。为克服这一缺陷,学者们又发展出WinoGrande数据集,提高了数据的规模和难度,确保它们无法通过网络搜索等手段来得到正确答案。我们用威诺格拉德模式设计了无偏向双重句子对测试ChatGPT,展示了大语言模型在语义理解和常识推理方面已达到接近人类的水平。当然,从具身模拟假说来看,大语言模型不可能像人一样富有体验性地理解人类自然语言。最后,我们呼吁:语言学家应该积极参与构建WinoGrade测试集之类的工作,在人工智能时代扩展自身的学术研究领域。

学校教育在铸牢中华民族共同体意识中的价值及其实现

铸牢中华民族共同体意识是新时代党的民族工作的主线和学校教育的着力点。学校教育在共同语言、共同交往空间、民族情感记忆、资源供给等方面为铸牢中华民族共同体意识赋能,其既为各族师生广泛开展交往交流交融营造了共同场域,又在厚植中华民族情感方面具有不可替代的重要作用。然而,当前铸牢中华民族共同体意识的学校教育实践存在推广普及国家通用语言文字不平衡不充分、教育互动方式不够多样、教学研究深度不够、教育资源配置失衡等现实困境。学校教育在铸牢中华民族共同体意识中的价值实现路径中,要坚持学校作为国家通用语言文字教育基础阵地,以语言相通促进心灵相通、命运相通;拓展学校教育互动方式,构筑各族师生广泛交往交流交融的广阔平台;加强中华民族共同体意识教育,以增强民族情感巩固中华民族共有集体记忆;扩大学校教育资源共享,夯实凝聚中华民族向心力的物质基础和精神力量。

青海农牧区幼儿国家通用语言口语发展研究

在国家大力推广普通话及民族地区学前儿童国家通用语言亟需提升现实需求下,采用多彩光谱中的故事板语言评估项目评测青海农牧区在园幼儿国家通用语言发展状况。结果发现:幼儿入园后在国家通用语言口语有显著提高,但存在各方面发展不均衡的特点,5~6岁发展最为迅速;社区因素、语言环境、家庭与语言背景均与幼儿国家通用语言口语发展显著相关,其中同伴对对幼儿国家通用语言口语表达水平有显著影响。

国家通用语言在铸牢中华民族共同体意识中的功能分析——以普通话宣传周主题为例

国家通用语言在促进各民族交往交流交融、塑造公民国家认同等方面发挥了重要作用。自1998年开始设立的全国推广普通话宣传周是我国推广普及国家通用语言的有力举措之一。历年推普周主题鲜明、意义深刻,推广主题可以分为促进语言文字规范化、传承优秀传统文化、聚焦国家发展战略等,这些主题折射出文化及社会的变迁,反映出国家通用语言在铸牢中华民族共同体意识行动中的意义和价值。国家通用语言不仅能够促进文化的传承与交流,更能增强公民的国家认同感。推普周的主题是多种功能的概括性表达,通过对推普周主题开展类别化分析,有助于我们更好地认知、促进国家通用语言的推广和普及工作,更好地服务于中华民族共同体建设。

文化语言学与国家通用语言文字推广普及

文章概括了20世纪80-90年代文化语言学对汉语汉字文化属性探索的意义和特点,总结了百余年间我国语文现代化中“汉语拼音方案”的研制与推行、汉字的规范化标准化、通用语言文字的推广普及等三大任务的历史过程,论述了党的十八大以来对推广国家通用语言文字的重视与布局,以期更深刻地学习领会习近平总书记的文化理论,了解“汉语汉字是中华文化的根脉与维系”“强国需要强语、强语助力强国”的意义,更自觉地做好国家通用语言文字推广普及工作,培养更多为国家所需的语言学人才。

国家通用语言文字教学转型现状调查与优化策略——以四川省甘阿凉地区为例

随着教育现代化的发展,各地区教育教学模式逐渐发生变化,而川西地区通用语言文字的教学也开始转型。本次对川西地区国家通用语言文字教学的转型现状进行调查研究,分析了四川省甘阿凉地区国家通用语言文字教学转型现状调查结果,旨在了解四川省甘阿凉三州通用语言文字教学现代化转型发展的程度,以便于多角度提出科学性、合理性、可行性的教学转型建议,持续推进川西地区国家通用语言文字教学的发展,为偏远地区群众提供更优质的教育教学。