Security Vulnerability Analyses of Large Language Models (LLMs) through Extension of the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) Framework

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tasks, becoming an integral part of various applications in society, including text generation, translation, summarization, and more. However, their widespread usage emphasizes the critical need to enhance their security posture to ensure the integrity and reliability of their outputs and minimize harmful effects. Prompt injections and training data poisoning attacks are two of the most prominent vulnerabilities in LLMs, which could potentially lead to unpredictable and undesirable behaviors, such as biased outputs, misinformation propagation, and even malicious content generation. The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) framework provides a standardized approach to capturing the principal characteristics of vulnerabilities, facilitating a deeper understanding of their severity within the security and AI communities. By extending the current CVSS framework, we generate scores for these vulnerabilities such that organizations can prioritize mitigation efforts, allocate resources effectively, and implement targeted security measures to defend against potential risks.

Common Fixed Points for a Countable Family of Quasi-Contractive Mappings on a Cone Metric Space with the Convex Structure

In this paper, we consider a countable family of surjective mappings {Tn}n∈N satisfying certain quasi-contractive conditions. We also construct a convergent sequence { Xn } n c∈Nby the quasi-contractive conditions of { Tn } n ∈N and the boundary condition of a given complete and closed subset of a cone metric space X with convex structure, and then prove that the unique limit x＂ of {xn}n∈N is the unique common fixed point of {Tn}n∈N. Finally, we will give more generalized common fixed point theorem for mappings {Ti,j}i,j∈N. The main theorems in this paper generalize and improve many known common fixed point theorems for a finite or countable family of mappings with quasi-contractive conditions.

Some Common Fixed Point Theorems in Menger Space

This paper consists four sections. First section is central to the text. In second section, we generalize the results of Kohli and Vashistha [1] for pairs of mappings using weakly compatible maps. Third section deals the results for pair of weakly compatible maps along with property (E.A.) using different types of control functions, which generalize the results of Kohli and Vashistha [1] and Kubiaczyk and Sharma [2]. Fourth section is concerned with results for occasionally weakly compatible maps and generalizes, extends and unifies several well known comparable results in literature.

Common Fixed Points for a Countable Family of Non-self Mappings in Cone Metric Spaces with the Convex Prop erty

A new common fixed point result for a countable family of non-self mappings defined on a closed subset of a cone metric space with the convex property is obtained, and from which, a more general result is given. Our main results improve and generalize many known common fixed point theorems.

Mountain Commons: Changing Space and Status at Community Levels in the Himalayas

This paper deals with the imperatives of nature-society interaction in the Himalayas as seen through CPR (Common Property Resources). It specifically looks at the process and factors that characterize the dynamics of the above interactions, with particular reference to the changing status and governance of CPRs at community levels. The paper puts together the synthesis of observations and inferences of different studies by ICIMOD and others in mountain regions, particularly in different parts of Nepal, India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan. Rural CPRs (providing sustenance supplies and services) as an important component of a community’s natural resource base, manifest the institutional arrangements evolved by the communities to facilitate their adaptations to nature. The above process can be more clearly illustrated with reference to specific characteristics of mountain areas, called mountain specificities. However, over time, the situation of CPRs in terms of their extent and status, governance and management as well as contributions to community sustenance, has changed. The paper attempts toindicate potential lead lines for searching options for rehabilitation of CPRs, based on a closer under- standing of the factors contributing to their decline.

Common Innovations in Sino-Tibetan Languages

To establish a classification on the basis of genetic linguistics requires two indispensible conditions: common retention, including cognate lexical retention and cognate morphological retention, and common innovation in a language group. The first condition is primary, and is the motivation for classification and the evidence of a genetic relationship. The second condition is secondary and supportive, and is the feature,approach and sign of a language group. This article focuses on common innovations in the Sino-Tibetan language family. Tone, voiceless aspirated stops, affricates, classifiers, noun prefixes for kinship and overlap are six common innovations that are proposed for defining the Sino-Tibetan language family.

Comparison between Input Hypothesis and Interaction Hypothesis

Second Language Acquisition has received more and more attention since 1950 s when it becomes an autonomous field of research. Linguists have carried out many theoretical and empirical studies with a sharp purpose to promote Second Language Acquisition. Krashen's Input Hypothesis and Long's Interaction Hypothesis are most influential ones among the studies. They both play important roles in language teaching and learning. The paper will present an account of the two great theories, including the main claims, theoretical foundations as well as some related empirical works and try to investigate commons and differences between them, based on literature and empirical studies. The purpose of writing this paper is to provide a clear outline of the two theories and point out how they are interrelated yet separate predictions about how second language are learned. It is meaningful because the results can be valuable guidance and highlights for language teachers and learners to teach or acquire a language better.

自己的路自己走——评《Customizing the Microsoft．NET Framework Common Language Runtime》

.NET Framework的核心是CLR。由于参考数据不齐全，我们很难轻易地得知CLR的全部细节，仅能透过Jeffrey Richter的《Applied Microsoft．NET Framework Programming》、Don Box的《Essential．NET，Volume I：The Common Language Runtime》、David Stutz／Ted Neward／Geoff Shilling的《Shared Source CLI Essentials》，

Fostering Chinese National Unity:Advocating the National Common Language and Writing System for Heightened Community Awareness

The promotion of the national common language and writing system stands as a cornerstone in cultivating a sense of community among the Chinese nation.The national common language and writing system,serving as a potent vehicle for cultural dissemination and linguistic communication,acts as a crucial bridge fostering unity,mutual support,cultural exchange,and cohesion among diverse ethnic groups.Its widespread promotion not only reinforces the cohesion of the Chinese nation but also plays a pivotal role in fortifying national and cultural identity.The advocacy and dissemination of the national common language and writing system contribute significantly to enhancing the sense of community within the Chinese nation.This concerted effort serves as an internal driving force,creating a positive feedback loop that strengthens both national identity and the cultural bonds shared by the Chinese people.The reciprocal relationship between the promotion and popularization of the national common language and writing system reinforces a mutual sense of assistance and reciprocity.This bidirectional dynamic propels a synergistic interplay,fostering a beneficial cycle in the promotion and widespread adoption of the national common language and writing system.In essence,the promotion and popularization of the national common language and writing system not only contribute to its advancement but also serve to deepen the sense of community within the Chinese nation.This reciprocal interaction between the two elements establishes a robust foundation for nurturing a strong and cohesive Chinese community.

Molecular Properties在海藻糖分子构象分析中的应用

应用Molecular Properties(MP)软件中内置的分子动力学计算功能,对海藻糖分子构象进行了研究,所得到的可能的最优构象的结构参数与文献报道数值基本吻合,表明了利用MP软件研究分子构象的可行性。按照XML 1.0标准编写了海藻糖分子可能的最优构象的CML格式分子结构文件,以便于网上交流和检索。

Development and characterization of a novel common wheat–Mexico Rye T1DL·1RS translocation line with stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance

Rye(Secale cereale L., 2n=2x=14, RR) is a significant genetic resource for improving common wheat because of its resistance to multiple diseases and abiotic-stress tolerant traits. The 1RS chromosome from the German cultivated rye variety Petkus is critical in wheat breeding. However, its weakened disease resistance highlights the need to identify new resources. In the present study, a novel derived line called D27 was developed from common wheat and Mexico Rye.Cytological observations characterized the karyotype of D27 as 2n=42=21 Ⅱ. Genomic in situ hybridization indicated that a pair of whole-arm translocated Mexico Rye chromosomes were inherited typically in the mitotic and meiosis stages of D27. Experiments using fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) and gliadin electrophoresis showed that D27 lacked wheat 1DS chromosomes. They were replaced by 1RS chromosomes of Mexico Rye, supported by wheat simple-sequence repeat markers, rye sequence characterized amplified region markers, and wheat 40K SNP array analysis.The wheat 1DS chromosomes could not be detected by molecular markers and wheat SNP array, but the presence of rye 1RS chromosomes was confirmed. Agronomic trait assessments indicated that D27 had a higher tiller number and enhanced stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance. In addition, dough properties analysis showed that replacing 1DS led to higher viscosity and lower dough elasticity in D27, which was beneficial for cake making. In conclusion, the novel cytogenetically stable common wheat–Mexico Rye T1DL·1RS translocation line D27 offers excellent potential as outstanding germplasm in wheat breeding programs focusing on disease resistance and yield improvement. Additionally,it can be valuable for researching the rye 1RS chromosome’s genetic diversity.

Community Based Natural Resource Management, Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Southern Africa： What Works and What Doesn＇t Work

Community based natural resource management （CBNRM） is perhaps the most important tool for driving community and rural development in southern Africa. The paper therefore analyses the CBNRM framework as a strategy for implementing sustainable tourism and poverty alleviation initiatives in Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia. The article specifically underscores the importance of local-level participatory management and utilisation of natural resources in the region. Paying special attention to the previous researches that have been conducted in Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia, the methodological approach employed in the paper centres on critical discourse analysis and review of literatures to highlight the interface existing between CBNRM and rural （tourism） development. The analytical framework of the paper is thus rooted in the Common Property Resource （CPR） theory Overall, the authors argue that tourism, poverty alleviation, rural development, and sustainable natural resource use are linked and interrelated in the process of enhancing community well-being. Findings indicate that CBNRM initiatives have had a significant and positive impact in achieving sustainable tourism, rural development, poverty alleviation, and natural resource management. Specifically, findings show that the CBNRM has contributed to the reduction in wildlife poaching. While other pertinent issues remain, national governments in the three southern African economies need to fully appropriate the benefits that CBNRM offers and improve on them for better implementation of developmental programs.

Common Lisp语言在Prolog/Lisp协处理器板上的实现

首先对Common Lisp语言和Prolog/Lisp(简称PLC)协处理器板的特点作一介绍,然后介绍了common Lisp在PLC上的数据表示、运行机制以及面向Common Lisp语言的指令集的设计,最后给出了PLC板在硬件设计上对CommonLisp语言的一些关键操作的硬件支持手段。模拟运行结果表明:PLC体系结构设计、指令集设计是合理的,其运行速度达到了设计要求。

Coincidence and Common Fixed Point of Weakly Compatible Maps in Fuzzy Metric Space

The aim of this paper is to establish some new common fixed point theorems for generalized contractive maps in fuzzy metric space by using property (E.A.), common property (E.A.), JCLRST property and CLRS property. Our results improve and extend the results of Chauhan et al. [1] and Sedghi et al. [2] besides several known results. We also furnish an illustrative example in support of our results.

Fixed Point Theorem for Maps Satisfying a General Contractive Condition of Integral Type

The aim of this paper is to prove common fixed point theorems for variants of weak compatible maps in a complex valued-metric space. In this paper, we generalize various known results in the literature using (CLRg) property. The concept of (CLRg) does not require a more natural condition of closeness of range.

Common Fixed Point Results for Occasionally Weakly Compatible Maps in G-Symmetric Spaces

The notion of a G-symmetric space is introduced and the common fixed points for some pairs of occasionally weakly compatible maps satisfying some contractive conditions in a G-symmetric space are proved. The results extend and improve some results in literature.

Providing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services through Common Pool Resource Management as Hybrid Institution: On Eco-Net Advances and Payments for ESS in Cultural Landscapes

In many rural areas the management of natural resources is confronted with the tragedy of the common problem;not only historically but also in modern times. Especially where biodiversity loss appears and ecosystem services (ESS) decline, the lack of public management might be related to inappropriate institutional setups. Two distinct directions of thought prevail on the subject. On one hand, proponents of property rights and minimal state intervention eagerly analyse the feat of modern institutions and view private property and payments for ecosystem services (PES) as solution. On the other hand, common pool resource management (CPM) has regained interest because nature is not a straight commodity and cooperation in ESS provision is needed (partly also to facilitate PES). In this paper, the two aspects are combined in a hybrid institution. We suggest a new way of approaching institutional questions in ESS provision as synthesis of private and publically controlled ESS provision. It is contemplated as ESS governance of local eco-nets given the potential for inclusion of public management. In principle, the result is a controlled framework of land sharing between farm land (private ownership) and communally managed?land (public ownership). Some land is devoted to hedges, wetlands, etc. Land is an immobile resource and can be used for EESs based on planned species prevalence, whereas communities compete also for labour which can move (or not). Governance is acting in competing constituencies and is a mean to control the regulating entities (public ESS management). At a meta-level we combine the need for public management with advantages of a competitive neo-classical framework. This contribution to CPM investigates a model of a group whose well-being is based on ESS provision in a cultural landscape. By statutory regulations, land (field margins), is ex-tracted from farms for ESS;in particular a leader (called reeve) guides farmers. Two institutions are compared: (1) labour in public land for ESS based farming (i.e.?it is controlled by public authority), or (2) it can migrate seeking higher rents in neighbouring communities.

The Study of the Secrets of the Genetic Code

The disclosure of many secrets of the genetic code was facilitated by the fact that it was carried out on the basis of mathematical analysis of experimental data: the diversity of genes, their structures and genetic codes. New properties of the genetic code are presented and its most important integral characteristics are established. Two groups of such characteristics were distinguished. The first group refers to the integral characteristics for the areas of DNA, where genes are broken down in pairs and all 5 cases of overlap, allowed by the structure of DNA, were investigated. The second group of characteristics refers to the most extended areas of DNA in which there is no genetic overlap. The interrelation of the established integral characteristics in these groups is shown. As a result, a number of previously unknown effects were discovered. It was possible to establish two functions in which all the over-understood codons in mitochondrial genetic codes (human and other organizations) participate, as well as a significant difference in the integral characteristics of such codes compared to the standard code. Other properties of the structure of the genetic code following from the obtained results are also established. The obtained results allowed us to set and solve one of the new breakthrough problems—the calculation of the genetic code. The full version of the solution to this problem was published in this journal in August 2017.

Effect of Chia Seed on Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Common Carp Restructured as Functional Food

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of restructured meat of common carp （Cyprinus carpio） fortified with 0-8 g/100 g of chia seed flour （CSF） was evaluated. It had a higher nutritional value （higher fibre content and protein retention] （p 〈 0.05） and better cooking characteristics （higher cooking yield and moisture retention） （p 〈 0.05） than the control. The colour （a＊, b＊） increased; lightness and whiteness index decrease （p 〈 0.05）. Hardness increase （p 〈 0.05） occurred because of CSF addition. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that fibre fortification did not interfere with the thermal transitions of the restructured meat. No significant differences were detected with the preference test scores of 4% or 8% CSF compared with the control. Restructured （4%-8% CSF） had a higher content of fibre and fat, which could be linoleic and linolenic acid, and an increase in the content of protein compared with those of commercial products, among had 1.62 and 2.25 mg AGE/g. Therefore, the restructured properties of common carp were governed by CSF addition.

Case Study: CUP between L1 and L2

This case study project explores the English language learning process of a student named Abby*(name changed for confidentiality),an adult beginning learner studied at Abram Friedman Occupational Center(AFOC).[1]The paper focuses on analyzing under the theoretical concept of Common Underlying Proficiency model(CUP),especially the language transfer with the data collected from ten weeks of observation,interview with the case study student and her teacher,the chat with her classmates,and the samples of the student’s work.Data is acquired from the community,school,and classroom,to include all related factor that may influence and reflect the relationship between the student’s first language(L1)-Spanish and her second language(L2)-English.The paper intends to analyze the L1 of the case study student plays a positive role during the process of learning English via three sub-claims.Finally,the paper provides recommendations to support the student to use her L1 to promote English learning comprehensively and end with reflections on the case study process.