Generalized response displacement methods for seismic analysis of underground structures with complex cross section

The response displacement method(RDM)is recommended for the seismic analysis of underground structures in the transverse direction for many codes,including bases for design of structures-seismic actions for designing geotechnical works(ISO 23469)and code for seismic design of urban rail transit structures(GB 50909-2014).However,there are some obvious limitations in the application of RDM.Springs and the shear stress of the soil could be approximately evaluated for the structures having a simple cross section,such as rectangular and circular structures.It is necessary to propose simplified seismic analysis methods for structures with complex cross sections.This paper refers to the idea of RDM and proposes three generalized response displacement methods(GRDM).In GRDM1,a part of the soil surrounding a structure is selected to generate a generalized underground structure with a rectangular cross section,and the same analysis model as RDM is applied to analyze the responses of the structure.In GRDM2,a hollow soil model without a generalized structure is used to compute the equivalent load caused by the relative displacement of the soil,and the soil-structure interaction model is applied to calculate the responses of the structure.In GRDM3,a continuous soil model is applied to compute the equivalent load caused by the relative displacement and shear stress of the soil,and the soil-structure interaction model is applied to analyze the responses of the structure,which is the same as the model used in GRDM2.The time-history analysis method(THAM)is used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed simplified methods.Results show that the error of GRDM1 is about 20%,while the error is only 5%for GRDM2 and GRDM3.Among the three proposed methods,GRDM3 has obvious advantages regarding calculation efficiency and accuracy.Therefore,it is recommended to use GRDM3 for the seismic response analysis of underground structures that have conventional simple or complex cross sections.

基于浅震和钻探的中卫盆地北缘隐伏断层定位及活动性研究

为查明宁夏中卫盆地北缘隐伏断层(河滩-郭滩隐伏断层)的构造特征、展布情况及活动时代,采用浅层地震勘探方法获得该隐伏断层的产状、性质、位置和上断点埋深。在此基础上,利用钻孔联合剖面探测出断层的准确位置和更可靠的上断点埋深,并测试样品年代确定该隐伏断层的最新活动时代。结果表明,河滩-郭滩隐伏断层是一条走向近EW、倾向S的正断层,长度约12.5 km;断层上断点埋深在38 m以下,视倾角75°;最新活动时代为中更新世中晚期,晚更新世以来不活动,不属于活动断层。

色尔腾山山前断裂浅层地震勘探和钻探的新证据

横跨色尔腾山山前断裂布设一条长10.77 km的浅层地震勘探测线L1,结果发现,色尔腾山山前断裂在剖面上清晰可见,其主断裂在上部存在分叉,由断层F_(P1.1)和F_(P1)组成,均为正断层,视倾向南;结合地质地貌调查认为,F_(P1.1)断层的最新活动时代为全新世。针对色尔腾山山前断裂的F_(P1)断层开展钻孔联合地质剖面探测,划分出Fa、Fb两个断层,结合光释光测年结果发现,断层Fa和Fb为全新世断层,其最新活动时代晚于2.5±0.6 ka BP。色尔腾山山前断裂在近地表呈叉状结构,是该断裂在晚第四纪具有多次活动的反映。

强震区隧道洞口段新型墙-板抗减震措施的效果分析

为了进一步提高强震区铁路隧道的安全以及抗震性能,依托包银铁路甘德尔山隧道,运用数值模拟软件FLAC 3D,针对强震区隧道洞口段墙-板和墙-板-减震层的抗减震作用效果进行研究。研究结果表明,与不采用抗减震措施相比较,采取墙-板抗震措施后,横向位移减小了5.95%,竖向位移减小了45.87%,最小安全系数增大了40.91%~49.25%,最大主应力的抗震作用效果达到了63.56%,最小主应力的抗震作用效果为4.04%,最大剪应力抗震作用效果为8.35%;采取墙-板-减震层减震措施后,横向位移减小了13.11%,竖向位移减小了43.88%,最小安全系数增大了65.82%~74.50%,最大主应力的减震作用效果达到了75.11%,最小主应力的减震作用效果为10.21%,最大剪应力减震作用效果为12.80%。采用墙-板-减震层的抗减震措施优于墙-板结构。推荐采用墙-板-减震层措施对甘德尔山隧道进行抗减震加固设计。

High-resolution crustal structure of the Yinchuan basin revealed by deep seismic reflection profiling:implications for deep processes of basin

The Yinchuan basin, located on the western margin of the Ordos block, has the characteristics of an active continental rift. A NW-striking deep seismic reflection profile across the center of Yinchuan basin precisely revealed the fine structure of the crust. The images showed that the crust in the Yinchuan basin was characterized by vertical stratifications along a detachment located at a two-way travel time（TWT） of 8.0 s.The most outstanding feature of this seismic profile was the almost flat Mohorovicˇic′ discontinuity（Moho） and a high-reflection zone in the lower crust. This sub-horizontal Moho conflicts with the general assumption of an uplifted Moho under sedimentary basins and continental rifts, and may indicate the action of different processes at depth during the evolution of sedimentary basins or rifts.We present a possible interpretation of these deep processes and the sub-horizontal Moho. The high-reflection zone, which consists of sheets of high-density, mantlederived materials, may have compensated for crustal thinning in the Yinchuan basin, leading to the formation of a sub-horizontal Moho. These high-density materials may have been emplaced by underplating with mantlesourced magma.

Dynamic behavior of single-layer latticed cylindrical shells subjected to seismic loading

The single-layer latticed cylindrical shell is one of the most widely adopted space-fl'amed structures.In this paper,free vibration properties and dynamic response to horizontal and vertical seismic waves of single-layer latticed cylindrical shells are analyzed by the finite element method using ANSYS software.In the numerical study,where hundreds of cases were analyzed,the parameters considered included rise-span ratio,length-span ratio,surface load and member section size.Moreover,to better define the actual behavior of single-layer latticed shells,the study is focused on the dynamic stress response to both axial forces and bending moments.Based on the numerical results,the effects of the parameters considered on the stresses are discussed and a modified seismic force coefficient method is suggested.In addition,some advice based on these research results is presented to help in the future design of such structures.

Experimental research on behavior of 460 MPa high strength steel I-section columns under cyclic loading

To investigate the seismic behavior of I-section columns made of 460 MPa high strength steel （HSS）, six specimens were tested under constant axial load and cyclic horizontal load. The specimens were designed with different width-to-thickness ratios and loaded under different axial load ratios. For each specimen, the failure mode was observed and hysteretic curve was measured. Comparison of different specimens on hysteretic characteristic, energy dissipation capacity and deformation capacity were further investigated. Test results showed that the degradation of bearing capacity was due to local buckling of flange and web. Under the same axial load ratio, as width-to-thickness ratio increased, the deformation area of local buckling became smaller. And also, displacement level at both peak load and failure load became smaller. In addition, the full extent of hysteretic curve, energy dissipation capacity, ultimate story drift angle decreased, and capacity degradation occurred more rapidly with the increase of width-to-thickness ratio or axial load ratio. Based on the capacity of story drift angle, limiting values which shall not be exceeded are suggested respectively for flange and web plate of 460 MPa HSS I-section columns when used in SMFs and in IMFs in the case of axial load ratio no more than 0.2. Such values should be smaller when the axial load ratio increases.

Numerical simulation of irregular section underground structure shaking table test model

Based on the the large shaking table test results on irregular section subway station structure in soft soil,an overall time-history numerical simulation is conducted to study the nonlinear dynamic interaction of the soilirregular underground structure.Typical test results,including the acceleration of the soil,acceleration,and deformation of the structure,were analyzed.Satisfactory consistency between the simulation and test results is verified,and the difference between these results was discussed in detail.The maximum inter-story drift ratio was approximately 1/472 under input PGA=0.54 g.The strain responses of columns were significantly larger than those of the side walls and slabs.The components in the lower layers of the irregular subway station structure,particularly in the central columns,underwent cumulative damage.The research results could provide a simplified analysis method to quantitatively evaluate the damage of irregular underground structures in soft soil.

The Acquisition Technique of High-resolution Seismic Data for the Prospecting of Active Faults

The high-resolution shallow seismic technique can be used for more accurately prospecting the position and property of faults and for the preliminary study of fault activity.The author obtains many high quality stack time sections through the prospecting methods of different seismic sources,different group intervals and different observation systems on the Xiadian fault.These sections clearly display the stratum structure and the structure characteristics from several meters to several hundred meters of the Xiadian fault.The resolutions of the different seismic sources,different group intervals and different observing systems are obtained.The prospecting methods and work parameters applicable for goal stratum of different depths and different accuracy requirements are proposed through the analysis of the stack time sections.This lays a good foundation for raising the prospecting resolution of the fault position and the latest active time of the fault.

地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土单桩动力响应

为了探讨桥梁位于软弱土层时,地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土桩基的动力响应,以翔安大桥为工程背景,利用FLAC3D有限元软件建立地震作用下桩-岩土体-钢管耦合作用的数值模型,研究在不同强度的地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土单桩和变截面普通混凝土单桩桩身加速度、桩身位移、桩身弯矩的动力响应差异.结果表明:变截面钢管混凝土单桩在地震作用下的桩身加速度、加速度放大系数、桩身位移最大值和桩身弯矩变化规律均同变截面普通混凝土单桩类似,但钢管使桩身加速度放大系数降低、桩基抵抗侧向变形能力和抗弯承载力提高.因此,钢管可以显著提升地震作用下桩基的抵抗变形能力和承载力.

液化场地大直径变截面单桩动力响应研究

为研究不同地震动强度下液化场地大直径变截面单桩的动力响应规律,基于振动台试验,选取5010波,在地震动强度0.10g~0.45g作用下,研究液化场地砂土孔压比和大直径变截面单桩桩顶水平位移、桩身弯矩、桩身加速度时程响应及桩基损伤等变化规律.试验结果表明:饱和砂土孔压比随着地震动强度的增大上升明显,地震动强度≥0.30g时,饱和砂土孔压比稳定值在0.9附近,此时砂土完全液化;在0.45g地震动强度作用下,桩身加速度、桩顶水平位移及桩身弯矩均达到最大;桩身不同位置处加速度峰值出现时刻均滞后于输入地震波加速度峰值出现时刻,且桩顶及变截面的加速度响应比桩端的响应更弱;不同地震动强度作用下,桩身弯矩最大值均出现在液化土层和非液化土层分界处,且变截面处弯矩小于土层分界面处;地震动强度达到0.30g时,大直径变截面单桩桩身发生损伤.因此,液化场地下大直径变截面桥梁单桩基础抗震设计时,应该重点考虑饱和砂土层分界处、变截面处的抗弯能力,以确保单桩桩身强度满足抗震要求.

内置型钢增强钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱节点抗震性能研究

采用钢管对传统RC柱进行约束,形成的钢管约束钢筋混凝土(STRC)柱具有优越的承载能力和耗能性能。但在应用于框架节点设计时,节点区域仍采用普通RC柱节点构造,可能导致节点处没有钢管约束而成为薄弱点,节点处易发生破坏。针对钢管约束钢筋混凝土(STRC)柱节点抗震性能薄弱的现状,提出采用内置型钢短柱进行增强。基于ABAQUS工作平台对具有相同构造形式的节点试件建立有限元模型,将数值计算所得破坏形态、滞回曲线和型钢应力与试验结果进行对比,两者吻合较好,在此基础上探讨内置型钢长度和轴压比对节点抗震性能的影响。结果表明:随着内置型钢长度增加,试件的承载力、极限位移和延性均有不同程度的提升,轴压比对试件受力性能影响较小。通过进一步分析试件的破坏机制、型钢抗弯性能和耗能能力,提出满足节点抗震性能需求的内置型钢长度建议取值。

CFRP及EWSS复合加固震损双层高架桥框架式桥墩恢复力模型研究

为研究碳纤维布(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer,CFRP)及外包型钢(Externally Wrapped Steel Section,EWSS)复合加固震损双层高架桥框架式桥墩的恢复力模型,对1榀原型对比试件、1榀无预损加固试件和2榀遭受不同地震损伤加固试件进行了低周往复加载破坏试验,获取了滞回曲线并提取骨架曲线,分析其滞回特性,提出一种弹性段和强化段为双折线、下降段为指数函数且考虑初始损伤的骨架曲线模型;采用试验数据回归拟合方法,定量描述了试件滞回曲线卸载刚度的退化规律,考虑了同级加载承载力退化和定点指向特征,建立了恢复力模型。研究结果表明:复合加固试件滞回曲线捏缩现象明显,呈倒S型,各滞回环分别相交于骨架曲线上正向、负向荷载为屈服荷载0.25倍的点,峰值荷载后EWSS产生包辛格效应;所提出的骨架曲线模型对中度震损和重度震损加固试件下降段指数函数的参数k建议取值分别为3.6和3.4;所建立的骨架曲线模型和恢复力模型计算结果与试验实测结果吻合较好,可为该类结构弹塑性地震反应分析提供依据。

不同勘探方法对浅层小断距隐伏断裂探测效果

采用浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面勘探、槽探3种方法联合探测临汾盆地郭家庄断裂的空间位置,并研究其活动特征。结果表明,不同探测方法对断层信息的揭示存在很大差异,浅层地震勘探在探测具有一定断距的断层,同时地层存在一定物性差异的情况下能取得理想的效果,且不同的工作参数探测效果不相同;钻孔联合剖面勘探能提高对小断距断层的分辨率,但受地形及地层主观认别等因素的影响,可能会遗漏断距小、标识层薄的断层;槽探能较好地识别地表断层的微小断距,但受施工深度和施工条件影响。3种方法相结合,可以精确确定断裂的空间位置和活动特征。

基于可拓理论的隧道洞口段动力响应规律研究

隧道洞口段存在偏压浅埋、围岩破碎等情况,为探究隧道洞口段在地震作用下的动力响应规律并给出安全性定量评估指标,以雅万高铁6号隧道为依托建立数值模型,分别输入雅万人工合成波、EI波、KB波以及WL波4个地震波,基于可拓理论,建立可拓物元模型,对采用数值模拟方法得出的隧道洞口段在最不利地震波作用下的弯矩、轴力、相对位移、加速度4个安全评估指标结果创建分区,以综合定量指标对雅万高铁6号隧道洞口段进行安全性评估,并提出了抗震设防长度。同时,分析了在不同地震波作用下的雅万高铁6号隧道洞口段的动力响应规律。结果表明:(1)在雅万人工波作用下,隧道各评估点动力响应程度约为其余3种天然波作用下动力响应程度的1.2倍;(2)各地震波计算所得4个评估指标沿纵向方向变化规律基本相同,轴力及弯矩峰值均出现在拱肩拱脚位置,相对位移峰值均发生在洞口处仰拱至拱顶测线,评估指标峰值发生时刻略微滞后于地震波峰值加速度对应时刻;(3)在雅万人工合成波作用下,雅万高铁六号隧道洞口段抗震设防长度为45~55 m,为隧道洞径的3.5~4倍。研究成果可为通过综合定量指标对隧道洞口段进行抗震安全性评估提供参考。

震陷场地变截面单桩动力特性与损伤评价

为探明震陷场地变截面单桩动力响应特性与损伤状况,以翔安大桥为工程背景,基于大型振动台试验,开展了0.10g~0.45g地震动强度下变截面单桩动力响应特性的研究,评价分析了变截面单桩损伤程度。结果表明:受桩周软弱土层震陷特性的影响,变截面单桩桩顶水平位移动力响应、桩身加速度动力响应及桩身弯矩动力响应均随地震动强度增大呈增大趋势,桩基基频逐渐减小;变截面单桩弯矩最大值出现在震陷土层分界处,地震动强度为0.30g时,超过了其抗弯承载力;地震动强度为0.20g时,变截面单桩桩顶水平位移、桩身加速度、桩身弯矩显著增大,桩基基频突降。基于系统损伤理论,震陷场地变截面单桩损伤状况分为稳定阶段、加剧损伤阶段、塑性破坏阶段共3个阶段。试验结束后,变截面位置处产生弯曲塑性破坏。

变截面可更换耗能梁段抗震性能试验研究

提出了一种新型变截面可更换耗能梁段,通过扩大截面并与非耗能构件采用全螺栓等强连接,不仅使耗能区域的塑性变形更易集中,而且螺栓拼接更易于保证弹性设计。为了研究变截面可更换耗能梁段的抗震性能,试验设计了3种不同形式的变截面可更换耗能梁段,分别为低屈服点LYP160钢耗能区域无削弱试件LYP-VRL,Q235钢耗能区域开洞试件C-VRL,Q235钢耗能区域开长圆孔试件LC-VRL,采用拟静力试验方法考察耗能梁段的抗震性能。研究结果表明:塑性变形基本集中在耗能区域内,耗能区域内孔洞周边的鼓曲、撕裂成为主要的破坏特征。低屈服点钢试件超强系数超过3.0,其滞回曲线饱满,耗能性能优越,塑性转角达0.18 rad。长圆孔试件具有较大的超强系数和塑性变形能力,但是由于截面削弱,其耗能能力较差;开圆洞试件的初始弹性刚度与低屈服点钢试件接近,均比开长圆洞试件高约84%。研究结果将为变截面可更换耗能梁段的应用提供参考依据。

震陷土层变化下变截面单、群桩动力响应差异

为研究地震动作用下震陷土层厚度不同时大直径变截面单桩与群桩基础的动力响应差异,依托厦门第二东通道翔安大桥,通过振动台模型试验,开展震陷土层厚度30、40、50 cm时,单桩与群桩基础桩周土震陷量、桩顶水平位移、桩身加速度及弯矩动力响应差异研究.结果表明:随着震陷层厚度增大,单桩与群桩基础桩周土震陷量、桩顶水平位移、桩身加速度及弯矩均逐渐增大,且加速度及弯矩在变截面处突变;同一震陷层厚度下,群桩基础桩周土震陷量较单桩大,但群桩基础加速度、桩顶水平位移及桩身弯矩均小于单桩.震陷场地桩基础设计时,应着重考虑变截面单桩与群桩动力响应差异,保证桩基础抗震性能.

装配式混凝土型钢削弱梁柱连接抗震性能的参数影响

为探究相关参数对装配式混凝土型钢削弱连接抗震性能的影响,基于OpenSEES平台建立了节点的数值分析模型,进行比较试验和数值分析,验证数值分析模型的有效性。进一步采用数值分析模型,分析了轴压比、型钢长度比、削弱梁截面(reduced beam section,RBS)削弱比和型钢规格等参数对节点抗震性能的影响。结果表明:轴压比增加对弹性承载力影响较小,弹塑性承载力则显著降低;型钢长度比增大引起的RBS位置改变对弹性承载力的影响很小,但塑性铰的外移导致弹塑性承载力明显增大;RBS削弱比的增大使得节点弹性和弹塑性承载力均呈下降趋势,弹塑性承载力下降更为显著;截面积越大,其弹性承载力和弹塑性承载力相对越高,且更易实现型钢与钢筋混凝土截面的力传递。

基于多层次探测研究茅山断裂带北延段空间展布特征及第四纪活动性

本文介绍了从深至浅完成对茅山断裂北延立体式综合探测方法。使用重力场资料解译和大地电磁勘探初步定位断裂,随后通过浅层地震勘探进行精确定位,最后根据跨断点的小间距钻孔联合地质剖面探测法捕获了上断点并研判其第四纪活动性。研究发现:①茅山断裂带继续向北延伸入镇江市区,茅山断裂带北延段切割深度至少延伸至中地壳区域;②茅山断裂带北延段浅部区域表现出正断性质,倾向东,走向北东,视倾角约为60°,视断距约为3~5 m;③钻孔联合地质剖面探测结果显示,断点两侧基岩面落差较小,上覆第四纪地层未发现较大的起伏,未见第四纪有明显活动迹象,综合判断茅山断裂带北延段为前第四纪断裂。本项研究初步表明,茅山断裂在地理空间上可能与江苏陆域历史上两次显著的地震事件存在联系。这一发现为进一步研究该地区的发震构造特征和地震活动规律提供了新的视角,并可能对今后的相关研究有所启发。