Fast measurement and prediction method for electromagnetic susceptibility of receiver

Aiming at evaluating and predicting rapidly and accurately a high sensitivity receiver’s adaptability in complex electromagnetic environments,a novel testing and prediction method based on dual-channel multi-frequency is proposed to improve the traditional two-tone test.Firstly,two signal generators are used to generate signals at the radio frequency(RF)by frequency scanning,and then a rapid measurement at the intermediate frequency(IF)output port is carried out to obtain a huge amount of sample data for the subsequent analysis.Secondly,the IF output response data are modeled and analyzed to construct the linear and nonlinear response constraint equations in the frequency domain and prediction models in the power domain,which provide the theoretical criteria for interpreting and predicting electromagnetic susceptibility(EMS)of the receiver.An experiment performed on a radar receiver confirms the reliability of the method proposed in this paper.It shows that the interference of each harmonic frequency and each order to the receiver can be identified and predicted with the sensitivity model.Based on this,fast and comprehensive evaluation and prediction of the receiver’s EMS in complex environment can be efficiently realized.

Wideband spectrum sensing using step-sampling based on the multipath nyquist folding receiver

Wideband spectrum sensing with a high-speed analog-digital converter(ADC) presents a challenge for practical systems.The Nyquist folding receiver(NYFR) is a promising scheme for achieving cost-effective real-time spectrum sensing,which is subject to the complexity of processing the modulated outputs.In this case,a multipath NYFR architecture with a step-sampling rate for the different paths is proposed.The different numbers of digital channels for each path are designed based on the Chinese remainder theorem(CRT).Then,the detectable frequency range is divided into multiple frequency grids,and the Nyquist zone(NZ) of the input can be obtained by sensing these grids.Thus,high-precision parameter estimation is performed by utilizing the NYFR characteristics.Compared with the existing methods,the scheme proposed in this paper overcomes the challenge of NZ estimation,information damage,many computations,low accuracy,and high false alarm probability.Comparative simulation experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed architecture in this paper.

Crustal structure in the Anyuan Coal Mine and its adjacent areas of Jiangxi Province by P-wave receiver functions

We collected high-quality teleseismic events recorded by 12 broadband seismographs deployed in the Anyuan Coal Mine and its adjacent areas in Pingxiang City,Jiangxi Province for nearly two years.The H-κ-c stacking method was employed to obtain the crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio distribution,then the characteristics of crustal structure below the stations were obtained by using the time-domain linear inversion method.The crustal thickness in the Anyuan Coal Mine and its adjacent areas ranges from approximately 32~35 km,with an average thickness of 33 km,which is consistent with the crustal thickness results in South China from previous studies using the receiver function method.The average Poisson's ratio of the crustal bulk composition in the study area varies between 0.22 and 0.25,which is lower than the global value with a 0.27 average,indicating a predominantly intermediate-acidic or felsic crustal composition.There is a weak negative correlation between Poisson's ratio and crustal thickness estimates in the Anyuan Coal Mine and its adjacent areas,suggesting that the absence of mafic-ultramafic materials in the lower crust is associated with the process of crustal delamination.The velocity inversion results indicate that the crustal structure including three velocity discontinuity interfaces,with the first at a depth of approximately 1.5 km,the second at about 10~15 km,and the third being the Moho.The study also indicates that the results obtained by the H-κ-c stacking method are significantly better than those obtained by the H-κmethod,effectively reducing the standard deviation and dispersion of crustal thickness and vP/vSratio.

Crustal and uppermost mantle structure of the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from joint inversion of surface wave dispersions and receiver functions with P velocity constraints

Lithospheric structure beneath the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is of vital significance for studying the geodynamic processes of crustal thickening and expansion of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. We conducted a joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersions with P-wave velocity constraints using data from the Chin Array Ⅱ temporary stations deployed across the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Prior to joint inversion, we applied the H-κ-c method(Li JT et al., 2019) to the receiver function data in order to correct for the back-azimuthal variations in the arrival times of Ps phases and crustal multiples caused by crustal anisotropy and dipping interfaces. High-resolution images of vS, crustal thickness, and vP/vSstructures in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were simultaneously derived from the joint inversion. The seismic images reveal that crustal thickness decreases outward from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The stable interiors of the Ordos and Alxa blocks exhibited higher velocities and lower crustal vP/vSratios. While, lower velocities and higher vP/vSratios were observed beneath the Qilian Orogen and Songpan-Ganzi terrane(SPGZ), which are geologically active and mechanically weak, especially in the mid-lower crust.Delamination or thermal erosion of the lithosphere triggered by hot asthenospheric flow contributes to the observed uppermost mantle low-velocity zones(LVZs) in the SPGZ. The crustal thickness, vS, and vP/vSratios suggest that whole lithospheric shortening is a plausible mechanism for crustal thickening in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, supporting the idea of coupled lithospheric-scale deformation in this region.

High Sensitivity Digital Instantaneous Frequency Measurement Receiver for Precise Frequency Analysis

There are numerous applications, such as Radar, that leverage wideband technology. However, the presence of noise introduces certain limitations and challenges. It is crucial to harness wideband technology for applications demanding the rapid and precise transmission of diverse information from one point to another within a short timeframe. The ability to report a signal without tuning within the input bandwidth stands out as one of the advantages of employing a digital wideband receiver. As indicated, a digital wideband receiver plays a pivotal role in achieving high precision and accuracy. The primary distinction between Analog and Digital Instantaneous Frequency Measurement lies in the fact that analog Instantaneous Frequency Measurement (IFM) receivers have traditionally covered extensive input bandwidths, reporting one accurate frequency per short pulse. In the contemporary landscape, digital IFM systems utilize high-sampling-rate Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) along with Hilbert transforms to generate two output channels featuring a 90-degree phase shift. This paper explores the improvement of sensitivity in current digital IFM receivers. The optimization efforts target the Hilbert transform and autocorrelations architectures, aiming to refine the system’s ability to report fine frequencies within a noisy wide bandwidth environment, thereby elevating its overall sensitivity.

A 10Gb/s GaAs PHEMT High Gain Preamplifier for Optical Receivers

A high gain cascade connected preamplifier for optical receivers is developed with 0.5μm GaAs PHEMT technology from the Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute. To begin with, the transimpedance amplifier has a -3dB bandwidth of 10GHz, with a small signal gain of around 9dB. The post-stage distributed amplifier （DA） has a -3dB bandwidth of close to 20GHz,with a small signal gain of around 12dB. As a whole,the cascade preamplifier has a measured small signal gain of 21.3dB and a transimpedance of 55.3dBΩ in a 50Ω system. With a higher signal-to-noise ratio than that of the TIA and a markedly improved waveform distortion compared with that of the DA, the measured output eye diagram for 10Gb/s NRZ pseudorandom binary sequence is clear and symmetric.

A 12-Channel,30Gb/s,0.18μm CMOS Front-End Amplifier for Parallel Optic-Fiber Receivers

This paper presents a 12-channel,30Gb/s front-end amplifier realized in standard 0.18μm CMOS technology for parallel optlc-fiber receivers. In order to overcome the problem of inadequate bandwidth caused by the large parasitical capacitor of CMOS photo-detectors,a regulated-cascode structure and noise optimization are used in the design of the transimpedance amplifier. The experimental results indicate that, with a parasitical capacitance of 2pF,a single channel is able to work at bite rates of up to 2.5Gb/s,and a clear eye diagram is obtained with a 0. 8mVpp input. Furthermore, an isolation structure combined with a p^＋ guard.ring （PGR）, an n^＋ guard-ring （NGR）,and a deep-n-well （DNW） for parallel amplifier is also presented. Taking this combined structure, the crosstalk and the substrate noise coupling have been effectively reduced. Compared with the isolation of PGR or PGR ＋ NGR,the measured results show that the isolation degree of this structure is improved by 29.2 and 8. ldB at 1GHz,and by 8. 1 and 2. 5dB at 2GHz,respectively. With a 1.8V supply,each channel of the front-end amplifier consumes a DC power of 85mW,and the total power consumption of 12 channels is about 1W.

A 0.5mV High Sensitivity 200Mbps CMOS Limiting Amplifier with RSSI for Optical Receivers

A 0. 5mV high sensitivity,200Mbps CMOS limiting amplifier （LA） with 72dB ultra wide dynamic range is described. A novel active DC offset cancellation loop is elaborately analyzed and designed to achieve this performance. Using a signal path, a received signal strength indicator （RSSI）, based on the piecewise-linear approximation, is realized with a ± 2dB logarithmic accuracy in a 60dB indicating range. The architecture of the LA and RSSI employed is determined by the optimal sensitivity and RSSI accuracy for a specified speed, gain, and power consumption. It consumes 60mW from a single 5V supply. The active area is 1.05mm^2 using standard 5V 0.6μm CMOS technology.

Iterative receivers for SFBC-OFDM systems with adaptive training scheme

This paper considers the design of iterative receivers for space-frequencyblock-coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (SFBC-OFDM) systems in unknown wirelessdispersive fading channels. An iterative joint channel estimation and symbol detection algorithm isderived. In the algorithm, the channel estimator performs alternately in two modes. During thetraining mode, the channel state information (CSI) is obtained by a discrete-Fourier-transform-basedchannel estimator and the noise variance and covariance matrix of the channel response is estimatedby the proposed method. In the data transmission mode, the CSI and transmitted data is obtainediteratively. In order to suppress the error propagation caused by a random error in identifyingsymbols, a simple error propagation detection criterion is proposed and an adaptive training schemeis applied to suppress the error propagation. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results showthat this algorithm gives better bit-error-rate performance and saves the overhead of OFDM systems.

An Implementation of a CMOS Down-Conversion Mixer for GSM1900 Receivers

A 1.9GHz down-conversion CMOS mixer with a novel folded Gilbert cell,intended for use in GSM1900 （PCS1900） low-IF receivers,is fabricated in a RF 0.18μm CMOS process. The prototype demonstrates good performance at an intermediate frequency of 100kHz. It achieves a conversion gain of 6dB, SSB noise figure of 18. 5dB （1MHz IF） ,and IIP3 11.5dBm while consuming a 7mA current from a 3.3V power supply.

A Low-Voltage,Low-Power CMOS High Dynamic Range dB-Linear VGA for Super Heterodyne Receivers

This paper presents a low-voltage low-power variable gain amplifier,which is applied in the automatic gain control loop of a super heterodyne receiver. Six stages are cascaded to provide an 81dB digitally controlled gain range in a 3dB step. The gain step error is less than 0.5dB. It operates at an intermediate frequency of 300kHz, and the power consumption is 1.35mW from a 1.8V supply. The prototype chip is implemented in a TSMC＇s 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS process and occupies approximately 0.24mm^2 . It is very suitable for portable wire- less communication systems. The measurement results agree well with the system requirements.

Optimization of the carrier tracking loop for GPS high dynamic receivers

A carrier tracking loop which can adjust the loop parameters adaptively is proposed for high dynamic application. Three modules, called the α-β-γT filter model, adaptive loop structure mod- el and adaptive loop bandwidth model respectively, are added in the presented tracking loop com- pared with the traditional carrier tracking loop based on the second-order frequency lock loop （FLL） assisting third-order phase lock loop （PLL） loop filter. And the optimization methods for the track- ing bandwidth and the carrier loop order are analyzed. The real-time estimation methods of the dy- namic parameters, the velocity, acceleration and jerk along the line of sight （LOS） between the sat- ellite and the receiver＇ s antenna, and the measurement parameters are discussed based on the pres- ented α-β-γ filter algorithm. A method is introduced to improve the filter＇ s dynamic response to meet high dynamic application by self-adjusted α-β-γ filter coefficient used in the tracking loop. The performance of three cases with different carrier tracking loop is compared by simulation.

The usability of GNSS mass-market receivers for cadastral surveys considering RTK and NRTK techniques

Nowadays many positioning techniques and methods are applied to the cadastral surveys. Starting from last decade, GPS/GNSS positioning had become one of the most used methodology thanks to the rapid development of satellite-based positioning and to the appearance of GNSS mass-market receivers and antennas. Methods based on these instruments are more affordable than the conventional ones even if their use for precise positioning is not so intuitive. This study is aimed to evaluate the use of singlefrequency GPS/GNSS mass-market receivers for cadastral surveys, considering both single-base RealTime Kinematic(RTK) and Network Real-Time Kinematic(NRTK) methodologies. Furthermore, a particular tool for predicting and estimating the occurrence of false fix of the phase ambiguities has been considered, in order to improve the accuracy and precision of the solutions. Considering the single-base positioning, the research results showed the difference of a few centimetres between the reference coordinates and the estimated ones if the distance between master and rover is less than 3 km, while considering the network positioning and the Virtual Reference Station correction, the difference are about a couple of centimetres for East and North component, and about 5 cm for the Up.

Design and simulation of digital channelized receivers in fractional Fourier domain

An approach is proposed to realize a digital channelized receiver in the fractional Fourier domain （FRFD） for signal intercept applications. The presented architecture can be considered as a generalization of that in the traditional Fourier domain. Since the linear frequency modulation （LFM） signal has a good energy concentration in the FRFD, by choosing an appropriate fractional Fourier transform （FRFT） order, the presented architecture can concentrate the broadband LFM signal into only one sub-channel and that will prevent it from crossing several sub-channels. Thus the performance of the signal detection and parameter estimation after the sub-channel output will be improved significantly. The computational complexity is reduced enormously due to the implementation of the polyphase filter bank decomposition, thus the proposed architecture can be realized as efficiently as in the Fourier domain. The related simulation results are presented to verify the validity of the theories and methods involved in this paper.

Analysis of Multipath and CW Interference Effects on GNSS Receivers with EMLP Discriminator

Multipath and continuous wave (CW) interference may cause severe performance degradation of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. This paper analyzes the code tracking performance of early-minus-late power (EMLP) discriminator of GNSS receivers in the presence of multipath and CW interference. An analytical expression of the code tracking error is suggested for EMLP discriminator, and it can be used to assess the effect of multipath and CW interference. The derived expression shows that the combined effects include three components: multipath component;CW interference component and the combined component of multipath and CW interference. The effect of these components depends on some factors which can be classified into two categories: the receiving environment and the receiver parameters. Numerical results show how these factors affect the tracking performances. It is shown that the proper receiver parameters can suppress the combined effects of multipath and CW interference.

Design of Si-bipolar Monolithic Main Amplifier IC for Optical Fiber Receivers

A broadband amplifier with transadmittance and transimpedance stages is designed and two types of improved AGC amplifiers are developed on the base of theory study. Making use of the basic amplifier cells, a main amplifier IC for optical-fiber receivers is deliberated. By computer simulating the performances of the designed main amplifier meet the necessity of high gain and wide dynamic range . They are maximum voltage gain of 42 dB, the bandwidth of 730 MHz,the input signal( V p-p )range from 5 mV to 1 V,the output amplitude about 1 V, the dynamic range of 46 dB. The designed circuit containing no inductance and large capacitance will be convenient for realizing integration. A monolithic integrated design of 622 Mb/s main amplifier is completed.

Calibration of GNSS positioning receivers

Nowadays global navigation satellite system(GNSS)receivers are the primary tool not only for precision surveying but also for geodesy,geophysics and many other industrial applications worldwide.The only way to assure the accuracy,universality and longevity of GNSS measurements is by calibration of its receivers.The parameters affecting the calibration accuracy of a single GNSS receiver are discussed in this paper.And a geodetic basepoint is established according to previous empirical studies to serve as a reference for calibration.Additionally,the traceability to the systeme international(SI)unit of such kind of calibrations is discussed.Stability of the base point is also verified through long-term measurements over three years.Eventually,a calibration of a sample single GNSS receiver is performed and the uncertainty budget is derived.

Limited Bandwidths and Correlation Ambiguities: Do They Co-Exist in Galileo Receivers

Galileo is the Global Navigation Satellite System that Europe is building and it is planned to be operational in the next 3-5 years. Several Galileo signals use split-spectrum modulations, such as Composite Binary Offset Carrier (CBOC) modulation, which create correlation ambiguities when processed with large or infinite front-end bandwidths (i.e., in wideband receivers). The correlation ambiguities refer to the notches in the correlation shape (i.e., in the envelope of the correlation between incoming signal and reference modulated code) which happen within +/– 1 chip from the main peak. These correlation ambiguities affect adversely the detection probabilities in the code acquisition process and are usually dealt with by using some form of unambiguous processing (e.g., BPSK-like techniques, sideband processing, etc.). In some applications, such as mass-market applications, a narrowband Galileo receiver (i.e., with considerable front-end bandwidth limitation) is likely to be employed. The question addressed in this paper, which has not been answered before, is whether or not this bandwidth limitation can cope inherently with the ambiguities of the correlation function, to which extent, and which the best design options are in the acquisition process (e.g., in terms of time-bin step and ambiguity mitigation mechanisms).

Stochastic Analysis of Low-Cost Single-Frequency GPS Receivers

Typically, dual-frequency geodetic grade GNSS receivers are utilized for positioning applications that require high accuracy. Single-frequency high grade receivers can be used to minimize the expenses of such dual-frequency receivers. However, user has to consider the resultant positioning accuracy. Since the evolution of low-cost single-frequency (LCSF) receivers is typically cheaper than single-frequency high grade receivers, it is possible to obtain comparable positioning accuracy if the corresponding observables are accurately modelled. In this paper, two LCSF GPS receivers are used to form short baseline. Raw GPS measurements are recorded for several consecutive days. The collected data are used to develop the stochastic model of GPS observables from such receivers. Different functions are tested to determine the best fitting model which is found to be 3 parameters exponential decay function. The new developed model is used to process different data sets and the results are compared against the traditional model. Both results from the newly developed and the traditional models are compared with the reference solution obtained from dual-frequency receiver. It is shown that the newly developed model improves the root-mean-square of the estimated horizontal coordinates by about 10% and improves the root-mean-square of the up component by about 39%.

Constraining the crustal structure under the central and western Tian Shan based on teleseismic receiver functions and gravity anomalies

The Tian Shan is a vast range that spans several countries in Asia.Understanding its evolutionary history may provide valuable insights into intracontinental orogenic dynamics.In this study,we explored the crustal characteristics of the Tian Shan and their relationships to the tectonic evolution of the region.A new H-stacking method that combines the P receiver function and gravity anomalies was used to estimate the thickness and ratio of P-to S-wave velocities(Vp/Vs)for 91 broadband seismic stations in the central and western Tian Shan.Our results revealed significant lateral variations in crustal thickness and Vp/Vs.A—45-km-thick crust and an intermediate-high Vp/Vs(-1.74-1.84)were found in the Kazakh Shield and Tarim Basin,which we interpreted to indicate a mafic crystalline basement and lower crust.The central Tian Shan varied greatly in crustal thickness(40-64 km)and Vp/Vs ratio(1.65-2.00).which may be due to crustal shortening,mafic underplating,and crustal melting.In contrast,we observed a relatively thin crust(42-50 km)with an intermediate Vp/Vs ratio(-1.78)in the western Tian Shan.The differences in the crustal structures between the western and central Tian Shan imply that the Talas-Fergana Fault may be trans-lithospheric.