Butterfly taxonomic and functional diversity in the urban green spaces of Hefei city

Urbanization has profound impacts on ecological environments.Green spaces are a vital component of urban ecosystems and play a crucial role in maintaining ecologi-cal balance and enhancing sustainability.This study aimed to investigate the community composition characteristics of butterflies in urban green spaces within the context of rapid urbanization.Simultaneously,it explored the status and dif-ferences in butterfly taxonomic diversity,functional diver-sity,and functional traits among different types of urban green spaces,regions,and urban gradients to provide rel-evant insights for further improving urban green space qual-ity and promoting biodiversity conservation.We conducted a year-long survey of 80 green spaces across different urban Project funding:This work was funded by the National Non Profit Research Institutions of the Chinese Academy of Forestry(CAFYBB2020ZB008),National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371936),and the Research Projects in Anhui Universities in 2022(n atural sciences)(2022AH051874).regions and ring roads within Hefei City,Anhui Province,with monthly sampling intervals over 187 transects.A total of 4822 butterflies,belonging to 5 families,17 subfamilies,40 genera,and 55 species were identified.The species rich-ness,Shannon,Simpson,functional richness,and Rao’s quadratic entropy indices of butterflies in urban park green spaces were all significantly higher than those in residential and street green spaces(P<0.05).Differences in butterfly diversity and functional traits among different urban regions and ring roads were relatively minor,and small-sized,multi-voltine,and long flying duration butterflies dominated urban green spaces.Overall,these spaces offer more favorable hab-itats for butterflies.However,some residential green spaces and street green spaces demonstrate potential for butterfly conservation.

Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China

This paper discusses the major problems in urban green space system （UGSS） planning at both general and special planning levels in China. At general planning level, the problems of the UGSS are mainly from the ignorance in the characteristics of urban nature spaces and the limitation factors of the urban planning system. Great importance is attached to the green spaces in the built area of city, but the green spaces in surrounding areas of the city is unnoticed. Furthermore, because the area of UGSS planning is strictly limited by the administrative zoning, the green space system loses its integrity and rationality in spatial patterns. The schedules of urban development planning mismatched the paces and progresses of the ecological restoration cycles. At special plan level, the problem of the UGSS in China is that the green spaces quantity was over emphasized but the rationality of their layouts is neglected.. Meanwhile, the requirement of the spatial structures and the green spaces layouts to balance between the urban development and the natural ecological environments is often ignored. With regard to the layouts in the UGSS planning practices, the existing problems are the compromising to the existing land-uses, the ＇filling in＇ approach to plan green spaces and an over-emphasis on the layout patterns.

Landscape Planning and Design of Urban Waterfront Green Spaces

Definition of urban waterfront green spaces is given,its design principles are summarized as:human-centered,ecology-first,integrated nature and humanity,highlighting regional characteristics,unified planning and overall coordination.Design of ecological plant community,design of traffic network and revetment management is analyzed to explore design contents and techniques of urban waterfront green spaces.In terms of the design of ecological plant community,the selection of landscape plants and landscaping of waterfront green spaces are analyzed;traffic network is further classified into water traffic,waterfront pathway,and driveway system;waterfront revetment management is specifically discussed from the original natural revetment,natural revetment reinforced by natural designs,and natural revetment reinforced by artificial designs.Problems in the modern urban waterfront green spaces are proposed,such as contradictions between diversified functions and simple designs,lack of regional characteristics,viewers are kept away from water;countermeasures are also given in the hope of pushing urban waterfront green spaces in a healthy development road,so as to improve the overall landscape quality of urban waterfront green spaces.

Ecological Planning for Urban Green Space System——A Case Study of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone

Based on overview of development history and research advances of do- mestic and foreign urban green space system planning, this paper made clear rele- vant concepts of the urban green space system. Urban green space system is a key region for protecting ecological resources. Taking Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone as an example, on the basis of in-depth survey, it made a systematic study on green space system planning combining current situa- tions of green space and regional spatial characteristics of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone. It discussed how to restore and build urban green space system, protect ecological environment, and promote regional economic de- velopment and harmony between human and nature through design of ecological technologies and landscape in the ecological planning of urban green space system.

Analysis on the Green Space System Planning of Small Cities in Mountainous Areas

With the urban green space system planning of small cities in mountainous areas as the study object,the planning practices are analyzed and studied to summarize the common characteristics of urban green space system planning in those small cities.Being combined with relevant national standards and regulations,the problems that those small cities are faced with in their urban green space system planning are analyzed,then corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to resolve problems in the practical planning.

Study on the Planning of Urban Green Space System in the Precinct Area of Dali City

This paper elaborated natural conditions of Dali City,jurisdictions which included 2 offices,2 towns,89 village offices and 429 natural villages,and planning scope which contained the precinct area of Dali City and covers a total area of 1 815 km2.In accordance with the urban development space and functional layout of "one lake,two lines and two slices"("one lake" refers to Erhai Lake;"two lines" stands for the area in the east and west of Erhai Lake;"two slices" indicates the area in the north and south of Erhai Lake),based on the construction of provincial and national garden city and of large landscape city,green spatial network system with the combination of "spot","line" and "surface" was put forward,so as to manifest "largeness","wideness","harmony" and "linkage".And finally,the planning structure of green space system of "two circles,two slices,four belts,seven spots and eighteen waterfronts area"("two circles" refers to the area around the lake and the area around the mountain,"two slices" stands for the area in the north and south of Erhai Lake,"four belts" means four landscape belts of the garden city,"seven spots" indicates the seven green landscape spots in villages and towns,"eighteen waterfronts area" is colored green belt in eighteen stream's basin) was proposed.

Analysis of the Green Space System Planning in Small Towns with Yifeng Township, Yancheng City as an Example

Taking the green space systems in Yifeng Township for an example, this paper analyzed the characteristics and planning principles of green space system in small towns under the background of rapid urbanization. It also proposed the construction of stable ecological green space pattern of towns, the development of forest-type green space and the planning ideas of green space system in small towns that can embody regional context and implement multifunctional composite.

Planning Overall Landscapes,Building a Garden City:on the Revision of Guangzhou Urban Green Space System Planning

The concept of urban green space system planning was proposed after analyzing the background of compiling Guangzhou green space system planning and current situation of local green spaces,i.e. design landscape pattern of Guangzhou City during urban agglomeration of the Pearl River Delta,and highlight Lingnan cultures(Lingnan refers to south of the Five Ridges) and features of "Flower City"(another name of Guangzhou). Key points of planning are protecting ecological barriers in the north,improving urban garden structure in the center,using wetland reasonably in the south,to maintain integrality and continuity of the landscape pattern.

Planning of Urban Public Disaster-prevention Green Spaces: A Case Study of Living Water Park in Chengdu City

Based on disaster-prevention functions of urban public green spaces, necessity and significance of emergency shelters in a city were analyzed. Taking Living Water Park in Chengdu for example, planning of urban public disaster-prevention green spaces was analyzed to further explore planning of urban disaster-prevention green space system and refugee spaces, and provide instructions for the planning and construction of urban disaster-prevention green spaces in China.

Ecological Planning and Design of Urban Green Space System of Sanya City

The construction of International Tourism Island has accelerated the development of Sanya City. The population aggregation and the external extension of urban area have brought a lot of negative effects, such as discontinuities of green space matrix, dysfunction of green wedge permeation, deficiency of eco-corridor, structural imbalance of green space system and so on. The overall layout of Green space system known as "One Belt & Three Bays, One Core & Six Towns, Two Axes & Three Wedges, Two Net Synchronous-construction" strengthens the eco-connection among different groups and green space in central area of the city, and realizes the collaborative construction of both resource corridor and landscape corridor. The eco-layout of green core, green corridor and green patch helps keep the integrity of large vegetation patches, enhances the eco-connection of different types of green space and improves finger-shaped network of urban green space. The most efficient way to promote the circulation of urban ecosystem and the positive development of Sanya City is to plan multilevel and three-dimensional eco-space structure and maximize ecological benefits of green space system.

Actual Measurement of the Microclimate Environment of Green Spaces and Dynamic Simulation of Building Height in Xijing Community of Beijing

In this paper, three types of green spaces in Xijing Community in Shijingshan District of Beijing were selected for as the measuring points, the HOBO portable weather station was used to monitor the microclimate environmental changes in the same period and summarize the data of microclimate factors. The effectiveness of the simulation was verified by comparing the measured data with the simulated data obtained through ENVI-met. And strategies for microclimate adaptive design in residential areas were proposed according to the microclimate environmental characteristics of several green spaces.

Diversity Analysis on the Plant Communities of Urban Park Green Space in Wuhan

In order to systematically study the diversity of plant communities in park green space,78 plant communities of 10 representative parks in Wuhan City were investigated.The total 449 species belonging to 275 genera and 112 families were found in this investigation.The communities were divided into 35 dominant-species,13 life-forms and 6 vegetation-forms.The community structures and the composition of dominant species were also studied.The results showed that the shortages of the low diversity,high proportion of exotic species and simple community structures appeared in plant community of park green space in Wuhan City.It is proposed that species,especially native ones,should be abundant to keep a high level species diversity.At the same time,more simulated native communities should be utilized to build the natural,multi-layers,bright local vegetation characteristics landscape of urban parks.

Green Space System Planning of Huaiyang County in Henan Province

The characteristics of small cities in Henan Province were summarized in this study, with Huaiyang County as an example, guiding concepts, goals and contents of green space system planning of county-level cities in Henan Province were analyzed through reviewing the general situation of its green space system and the planning of green space system in the construction of garden cities.

Green Space System Planning in Shuangcheng City and Creation of the City's Characteristics

Characteristic urban construction has already become a trend of modern social development,in this context,components of characteristic urban green spaces,and ways of demonstrating features of urban green space system were analyzed.Shuangcheng City in Heilongjiang Province was taken for example to analyze planning objectives and principles of characteristic urban green space system.Moreover,the green space layout of "A Hundred Years Old Castle,A Hundred of Enterprises and A Hundred of Gardens" was introduced.It was proposed that green space system planning suited to the development features and ecological conditions of the city should be developed from the perspective of greater regional environment,historical and cultural deposits,urban development pattern and lifestyle of the locals,so as to create urban green space system with regional features.

Community Planning Based on Socio-Spatial Production:Explorations in “New Qinghe Experiment”

Rapid urbanization and the booming of diversified community development requirements have challenged the development of community planning in China from theory to practice. Community planning, especially with localized and practice-oriented characteristics, is now facing many limitations. These include aspects such as traditional urban planning techniques that mainly focus on space, a restricted research perspective, as well as basic planning theories that are mostly imported from the West. Using the perspective of socio-spatial dialectic for reference, this paper summarizes the evolution process of Chinese modern residential space planning and design from residential district planning under the planned economy system, to housing estate planning in the real estate development, and to community planning in the new era, presenting an important characteristic of transitioning from "producing space" to "production of space," with "society" gradually replacing "space" and returning to the goal of production. Based on the analysis on the main limitations and problems in the former work of community planning in China, the paper takes the practical exploration on community planning in the "New Qinghe Experiment" in Haidian District, Beijing for an example. Aimed at the prominent problem of an extreme imbalance between "urbanization of space" and "urbanization of population" in the current Qinghe area, the key objective, means, and technical path of new-type community planning are proposed, within which three significant transition features are demonstrated, including going from "need-oriented" to "capital-oriented," from "interest intervention" to "relationship intervention," and from "community construction" to "community building."

基于CiteSpace文献计量分析的生态网络构建研究进展

生态网络构建作为一种有效的生态手段,对于保护物种多样性,建设城市生态空间及优化国土空间资源配置方面有积极意义。利用Arcgis平台运算、对遥感数据解译利用等新技术,应用层次分析法(AHP)、专家打分法(德尔菲法)等分析方法使生态网络的构建更加精准。以CNKI、WOS为数据源,用知识图谱计算工具CiteSpace进行定量分析,通过数据可视化与内容的结合进行研究,对于构建生态网络方面的研究进展、研究方法进行分析,特别是针对“MCR模型”在生态网络的应用进行深入研究,对不同尺度范围绿地生态网络构建方法进行总结,最后对未来研究发展态势作出展望。结果表明,我国基于MCR模型构建生态网络的研究,按照发文量可分为3个阶段,即启蒙阶段、快速发展阶段、稳步发展阶段;而现阶段最小阻力模型(MCR)在生态网络的应用已经趋于成熟,只是在因子选取及赋值方面未形成统一科学标准;此外,研究尺度呈现多元化,涉及市、省、城市群等多尺度。

Green infrastructure： a planning concept for the urban transformation of former coal-mining cities

Green infrastructure is a concept aimed at realizing a strategically planned network of valuable natural and seminatural areas, designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and to protect biodiversity in rural and urban settings. In the general post-mining context of China and Germany, this paper suggests and outlines an approach that combines green infrastructure with specific concepts of post-mining landscapes. While Germany has a long tradition of post-mining restoration, concepts of green infrastructure are still poorly developed. China, on the other hand, has taken its first steps in the restoration of coal regions, and could profit from the new concepts while drawing on Germany＇s experience. The potentials of relevant strategies are investigated here through two case studies from Germany and China. Although there are significant differences in the post-mining development strategies of these two countries, it is clear that the green infrastructure concept can contribute significantly to a growth in ecosystem services. Four advantages of the green infrastructure concept are seen： First, it enables a systematic and highly objective assessment of mining impacts on the ecosystem. Second, the concept assists in the implementation of urban sustainability goals. Third, it is rooted in the local characteristics of landscapes. And finally, the green infrastructure concept seems to be highly compatible with tools of landscape and regional planning.

Planning and design of a green city in Kaixian for population relocation of Three Gorges Project

We describe the green space system planning and design of a new Kaixian City for migrants in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of P.R.China.The goal of the project was to provide a high quality settlement for migrants relocated from the old Kaixian City that had a history of over one thousand years and from other places with different traditional cultures.Our efforts focused on conceiving affordable strategies to increase green areas,improve waterfront landscapes,deal with water level fluctuation,integrate diverse folk cultures,and encourage bicycling as an environmentally-friendly form of urban transportation.The new city is anticipated to benefit from the green space systems with an improved eco-environment,enriched tourism resources,cheap landscaping costs,relief from traffic pressure,and in other ways.The planning philosophies employed could be useful in the engineering and construction of other cities in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

Urban Pocket Park System Planning Based on Low Carbon Comprehensive Benefits: A Case Study of Chaowai District in Beijing

Low carbon landscape development is an emerging approach of landscape design,which aims to promote sustainable development,and reduce energy consumption and environmental impact by reducing carbon emissions.As an important component of low carbon landscape construction,the construction of urban pocket park system based on mini-parks plays a crucial role in improving the urban greening level,increasing the urban green space,alleviating the urban pressure,improving the living and healthy environment of urban residents,and promoting the urban ecological balance.Taking Chaowai district of Beijing as an example,this paper calculates the ecological value of trees including energy contribution,carbon sequestration,ability to improve rainfall runoff and aesthetic value by collecting the information of trees and the plot on which the trees are located through the i-Tree platform,which provides important reference value for the urban pocket park system planning to create low carbon comprehensive benefits.

基于生境网络构建优化的生物多样性保护规划途径研究

城市绿色空间是承载生物多样性的关键,以其为基础构建生境网络有助于整合破碎绿地斑块,促进物种交流与迁徙,为生物多样性保护提供基础。现有生境网络构建过程中存在依赖单一模型、忽略区域实际物种情况、网络构建的工作路径尚未统一、输出成果难以与上位规划衔接并在规划层面进行实践应用等问题。在明确生物多样性保护规划工作内容与目标的基础上,综合运用生境质量分析、地理探测器、最小累积阻力模型等模型方法,识别区域生境源地和廊道,并在考虑区域指示物种的基础上补充重要生境节点,构建面向生物多样性保护的生境网络,系统优化了“源地识别-廊道模拟-节点提取-网络构建”的网络构建方法;以对接国土空间规划下的绿地系统专项规划为目标,将生境网络构建结果通过红线比对、绿地分类匹配等途径,从空间管控角度提出保护措施,实现与绿地系统规划的有效衔接,构建统一规范的生物多样性保护规划工作路径,以通城县为例验证工作路径的可行性,优化面向生物多样性保护的生境网络构建方法,为县域绿地系统规划与生物多样性保护规划提供科学依据。