Micro-destructive assessment of subgrade compaction quality using ultrasonic pulse velocity

The ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV)correlates significantly with the density and pore size of subgrade filling materials.This research conducts numerous Proctor and UPV tests to examine how moisture and rock content affect compaction quality.The study measures the changes in UPV across dry density and compaction characteristics.The compacted specimens exhibit distinct microstructures and mechanical properties along the dry and wet sides of the compaction curve,primarily influenced by internal water molecules.The maximum dry density exhibits a positive correlation with the rock content,while the optimal moisture content demonstrates an inverse relationship.As the rock content increases,the relative error of UPV measurement rises.The UPV follows a hump-shaped pattern with the initial moisture content.Three intelligent models are established to forecast dry density.The measure of UPV and PSO-BP-NN model quickly assesses compaction quality.

Numerical simulation of residual stress field in green power metallurgy compacts by modified Drucker-Prager Cap model

Compaction process simulation and residual stress prediction of green PM compact were carried out with elasto-plastic 3D FEA based on the modified Drueker-Prager Cap model in Abaqus. The model parameters of the investigated powder Distaloy AE were determined as functions of relative density through typical mechanical property tests of powder. The model was implemented as a user subroutine USDFLD. Single sided compaction of a d20 ram^5 mm disk green compact of Distaloy AE was simulated, and the residual stress of the disk after ejection was predicted with FEA. The FEA results of the compaction process and the residual stress of the disk show good agreement with compaction experiments and X-ray diffraction measurements, which validates the model and its parameters. The results indicate that the compressive residual stresses exist mainly in a thin layer on the side surface, but the residual stresses are very small on the top and bottom surfaces.

Discrete element modeling of migration and evolution rules of coarse aggregates in the static compaction process

To investigate migration and evolution rules of coarse aggregates in the static compaction process, an algorithm of generating digital coarse aggregates that can reflect real morphology（ such as shape, size and fracture surface） of aggregate particles, is represented by polyhedral particles based on the discrete element method（ DEM）. A digital specimen comprised of aggregates and air voids is developed. In addition,a static compaction model consisting of a digital specimen and three plates is constructed and a series of evaluation indices such as mean contact force σMCF, wall stress in direction of zcoordinate σWSZZ, porosity and coordination numbers are presented to investigate the motion rules of coarse aggregates at different compaction displacements of 7. 5, 15 and 30 mm. The three-dimensional static compaction model is also verified with laboratory measurements. The results indicate that the compaction displacements are positively related to σMCF and σWSZZ, which increase gradually with the increase in iterative steps. When the compaction proceeds, the digital specimen porosity decreases, but the coordination number increases. The variation ranges of these four indices are different at different compaction displacements. This study provides a method to analyze the compaction mechanism of particle materials such as asphalt mixture and graded broken stone.

Gate-Capacitance-Shift Approach and Compact Modeling for Quantum Mechanical Effects in Poly-Gates

A new approach,gate-capacitance-shift (GCS) approach,is described for compact modeling.This approach is piecewise for various physical effects and comprises the gate-bias-dependent nature of corrections in the nanoscale regime.Additionally,an approximate-analytical solution to the quantum mechanical (QM) effects in polysilicon (poly)-gates is obtained based on the density gradient model.It is then combined with the GCS approach to develop a compact model for these effects.The model results tally well with numerical simulation.Both the model results and simulation results indicate that the QM effects in poly-gates of nanoscale MOSFETs are non-negligible and have an opposite influence on the device characteristics as the poly-depletion (PD) effects do.

Compact Threshold Voltage Model for FinFETs

A 2D analytical electrostatics analysis for the cross-section of a FinFET (or tri-gate MOSFET) is performed to calculate the threshold voltage.The analysis results in a modified gate capacitance with a coefficient H introduced to model the effect of tri-gates and its asymptotic behavior in 2D is that for double-gate MOSFET.The potential profile obtained analytically at the cross-section agrees well with numerical simulations.A compact threshold voltage model for FinFET,comprising quantum mechanical effects,is then proposed.It is concluded that both gate capacitance and threshold voltage will increase with a decreased height,or a decreased gate-oxide thickness of the top gate,which is a trend in FinFET design.

Compact Modeling for Inversion Charge in Nanoscale DG-MOSFETs

A compact model for the integrated inversion charge density Qi in double-gate （DG-） MOSFETs is developed. For nanoscale applications,quantum confinement of the inversion carriers must be taken into account. Based on the previous work of Ge, we establish an expression for the surface potential with respect to Qi, and form an implicit equation, from which Qi can be solved. Results predicted by our model are compared to published data as well as results from Schred,a popular 1D numerical solver that solves the Poisson＇s and Schr6dinger equa- tions self-consistently. Good agreement is obtained for a wide range of silicon layer thickness,confirming the supe- riority of this model over previous work in this field.

Fluid solid coupling model based on endochronic damage for roller compacted concrete dam

According to the characteristics of thin-layer rolling and pouting construction technology and the complicated mechanical behavior of the roller compacted concrete dam （RCCD） construction interface, a constitutive model of endochronic damage was established based on the endochronic theory and damage mechanics. The proposed model abandons the traditional concept of elastic-plastic yield surface and can better reflect the real behavior of rolled control concrete. Basic equations were proposed for the fluid-solid coupling analysis, and the relationships among the corresponding key physical parameters were also put forward. One three-dimensional finite element method （FEM） program was obtained by studying the FEM type of the seepage-stress coupling intersection of the RCCD. The method was applied to an actual project, and the results show that the fluid-solid interaction influences dam deformation and dam abutment stability, which is in accordance with practice. Therefore, this model provides a new method for revealing the mechanical behavior of RCCD under the coupling field.

New Method of Total Ionizing Dose Compact Modeling in Partially Depleted Silicon-on-Insulator MOSFETs

On the basis of a detailed discussion of the development of total ionizing dose （TID） effect model, a new commercial-model-independent TID modeling approach for partially depleted silicon-on-insulator metal-oxide- semiconductor field effect transistors is developed. An exponential approximation is proposed to simplify the trap charge calculation. Irradiation experiments with 60Co gamma rays for IO and core devices are performed to validate the simulation results. An excellent agreement of measurement with the simulation results is observed.

A review for compact model of graphene field-effect transistors

Graphene has attracted enormous interests due to its unique physical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Specially, graphene-based field-effect transistors （FETs） have evolved rapidly and are now considered as an option for conventional silicon devices. As a critical step in the design cycle of modem IC products, compact model refers to the development of models for integrated semiconductor devices for use in circuit simulations. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical description of current compact model of graphene field-effect transistors. Special attention is devoted to the charge sheet model, drift-diffusion model, Boltzmann equation, density of states （DOS）, and surface-potential-based compact model. Finally, an outlook of this field is briefly discussed.

BSIM-CMG Compact Model for IC CAD: from FinFET to Gate-All-Around FET Technology

We discuss the BSIM-CMG compact model for SPICE simulations of any common multi-gate(CMG)device.This is an industry standard model which has been used extensively for FinFETs IC design and simulation,and has now been extended to accurately model gate-allaround FET(GAAFET).We present the core framework of BSIM-CMG and discuss the latest updates that capture various physical phenomena originating from the quantum confinement of electrons by the small cross section of the GAAFET channel.Special attention is paid to providing suitable model parameters that can be adjusted using software tools to match the model with manufactured transistors very accurately.Furthermore,the model’s speed allows the use of Monte Carlo circuit simulation to account for random device variations encountered in manufacturing.This model is the industry standard compact model for GAAFETs and will help bridge the wide divide between GAA IC manufacturing and design,starting at 3nm/2nm technologies.

Numerical modeling and simulation of metal powder compaction of balancer

The constitutive relation of powder material was derived based on the assumption that metal powder is a kind of elasto-plastic material, complying with an elliptical yield criterion. The constitutive integration algorithm was discussed. A way to solve the elastic strain increment in each iteration step during elasto-plastic transition stage was formulated. Different integration method was used for elastic and plastic strain. The relationship between model parameters and relative density was determined through experiments. The model was implemented into user-subroutines of Marc. With the code, computer simulations for compaction process of a balancer were performed. The part is not axisymmetric and requires two lower punches and one upper punch to form. The relative density distributions of two design cases, in which different initial positions of the punches were set, were obtained and compared. The simulation results indicate the influence of punch position and movement on the density distribution of the green compacts.

Numerical Modeling of Episodic Compaction and Its Efecting Parameters in Geopresured Shales

ＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌＭｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｏｆＥｐｉｓｏｄｉｃＣｏｍｐａｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄＩｔｓＥｆｅｃｔｉｎｇＰａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｉｎＧｅｏｐｒｅｓｕｒｅｄＳｈａｌｅｓ＊ＸｉｅＸｉｎｏｎｇＦａｃｕｌｔｙｏｆＥａｒｔｈＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，ＣｈｉｎａＵｎｉｖｅｒ...

A review of compact modeling for phase change memory

Phase change memory(PCM)attracts wide attention for the memory-centric computing and neuromorphic comput-ing.For circuit and system designs,PCM compact models are mandatory and their status are reviewed in this work.Macro mod-els and physics-based models have been proposed in different stages of the PCM technology developments.Compact model-ing of PCM is indeed more complex than the transistor modeling due to their multi-physics nature including electrical,thermal and phase transition dynamics as well as their interactions.Realizations of the PCM operations including threshold switching,set and reset programming in these models are diverse,which also differs from the perspective of circuit simulations.For the purpose of efficient and reliable designs of the PCM technology,open issues and challenges of the compact modeling are also discussed.

Ternary analytic porosity-reduction model of sandstone compaction trend and its significance in petroleum geology: A case study of tight sandstones in Permian Lower Shihezi Formation of Shilijiahan area, Ordos Basin, China

The tight sandstones in the Permian Lower Shihezi Formation of Shilijiahan area in the Ordos Basin was taken as study object in this research to quantitatively determine the effects of burial depth, burial time and compaction strength on porosity during densification of reservoir. Firstly, sandstone compaction profiles were analyzed in detail. Secondly, the theoretical study was performed based on visco-elasto-plastic stress–strain model. Thirdly, multiple regression and iterative algorithm were used respectively to ascertain the variation trends of Young's modulus and equivalent viscosity coefficient with burial depth and burial time. Accordingly, the ternary analytic porosity-reduction model of sandstone compaction trend was established. Eventually, the reasonability of improved model was tested by comparing with thin-section statistics under microscope and the models in common use. The study shows that the new model can divide the porosity reduction into three parts, namely, elastic porosity loss, visco-plastic porosity loss and porosity loss from cementation. And the results calculated by the new model of litharenite in He 2 Member are close to the average value from the thin-section statistics on Houseknecht chart, which approximately reveals the relative magnitudes of compaction and cementation in the normal evolution trend of sandstone porosity. Furthermore, the model can more exactly depict the compaction trend of sandstone affected little by dissolution than previous compaction models, and evaluate sandstone compaction degree and its contribution to reservoir densification during different burial and uplift processes.

On Numerical Modelling of Industrial Powder Compaction Processes for Large Deformation of Endochronic Plasticity at Finite Strains

Compaction processes are one the most important par ts of powder forming technology. The main applications are focused on pieces for a utomotive, aeronautic, electric and electronic industries. The main goals of the compaction processes are to obtain a compact with the geometrical requirements, without cracks, and with a uniform distribution of density. Design of such proc esses consist, essentially, in determine the sequence and relative displacements of die and punches in order to achieve such goals. A.B. Khoei presented a gener al framework for the finite element simulation of powder forming processes based on the following aspects; a large displacement formulation, centred on a total and updated Lagrangian formulation; an adaptive finite element strategy based on error estimates and automatic remeshing techniques; a cap model based on a hard ening rule in modelling of the highly non-linear behaviour of material; and the use of an efficient contact algorithm in the context of an interface element fo rmulation. In these references, the non-linear behaviour of powder was adequately desc ribed by the cap plasticity model. However, it suffers from a serious deficiency when the stress-point reaches a yield surface. In the flow theory of plasticit y, the transition from an elastic state to an elasto-plastic state appears more or less abruptly. For powder material it is very difficult to define the locati on of yield surface, because there is no distinct transition from elastic to ela stic-plastic behaviour. Results of experimental test on some hard met al powder show that the plastic effects were begun immediately upon loading. In such mater ials the domain of the yield surface would collapse to a point, so making the di rection of plastic increment indeterminate, because all directions are normal to a point. Thus, the classical plasticity theory cannot deal with such materials and an advanced constitutive theory is necessary. In the present paper, the constitutive equations of powder materials will be discussed via an endochronic theory of plasticity. This theory provides a unifi ed point of view to describe the elastic-plastic behaviour of material since it places no requirement for a yield surface and a ’loading function’ to disting uish between loading an unloading. Endochronic theory of plasticity has been app lied to a number of metallic materials, concrete and sand, but to the knowledge of authors, no numerical scheme of the model has been applied to powder material . In the present paper, a new approach is developed based on an endochronic rate independent, density-dependent plasticity model for describing the isothermal deformation behavior of metal powder at low homologous temperature. Although the concept of yield surface has not been explicitly assumed in endochronic theory, it is shown that the cone-cap plasticity yield surface (Fig.1), which is the m ost commonly used plasticity models for describing the behavior of powder materi al can be easily derived as a special case of the proposed endochronic theory. Fig.1 Trace of cone-cap yield function on the meridian pl ane for different relative density As large deformation is observed in powder compaction process, a hypoelastic-pl astic formulation is developed in the context of finite deformation plasticity. Constitutive equations are stated in unrotated frame of reference that greatly s implifies endochronic constitutive relation in finite plasticity. Constitutive e quations of the endochronic theory and their numerical integration are establish ed and procedures for determining material parameters of the model are demonstra ted. Finally, the numerical schemes are examined for efficiency in the model ling of a tip shaped component, as shown in Fig.2. Fig.2 A shaped tip component. a) Geometry, boundary conditio n and finite element mesh; b) density distribution at final stage of

Soil-water characteristic surface model of soil-rock mixture

The relationship between the water content or saturation of unsaturated soils and its matrix suction is commonly described by the soilwater characteristic curve(SWCC).Currently,study on the SWCC model is focused on fine-grained soils like clay and silty soils,but the SWCC model for grinding soil-rock mixture(SRM)is less studied.Considering that the SRM is in a certain compaction state in the actual project,this study established a surface model with three variables of coupling compaction degree-substrate suction-moisture content based on the Cavalcante-Zornberg soil-water characteristic curve model.Then,the influence of each fitting parameter on the curve was analyzed.For the common SRM,the soil-water characteristic test was conducted.Moreover,the experimental measurements exhibit remarkable consistency with the mode surface.The analysis shows that the surface model intuitively describes the soil-water characteristics of grinding SRM,which can provide the SWCC of soils with bimodal pore characteristics under specific compaction degrees.Furthermore,it can reflect the influence of compaction degrees on the SWCC of rock-soil mass and has a certain prediction effect.The SWCC of SRM with various soil-rock ratios have a double-step shape.With the increase in compaction degree,the curves as a whole tend toward decreasing mass moisture content.The curve changes are mainly concentrated in the large pore section.

Modeling Wood and Fly Ash Behaviour as Partial Replacement for Cement on Compressive Strength of Self Compacting Concrete

Wood and fly ash were observed to have significant qualities that could improve the strength of self compacting concrete.The material was applied to increase the compressive strength of concrete strength.This material could be the demanding material for partial replacement for ce­ment.The study observed the behaviour of the material from experts that applied these material through experimental investigation,but the study monitored the behaviour of this material by applied modeling and simula­tion to determine other effect that could influence the behaviour of these materials in compressive strength.This was to determine the significant effect on the addictive applied as partial replacement for cement.Lots of experts have done works on fly ash through experiment concept,but the application of predictive concept has not been carried out.The adoption of this concept has expressed other parameters that contributed to the effi­ciency of wood and fly ash as partial replacement for cement on self com­pacting concrete.The study adopting modeling and simulation observed 10 and 20%by weight of cement as it is reflected on its performance in the simulation,from the simulation wood recorded 10%as it was ob­served from the growth rate of this self compacting concrete reflected from the trend.The simulation for model validation was compared with the works of the studies carried out[20].And both values developed best fits correlation.

混凝土振捣密实性研究进展

混凝土振捣工艺效果是影响成型质量的主要因素,但实践中仍以经验判断为主,缺乏可行的理论指导和科学量化的评价判据.针对拌和物振捣施工,从振捣密实理论、密实性影响因素、拌和物成型质量评价以及信息化工艺等方面,阐述了混凝土振捣施工的现状与技术进展,分析了振捣理论与应用存在的问题,展望了数字振捣技术的发展方向.

振动压路机的能量传递模型与作业参数优化研究

为提高振动压路机作业过程的压实质量,研究了振动压路机的能量传递模型与作业参数优化。首先基于U-K方程建立“碾轮-被压实材料”的系统振动动力学模型,结合能量守恒提出振动压路机能量传递模型;然后以振动频率和压实速度作为寻优工作参数,构建路面压实质量的优化模型;最后通过案例验证证明了所提方法的可行性与有效性。结果表明:工作频率与被压实材料的固有频率比值保持在√2~2范围内,可避免共振带来的影响;初始阶段低速碾压,材料性能稳定后提高碾压速度可保证高效压实,得出振动频率在21.8~27 Hz、压实速度在2.36~2.91 km/s范围内,可达到最优的压实效果。所提的能量传递模型、作业参数优化模型为保障振动压路机压实质量奠定了基础,为提高振动压路机压实质量和效率提供了参考。

考虑参数随机性的压实黄土蠕变变形不确定性分析

现有蠕变模型的计算值为确定值,未能考虑岩土材料和参数评估过程中的随机性。为反映岩土材料的变形随机特性,基于多次重复的一维固结蠕变试验,本文研究了分级和分别加载条件下压实黄土的蠕变特性,建立了考虑参数随机性的改进Merchant模型,提出了一种蠕变变形的不确定性预测方法,并通过延安高填方工程进行了验证。结果表明,压实黄土具有明显的衰减蠕变特性,引入非线性元件的Merchant模型能更好描述土体的应变时间关系,考虑参数随机性的模型计算值近似服从正态分布;通过不确定性预测方法可以获得蠕变变形值的概率云图,且工程实测蠕变变形值落在预测范围的95%的置信区间内,说明了考虑参数随机性的蠕变变形不确定性预测方法的有效性。