Evaluation of red soil-bentonite mixtures for compacted clay liners

Compacted clay liners are an integral part of the waste landfills,which are provided to contain the leachate within the landfills and protect the surrounding environment.Generally,locally available natural soils are used for the construction of compacted clay liners if they satisfy the design criteria.However,not all soils in their natural state satisfy all the design criteria for the liner materials.Thus,there is a definite need to modify the locally available natural soils by blending with bentonite to meet the required design criteria for the liners.In view of this,the present study evaluates the suitability of an Indian red soil enhanced with bentonite as a liner material.To achieve this,a series of experiments were carried out using locally available red soil and bentonite.First,the suitability of the red soil was evaluated as a liner material.The experimental results showed that the red soil met all the selection criteria stipulated by the Environmental Protection Agencies(EPAs)for the liners except the hydraulic conductivity criterion.Therefore,the red soil was mixed with bentonite contents of 10%,20%and 30%,and the red soil-bentonite mixtures were evaluated for their suitability for liners in their compacted state.Further,as the liners in the arid and semi-arid regions are subjected to moisture variations due to seasonal moisture fluctuations and other factors,the red soil-bentonite mixtures were subjected to wetdry cycles,and their suitability was evaluated after wet-dry cycles.The experimental results revealed that all the red soil-bentonite mixtures met the stipulated EPA criteria for the liners in the as-compacted state.However,the red soil-bentonite mixtures with 20%and 30%bentonite contents only satisfied the hydraulic conductivity requirement even after wet-dry cycles.The experimental findings were supplemented with the microstructural insights captured through digital camera images,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)studies.

Beam Line Design of Compact Laser Plasma Accelerator

A compact laser plasma accelerator that is a novel accelerator based on the interaction of ultra-intense laser and plasmas is being built now at Peking University. According to the results of experiments and numerical simulations, a beam line combining the advantages of quadrupole and analyzing magnets is designed to deliver proton beams with energy ranging from 1 to 44MeV, energy spread within ±5% and 10^6-8 protons per pulse. It turns out that the existence of space charge force of protons can be ignored for the increase of transverse and longitudinal envelopes even in the case of 10^9 protons in one pulse. To cope with the challenge to obtain a uniform distribution of protons at the final experiment target in laser acceleration, we manipulate the envelope beam waist in the Y direction to a proper position and obtain a relatively good distribution uniformity of protons with an energy spread of 0-±5%0.

相间间隔棒对紧凑型输电线路脱冰跳跃响应影响研究

紧凑型输电线路穿过覆冰区容易因导线脱冰跳跃而引起放电跳闸及金具破坏事故。揭示紧凑型输电线路脱冰后的动力响应规律,对线路工程的抗冰设计及加固改造具有重要的指导意义。以某500kV紧凑型线路脱冰跳跃跳闸故障为例,通过数值模拟仿真,考察了在实际覆冰厚度下,不同相导线脱冰时,线路的相间间隙以及相间间隔棒受力变化;继而针对最不利安全间隙工况,通过参数分析,提出该线路相间间隔棒布置的优化策略。研究结果表明:1)尽管设置相间间隔棒可以有效抑制脱冰相的竖向跳跃高度,增大导线与地线之间间隙,但对于倒三角形分布的紧凑型线路而言,布置相间间隔棒会减少脱冰后相间间隙。2)下相导线脱冰较上相导线脱冰更容易导致相间间隙不足;且由于上-下相相间间隔棒对下相导线跃起时的侧推作用,容易造成相间间隔棒附近处非连接相间间隔棒一侧的上下相相间间隙不足。3)紧凑型线路相间间隔棒数量和布置位置对脱冰后相间间隙均有影响,其中将相间间隔棒布置远离档距中央可有效增加相间间隙。4)上相脱冰和下相脱冰中与脱冰相有连接的上下相之间的相间间隔棒张力最大;下相脱冰相间间隔棒张力比上相脱冰相间间隔棒张力大,易造成金具损坏,设计中需重点关注。5)由于相邻档对脱冰档的张力作用会增加脱冰跳跃高度进而减少相间间隙,采用耐张串替代V型串有效减少相邻档的负面影响。

TBM豆砾石回填灌浆层性能与密实度对支护效果的影响

双护盾TBM采用预制管片、回填豆砾石和灌浆的方式进行支护施工,豆砾石回填灌浆层的性能和密实度是影响TBM隧洞工作性能的重要指标。以西北某双护盾TBM施工的引水隧洞为工程依托,基于室内试验研究了不同部位豆砾石回填灌浆层的力学性能,并通过数值模拟分析了豆砾石回填灌浆层性能与密实度对支护效果的影响。结果表明:受灌浆密实度不均匀的影响,豆砾石灌浆体的弹性模量和单轴抗压强度存在较大差异;在衬砌与豆砾石不存在脱空状态的条件下,豆砾石回填灌浆层参数取值不同对衬砌受力分布规律影响不大,但衬砌各个部位的应力有所变化;衬砌与豆砾石脱空部位受力状态与不脱空时存在显著差异,在脱空部位管片出现了较为明显的受力情况,部分区域应力超过衬砌混凝土的抗拉强度设计值,衬砌混凝土可能出现裂缝。在隧洞施工中应重点关注衬砌与豆砾石之间结合是否紧密,加强豆砾石回填、灌浆的质量监督。

Research on a Folded Blumlein Line Using Kapton Film as Dielectrics

In this project, a Blumlein line with a folded parallel-plates configuration using Kapton film as dielectrics was investigated. The characteristic parameters of this Blumlein line were analysed theoretically. The electric field distributions under different inner radii of the folded part were simulated. The output waveforms on the match load were also simulated by means of an equivalent electric circuit. According to the results of the theoretecal analysis and simulation, a Blumlein line with the folded parallel-plates configuration with an output voltage of 500 kV, a pulse duration of 100 ns, and a characteristic impedance of 4.773Ω was designed and manufactured. The experimental results properly demonstrated the wave transmitting process in the Blumlein line, and provided the voltage waveform of 500 kV and the current waveform of 50 kA with a pulse duration of 150 ns. Some engineering problems such as the edge electric breakdown and measuring precision by a resistance divider were revealed, which must be solved in future work to produce a more compact transmission line.

Design and Development of a 2 ×1 Array of Slotted Microstrip Line Fed Shorted Patch Antenna for DCS Mobile Communication System

Compact microstrip antennas have recently received much attention due to the increasing demand of small antennas for personal communication equipment. The problem of achieving a wide impedance bandwidth for compact microstrip antennas is becoming an important topic in microstrip antenna design. In this paper the design and development of a 2 × 1 array of a low cost slotted microstrip line fed shorted patch antenna (MFSPA) has been presented. Both the shorted patch and microstrip line feed network have air substrate. The material cost is thus reduced to a minimum. The array consists of two adjacent patches fed, using a simple microstrip T network. The impedance bandwidth of nearly 40%, covering the bandwidth requirement of 1750 MHz band is obtained. Also the antenna exhibits dual band operation. The cross polarization radiation in H-Plane observed with a single element antenna has been reduced considerably with 2 × 1 array. A peak antenna gain of 9.2 dBi is obtained with a small variation of 0.8 dBi. From the results obtained it is clear that the antenna array studied has a low cost fabrication and is suitable for applications in DCS mobile communication base station.

传输线方程高精度直接积分的数值求解方法

提出一种基于精细积分法与时域微分求积法相结合的传输线方程的数值求解方法。首先将传输线方程采用基于紧致有限差分法的四阶差分格式进行空间离散,得到关于时间的一阶线性常微分方程组,四阶差分格式对于空间微分有很好的近似精度。然后利用精细积分法与微分求积法对一阶线性常微分方程组进行数值求解。通过理论分析可知,与传统的传输线方程数值求解方法——时域有限差分法(Finite difference time domain,FDTD)相比,所提方法不涉及到状态矩阵求逆运算,保证了数值求解精度,并且其数值稳定性与计算时间、空间步长无关,可采用大步长进行数值计算,能够有效提高计算效率。最后利用仿真实例进行算法验证,结果显示,相比于时域有限差分法,所提方法能够抑制数值振荡,提高了计算精度。

小断面引水隧洞混凝土衬砌施工关键技术研究——以辽宁桓仁供水工程为例

为解决桓仁供水工程小断面输水隧道开挖、混凝土衬砌等施工技术存在的运输费用高、供应不连续、浇筑质量差、施工工效低、衬砌成型尺寸难控制等问题,研究试配高强度一级配自密实混凝土、改造混凝土运输车、改造混凝土衬砌用全圆针梁式钢模台车、改造可分离式混凝土运输浇筑一体化设备、多台衬砌台车联合衬砌施工等多项工程措施。结果表明:通过以上措施,工程按期实现了通水目标,保证了施工质量,提高了施工效率,降低了施工成本。不同洞径、不同洞型的小断面隧洞,通过试配高强度一级配自密实混凝土、改造工程用施工设施、设备,可实现预期工程进度、质量和安全等目标,对类似小断面隧洞工程设计和施工有一定的参考价值。

紧凑型线路脱冰跳闸故障数值模拟分析

紧凑型线路导线覆冰脱落往往会引发相间及相地闪络跳闸、导地线断股、断线等,为反演故障过程,指导紧凑型线路防冰加固设计及改造,以某500 kV紧凑型线路脱冰跳跃相间闪络跳闸故障为研究案例,基于ANSYS软件建立覆冰导线-绝缘子-相间间隔棒体系的有限元模型,模拟4种脱冰工况,分析不同工况下导线脱冰振动响应,得到导线在脱冰过程中相间间隙和相间间隔棒轴力的变化规律。

小型化星载Ku频段宽带扇形波束圆极化天线

为适应星载天线小型化、宽带、高性能的发展趋势,提出一种小型化星载Ku频段宽带扇形波束圆极化天线。通过在H面扇形喇叭口处加入曲折线圆极化器实现天线圆极化,将传统平面圆极化器变为半圆柱形,天线的包络尺寸减小近36%。同时,在喇叭口处增加介质透镜,在有限尺寸内将球面波调节为平面波。半圆柱极化器和介质透镜的设计可共同调节入射波束角度,提升天线的宽角波束覆盖性能。利用CST软件建立模型进行仿真,仿真结果表明:天线结构紧凑、波束覆盖范围宽,俯仰面大于11.3 dBi的增益覆盖范围达90°。半圆柱极化器的设计为星载天线的小型化、低成本设计提供新的思路。

圆形有压隧洞钢管混凝土衬砌施工技术

针对隧洞开挖断面小、衬砌厚度薄、流速大等施工难点,采用钢管加自密实混凝土衬砌结构形式。笔者结合工程实例,介绍小断面隧洞衬砌施工中钢管安装、回填灌浆、自密实混凝土浇筑等施工工艺方法和控制措施,可为类似隧洞衬砌施工提供参考。

330 kV紧凑型铁塔鸟害故障研究

以实例从校核紧凑型铁塔电气间隙,仿真模拟鸟粪不同长度、不同位置下落时电场变化、绝缘子沿面场强变化等多方面,分析造成330 kV紧凑型输电线路鸟害故障的机理及主要因素,为后续运维单位开展瓷、玻璃绝缘子清扫,复合绝缘子更换,鸟害重点区域划分,防鸟害决策提供依据。

紧凑型输电线路带电作业辅助进电位工具研制

紧凑型输电线路具有扩大输送容量、减少线路走廊、经济效益和社会效益显著等优点,近年来得到了大力推广和应用。然而,日渐增多的紧凑型输电线路结构复杂、空气绝缘间隙小,开展带电作业的技术难度较高,传统带电作业方法也存在诸多不足。为此,文章结合实际,研制了一种绝缘机械摇臂,作为紧凑型输电线路带电作业辅助进电位工具,从绝缘机械摇臂本体、带闭锁保护装置的导线侧挂钩、绝缘机械摇臂转动装置及绝缘机械摇臂连接装置四个方面介绍了该工具的装置原理,最后加以应用研究。结果表明,该工具可在带电导线与横担头之间搭设一个绝缘平台,作业人员可通过此平台安全、便捷、高效进出电场,不仅克服了传统带电作业方式应用的难题,还显著提升了带电消缺效率和电网运行的可靠性。

直线隧洞洞穿管及自密实混凝土施工技术

在直线隧洞洞穿管及混凝土浇筑施工过程中,管道安装精度要求高、施工难度大。在南水北调配套工程中,浅埋暗挖洞穿管施工是保证工程质量的重点,洞穿管采用在洞外一端安装电动导链,洞内外布置滑轮对钢管进行安装。其具有安装施工速度快、高程易调整、精度易控制等优点。而自密实混凝土浇筑采用一次浇筑成形、浇筑饱满、可靠性高、工期短、效率高,且无接缝,混凝土质量更具保障。

我国紧凑型与同塔双回输电现状与展望

分析了紧凑型线路的原理、带电作业、对系统的影响和同塔双回线路的塔型、电磁干扰、耐雷性能、带电作业方式,结果表明,两种输电技术均有良好的经济技术效益,能较大幅度提高单位走廊输送容量。

500kV紧凑型输电技术的研究

介绍５００ｋＶ紧凑型输电技术中关于线路绝缘配合、电磁环境影响、带电作业安全性及大吨位合成绝缘子性能方面的研究结果。同时，将常规型输电线路和紧凑型输电线路的性能参数作了对比。

750kV紧凑型线路相间间隔棒力学分析与计算

750kV同塔双回紧凑型线路在国内外尚无先例,因此在杆塔型式选择,绝缘子串及相间合成间隔棒设计上需要进行很多开创性的工作。为了给我国第1条750kV同塔双回紧凑型输电线路的相间合成间隔棒提供设计依据,对750kV同塔双回紧凑型输电线路相间间隔棒力学特性进行了深入研究。首先引用大挠度理论介绍了750kV同塔双回紧凑型线路的相间合成间隔棒的稳定后屈曲特性,然后又采用一种相间间隔棒的精确受力模型通过计算机仿真计算了相间合成间隔棒所承受的压力与轴向压缩量的关系,并且通过它的大屈曲试验验证了这种精确受力模型的正确性,通过比较34和40mm两种不同芯棒直径的相间间隔棒的试验与仿真数据,最后给出了750kV同塔双回紧凑型线路相间合成间隔棒的芯棒直径的推荐值为40mm。

架空输电线路工频参数的测量及分析

通过对5条500kV(其中1条是正式投运的紧凑型线路)架空输电线路工频参数实际测量结果的计算分析,具体介绍了各参数的测量接线和计算公式,并提出了在实际测量中应注意的问题。

330kV紧凑型线路V型合成绝缘子的荷载性能研究

V型合成绝缘子串是紧凑型线路的重要组成部分,具有重量轻、易清洗、抗拉强度高的优点以及稳定的后屈曲抗压能力。文中主要目的是研究330kV紧凑型线路中V型合成绝缘子串的力学荷载特性。首先基于大挠度理论分析了受压V型合成绝缘子的力学特性,并根据大屈曲试验确定了合成绝缘子破坏时对应的轴向压缩量以及对应该压缩量的破坏应力,然后进行V型合成绝缘子串的力学荷载试验,研究了夹角变化过程中,位移、轴向压缩量以及最大应力随载荷比的变化关系,确定了紧凑型线路设计时优先选用的V型串夹角,为紧凑型线路设计提供理论指导。最后,基于文中的理论分析和试验结果,确定天成330kV紧凑型线路设计中选用65°作为V型合成绝缘子串夹角。