Computer vision-aided DEM study on the compaction characteristics of graded subgrade filler considering realistic coarse particle shapes

The compaction quality of subgrade filler strongly affects subgrade settlement.The main objective of this research is to analyze the macro-and micro-mechanical compaction characteristics of subgrade filler based on the real shape of coarse particles.First,an improved Viola-Jones algorithm is employed to establish a digitalized 2D particle database for coarse particle shape evaluation and discrete modeling purposes of subgrade filler.Shape indexes of 2D subgrade filler are then computed and statistically analyzed.Finally,numerical simulations are performed to quantitatively investigate the effects of the aspect ratio(AR)and interparticle friction coefficient(μ)on the macro-and micro-mechanical compaction characteristics of subgrade filler based on the discrete element method(DEM).The results show that with the increasing AR,the coarse particles are narrower,leading to the increasing movement of fine particles during compaction,which indicates that it is difficult for slender coarse particles to inhibit the migration of fine particles.Moreover,the average displacement of particles is strongly influenced by the AR,indicating that their occlusion under power relies on particle shapes.The dis-placement and velocity of fine particles are much greater than those of the coarse particles,which shows that compaction is primarily a migration of fine particles.Under the cyclic load,the interparticle friction coefficientμhas little effect on the internal structure of the sample;under the quasi-static loads,however,the increase inμwill lead to a significant increase in the porosity of the sample.This study could not only provide a novel approach to investigate the compaction mechanism but also establish a new theoretical basis for the evaluation of intelligent subgrade compaction.

Gravel hardness effect on compaction characteristics of gravelly soil

The compaction characteristics of gravelly soil are affected by gravel hardness.To investigate the evolution and influencing mechanism of different gravel hardness on the compaction characteristics of gravelly soil,heavy compaction tests and crushing tests were conducted on gravelly soils with gravels originated from hard,soft and extremely soft rocks.According to orthogonal experiments and variance analysis,it was found that hardness has a significant impact on the maximum dry density of gravelly soil,followed by gravel content,and lastly,moisture content.For gravel compositions with an average saturated uniaxial compressive strength less than 60 MPa,the order of compacted maximum dry density is soft gravels>hard gravels>extremely soft gravels.Each type of gravelly soil has a threshold for gravel content,with 60%for hard and soft gravels and 50%for extremely soft gravels.Beyond these thresholds,the compacted dry density decreases significantly.There is a certain interaction between hardness,gravel content,and moisture content.Higher hardness increases the influence of gravel content,whereas lower hardness increases the influence of moisture content.Gravelly soils with the coarse aggregate(CA)between 0.7 and 0.8 typically achieve higher dry densities after compaction.In addition,the prediction equations for the particle breakage rate and CA ratio in the Bailey method were proposed to estimate the compaction performance of gravelly soil preliminarily.The results further revealed the compaction mechanism of different gravelly soils and can provide reference for subgrade filling construction.

Clogging caused by coupled grain migration and compaction effect during groundwater recharge for unconsolidated sandstone reservoir in groundwater-source heat pump

In unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs,presence of numerous movable grains and a complex grain size composition necessitates a clear understanding of the physical clogging process for effective groundwater recharge in groundwater-source heat pump systems.To investigate this,a series of seepage experiments was conducted under in situ stress conditions using unconsolidated sandstone samples with varying grain compositions.The clogging phenomenon arises from the combined effects of grain migration and compaction,wherein the migration of both original and secondary crushed fine-grain particles blocks the seepage channels.Notably,grain composition influences the migration and transport properties of the grains.For samples composed of smaller grains,the apparent permeability demonstrates a transition from stability to decrease.In contrast,samples with larger grains experience a skip at the stability stage and directly enter the decrease stage,with a minor exception of a slight increase observed.Furthermore,a unique failure mode characterized by diameter shrinkage in the upper part of the sample is observed due to the combined effects of grain migration and in situ stress-induced compaction.These testing results contribute to a better understanding of the clogging mechanism caused by the coupled effects of grain migration and compaction during groundwater recharge in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs used in groundwater-source heat pump systems.

Overview on Soil Compaction and Sugar Beet Growth

With the advancement of agricultural mechanization,soil compaction has become a serious environmental problem.Soil compaction can increase soil bulk density and firmness,reduce porosity and permeability,and deteriorate soil structure,ultimately inhibit sugar beet growth and reduce both root yield and sugar content.However,few farmers recognize the link between soil compaction and these adverse effects.Soil compaction has a cumulative effect,with significant differences observed in the vertical range of compaction accumulation.The most significant soil compaction occurs in the topsoil of 0-10 cm,and the influence depth can reach 70 cm,but it is small in deep soil,and the inflection point is at a soil depth of 10 cm.The degree of soil compaction is related to soil type,water content,tractor shaft load,tyre type,tyre pressure and operation speed,etc.Therefore,in the production process of sugar beet,it is advisable to avoid high-humidity operations,use low pressure tyres,reduce the number of tractor-units passes over the farmland,and implement agricultural and agronomic measures to minimize soil compaction.These practices will help protect the soil environment and ensure sustainable production of sugar beets.

Urban Soil Compaction Remediation by Shallow Tillage and Compost in Hydroseeded Lawn

Construction activities often involve removal of topsoil and compaction of the exposed soil by heavy equipments. Such compacted soils with low organic matter can lead to low infiltration and poor vegetation establishment. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of tillage (shallow till) and compost on soil physical and biological properties in a hydroseeded lawn as a post-construction best management practice for soil compaction remediation. The experimental site received a total of four land treatments in five replicated trials and it was hydroseeded with common Bermuda grass: 1) No Tillage + Compost (NT-C), 2) No Tillage + No Compost (NT-NC;control), 3) Tillage + Compost (T-C), and 4) Tillage + No Compost (T-NC). Bulk density (BD), infiltration rate (IR), and wet aggregate stability (WAS) in each plot were measured to assess soil physical properties while soil organic matter (SOM) and enzyme activity (β-glucosidase, acid-phosphatase, and alkaline-phosphatase) were measured for soil biological properties. Over a 15-months of monitoring period, the shallow tillage loosened the soil initially, but its effect on BD without compost was diminished to control plot level (NT-NC) within 4 months after hydroseeding. Both tillage and compost led to an increase in IR, and it remained higher than control by 2 - 3 times throughout the observation period. The WAS and β-glucosidase activity decreased in tilled plot unless there was compost application. Turfgrass showed greener leaves and aggregated roots in the compost-amended plots (NT-C and T-C). Our results suggest that compost application plays a key role in improving soil physical and biological properties in hydroseeded lawns from construction sites.

汽车行业RDC小件无人仓自动化立体库探索与实践——“汽车智慧物流建设与发展”系列连载之六

结合项目背景及需求,本文对成都领克工厂RDC小件无人仓自动化立体库项目概况及具体实践进行了全面介绍,并重点呈现了各智能化物流设备与系统在业务流程中的实际应用以及带来的积极影响,可为行业发展带来借鉴与启示。

Prediction of compaction parameters for fine-grained soil: Critical comparison of the deep learning and standalone models

A comparison between deep learning and standalone models in predicting the compaction parameters of soil is presented in this research.One hundred and ninety and fifty-three soil samples were randomly picked up from two hundred and forty-three soil samples to create training and validation datasets,respectively.The performance and accuracy of the models were measured by root mean square error(RMSE),coefficient of determination(R2),Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient(r),mean absolute error(MAE),variance accounted for(VAF),mean absolute percentage error(MAPE),weighted mean absolute percentage error(WMAPE),a20-index,index of scatter(IOS),and index of agreement(IOA).Comparisons between standalone models demonstrate that the model MD 29 in Gaussian process regression(GPR)and model MD 101 in support vector machine(SVM)can achieve over 96%of accuracy in predicting the optimum moisture content(OMC)and maximum dry density(MDD)of soil,and outperformed other standalone models.The comparison between deep learning models shows that the models MD 46 and MD 146 in long short-term memory(LSTM)predict OMC and MDD with higher accuracy than ANN models.However,the LSTM models outperformed the GPR models in predicting the compaction parameters.The sensitivity analysis illustrates that fine content(FC),specific gravity(SG),and liquid limit(LL)highly influence the prediction of compaction parameters.

Rapid testing and prediction of soil–water characteristic curve of subgrade soils considering stress state and degree of compaction

The subgrade soil is generally in saturated or unsaturated condition. To analyze complex thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) behaviors of subgrade, it is essential to determine the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) that represents the relationship between matric suction and moisture content. In this study, a full-automatic rapid stress-dependent SWCC pressure-plate extractor was developed. Then, the influences of overburden stress and degree of compaction on the SWCC of subgrade soil such as high liquid limit silt (MH) and low liquid limit clay (CL) were analyzed. Accordingly, a new model taking into account the influences of overburden stress and degree of compaction based on the well-known Van Genuchten (VG) SWCC fitting model was presented and validated. The results show that with the increase of the degree of compaction and overburden stress, the saturated moisture content of subgrade soil decreases, while the air-entry value increases and the transition section curve becomes flat. The influences of the degree of compaction and overburden stress on the SWCC of MH is greater than that of CL. Meanwhile, there was a satisfactory agreement between the prediction and measurement, indicating a good performance of the new model for predicting the SWCC.

推进剂当量比对RDC出口流动特性的影响

为了研究不同当量比下燃烧室出口压力和温度等特性,利用多孔喷注的旋转爆震燃烧室模型,以乙炔为燃料,空气为氧化剂,对压力和温度分布均匀性、增压比以及喷射压力比等指标进行了分析。研究结果表明,保持质量流率不变,随着当量比的增大,燃烧室内燃烧工况从贫燃逐渐变为富燃,出口压力及温度的均匀性会先变好后变差,增压比先增大后减小。当量比为1时,燃烧室内为双波传播状态,出口压力和温度均匀性最好,此时CV值最小为0.57,1⁃CU值最小为0.52,畸变指数最小为2.936,OTDF值最小为0.36,增压比最大为1.13,但当量比对燃烧室增压比的提升效果有限。

鞋履电商RDC的规划与设计

数字化时代的到来,加速了鞋履行业商业模式的调整,B2C电商规模逐年扩大。传统仓储策略及订单处理方式难以满足消费者的诉求,鞋履行业B2C电商履约能力需要进一步提高。通过分析鞋履电商RDC主要作业流程的特点,分析其历史数据及设计目标,得到了RDC仓内物流运行的主要指标数据,在此基础上设计规划了鞋履电商RDC的存储策略及输送分拣方案,为企业提高订单履约能力,降低物流成本。

Influence of relative compaction and degree of saturation on the deformation characteristics of bentonite under freeze-thaw cycles

Bentonite,consisting of clay minerals of the montmorillonite group,has been widely used as an adsorbent and backfill material in nuclear waste disposal and groundwater remediation.It is challenging to use bentonite as a filling material in cold regions since bentonite is highly sensitive to thermal environmental changes,during which its bulk volume and microstructure change significantly.In this study,a series of one-dimensional and three-dimensional freeze-thaw tests were carried out within a closed system to investigate the influencing factors of the deformation of bentonite under freeze-thaw cycles.Results show that the initial soil water content greatly impacts bentonite's deformation during freeze-thaw cycles.For an initial higher degree of saturation(Sr),the expansion caused by the formation of ice lenses has a greater impact than the shrinkage induced by dehydration,ice-cementation,and so on.Conversely,bentonite tends to shrink at a lower degree of saturation during freezing.And the critical degree of saturation that determines bentonite's behavior of frost heave or frost shrinkage seems to be roughly 0.8.As the number of freeze-thaw cycles rises,initially uncompacted bentonite clay becomes more compacted,and initially compacted bentonite clay remains unchanged.

A Revisit to the Swedish Wet Compaction Method—A Case Study of the Burvattnet Dam Reconstruction

The Swedish Wet compaction method allows soil compaction at higher water content than conventional Dry compaction methods and can be used to advantage when difficulties arise in keeping to a certain Dry compaction water content. Wet compaction was frequently applied for dam core soils of glacial till (moraine) up until late 1970s, and despite several advantages it is since no longer used in engineering practice. During the reconstruction of Burvattnet Main Dam in Sweden, the lack of dry core soil together with severe weather conditions made Dry compaction almost impossible. On the basis of laboratory compaction tests performed in compliance with the standard from the 1950s, and field compaction trials on site, this paper describes the steps taken to revisit the Wet compaction method, which made it possible to continue the filling works in keeping with the timeline of the project.

Densification of Reclaimed Soils with the Utilization of the Vibro Compaction Technique—A Case Study

This paper presents a case study of the extensive soil improvement work carried out on a reclamation project on the shores of United Arab Emirates. The project consisted an area of approximately 480,000 m2 for recreation purposes. Following the dredging work, approximately 6.8 million cubic meters underwent densification using the vibrocompaction method. The general aims of such analysis are to investigate the effectiveness of vibrocompaction as a method of soil improvement and appraise the selection of this method as the most appropriate soil treatment technique necessary for the adequate densification of the overall loose soil masses. The efficiency of the vibrocompaction technique to densify thick granular-based soil formations of considerable thickness and the benefits obtained, equated to other soil treatment methods, was assessed through a comprehensive post quality control program including field and laboratory post-compaction testing. Based on the analysis conducted it is concluded that soil strength of the reclaimed materials achieved a noteworthy improvement reaching comfortably the required degrees of densification.

生物胶改良黏土抗崩解特性试验研究

为研究生物胶对黏土抗崩解性的影响,采用黄原胶、瓜尔胶及黄原胶与瓜尔胶质量比为1∶1混合的复合胶对黏土进行改良,通过抗崩解试验,探究生物胶的含量和种类、压实度对改良黏土抗崩解特性的影响规律,并结合扫描电镜试验进一步分析了生物胶的改良机理。结果表明:生物胶通过增强土体颗粒之间黏聚力增强改良黏土的抗崩解特性,其崩解破坏过程可分为稳定前崩解阶段、稳定崩解阶段及稳定后崩解阶段;随着生物胶含量的增大,改良黏土稳定前崩解阶段延长,崩解速率减缓,崩解率降低;复合胶改良黏土抗崩解特性在质量分数大于1.0%后强于单一生物胶;随着压实度的提升,试样抗崩解特性明显改善。

不同机械压实条件下黑土性质及入渗特征变化研究

为探究不同机械压实条件对黑土土壤性质入渗特征的影响,以克山县典型黑土为研究对象,设置3种不同型号机械(华夏HX2104-C:154 kW、约翰迪尔554:40 kW、中国海山:19 kW)和不同压实次数(0,1,3,5,7,9次)对秋收后大豆耕地垄沟开展模拟压实,通过测定土壤容重、含水率、孔隙及土壤入渗特征,分析不同机械压实条件对土壤物理性质及土壤入渗特征的影响。结果表明:在0~10 cm土层,大型、中型、小型机械压实后土壤容重分别增加54.17%、56.25%、46.88%;总孔隙度分别减小31.58%、28.07%、29.82%;含水率分别下降19.35%、16.13%、9.68%。首次压实对土壤性质的影响最显著,容重均增加32.29%以上,土壤总孔隙度均减小15.8%以上,只有大型机械使土壤含水率显著减小9.6%。随压实次数增加,各机械压实后10~20 cm土层土壤容重从1.25 g·cm^(-3)增加至1.58 g·cm^(-3),总孔隙度从52.16%减小至38.22%,土壤含水率从27.33%下降至20.67%,其中,大型机械在首次压实使容重及孔隙特征产生显著影响,而中型及小型机械对土壤物理性质的影响主要依靠压实次数的增加对土壤起到压实的累积作用。首次压实,中型及小型机械使2 h累计入渗量分别减少87.16%、50.81%,初渗速率分别减少87.59%、70.93%,中型机械使稳渗速率显著减少92.90%;3次压实,大型机械使2 h累计入渗量、初渗速率分别显著减小73.29%、75.67%,大型及小型机械使稳渗速率分别显著减少74.07%、66.97%;至5次压实后土壤各入渗特征无显著差异。0~20 cm土层土壤容重及土壤孔隙特征均影响机械压实土壤入渗特征,其中,0~10 cm土层土壤容重是影响综合土壤入渗特征的主导因素。

路基智能压实评价指标研究进展综述

系统总结了智能压实评价指标(ICMV)迄今为止的主要研究成果,讨论了ICMV的发展历程、计算原理、优势与缺陷、填料适用性以及与原位指标拟合的影响因素。分析表明:ICMV与路基填料之间存在一定的匹配机制,工程上应尽量按照该机制选择ICMV以提升检测效果;拟合分析时,应综合考虑填料类型、ICMV类型和原位指标以确定影响因素,避免回归特征的冗余或缺失;鉴于部分特征对预测值存在非线性影响,不建议使用线性模型对智能压实数据进行预测。针对上述问题,本文在ICMV与填料的匹配关系、拟合因素的重要性、回归算法的选择策略三个方面给出了具体的建议及未来的研究方向,以期作为ICMV后续应用及研究的参考。

单组分湿固化型聚氨酯混合料的体积膨胀特性

为研究单组分湿固化型聚氨酯混合料的体积膨胀特性,提出了基于游标卡尺的体积膨胀特性表征方法,分析了体积膨胀后的宏微观形貌,研究了不同因素作用下体积膨胀的变化规律,以及体积膨胀对空隙率的影响,并提出了抑制体积膨胀的方法.结果表明:聚氨酯混合料会因空隙率较小,致使固化反应产生的二氧化碳气体难以完全逸出,在混合料内部会产生数量较多的宏微观气孔结构,1个马歇尔试样可产生高达1.5 mm的膨胀变形;提高压实温度、采用二次压实或添加氢氧化钙,均会显著降低混合料的体积膨胀,且对路用性能也有一定提升;增大胶石比,混合料的体积膨胀单调递增,空隙率则先减小后增大.为控制体积膨胀,建议压实温度为45~65℃,且胶石比不宜过大,添加氢氧化钙时,其质量分数不宜超过1%.

公路土质路基振动压实特性数值模拟

采用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟压路机振动压实过程,研究不同碾压方式、碾压组合、松铺厚度D和压路机碾压速度V下路基土的动力响应与压实度变化规律。结果表明:不同碾压方式下最大竖向应力(S_(33))_(max)和竖向位移(U_(3))_(max)大小顺序为强振>弱振>静压,(S_(33))_(max)随碾压遍数N增加保持不变,而(U_(3))_(max)和压实度K在N=1时急剧增加;碾压组合对不同碾压方式下路基土体积应力p影响极小,碾压组合中碾压方式排列次序对路基土竖向位移U_(3)变化影响较大;组合1下不同松铺厚度的路基土竖向位移百分比P、压实度K值均大于碾压组合2,不同组合下D=40 cm时P、K值均为最大;在确定的松铺厚度下,碾压组合与碾压速度对P、K具有显著影响,碾压速度较小时P、K更大,但组合1条件下P、K关于碾压速度的差异较组合2显著。

VITEK■ 2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析仪虚拟仿真教学软件的开发与应用

文章主要介绍了VITEK■2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析仪虚拟仿真教学软件的设计与开发,以及虚拟仿真融合线上线下混合教学模式在医学微生物检验实验教学中的应用。结果表明,该仿真教学软件的实际应用既有利于培养学生的实践操作能力及思维方式,又能弥补学校实训环境与临床实际不符的缺陷,为微生物检验实验教学质量的提升开辟新的思路。

碾压混凝土分层碾压离散元模拟及施工成层细观机理研究

碾压混凝土(RCC)坝特有的大仓面分层碾压工艺带来的层间结合质量问题,是影响其安全运行的重要因素。从施工控制的角度分析RCC施工成层机理,进而合理调整碾压参数,可有效保证大坝的施工质量。首先,通过RCC分层碾压试验,分析了碾压过程中含层面RCC的沉降规律、压实度及抗剪强度,为后续离散元模拟提供了基础;然后,建立并验证了RCC双层碾压与抗剪试验离散元模型;最后,给出了表征层间结合质量的骨料嵌入值指标,进而从孔隙率、层间骨料嵌入、层面应力分布、层间抗剪强度等方面分析了RCC施工成层的细观机理。结果表明:碾压参数对RCC的嵌入值、压实特性、层面应力和层间结合质量均有一定影响;嵌入值是影响层间抗剪强度的重要因素,二者呈线性相关,嵌入值每增加1 mm,模拟抗剪强度约增加1.583 MPa;激振力的增加以及行进速度、碾压厚度的减小均有利于提高层间结合质量,且碾压厚度是影响层间结合质量的最敏感参数。研究结果可为施工中RCC层间结合质量控制标准的制定提供理论依据。