Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Between China and the United States

It is well-known that the United States,a highly developed country whether in high-tech.or higher education,is in a leading position in the world.Based on the comparison and analysis of higher education between China and the U.S.,this article highly affirms the advantages of American higher education,offers an objective comment on China's higher education reform in recent years,and earnestly indicates that China's higher education needs to be improved in order to facilitate greater development.

A Comparative Study for the Development of Coal-to-Liquids Industries in China, South Africa and United States

Many energy consuming countries have carried out research, development, demonstration, planning and deployment of coal-to-liquids (CTL) because of its ability to replace oil imports by converting coal resources into fuel. Among them, China and South Africa successfully had their CTL technology industrialized, while the United States did not. To understand the differences in the industrial development level, a comparative study is necessary. This paper compares the history, driver and policy of CTL industry in China, South Africa and United States, collates and discloses numbers of industry details for the first time. We figure out that the motivation, top level planning and policy consistency are the key indicators of the difference on the industrial development level. Among them, the key to the success of CTL industrialization in China and South Africa is the government’s strong and stable determination to improve energy security, which provides a stable top-level planning and robust policy support. The failure of CTL in United States is caused by the shift of policy attention after its energy security situation improved.

Comparison of water resources management between China and the United States

As the world’s top two economies,the United States(U.S.)and China face a number of similar water resources problems.Yet,few studies have been done to systematically compare policies and approaches on water resources management between China and the U.S.This study compares water resources policies of China and the U.S.in the areas of national authority,water supply,water quality,and ecosystem use of the water to draw lessons learned and shed light on water resources management in China,the U.S.,and the rest of the world.The lessons learned from the comparison include six aspects.1)New paradigms of people-water harmony and a water-saving society are urgently needed to address the pressing water crisis and achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(UN SDGs).2)A comprehensive,consistent,forward-looking national policy is necessary to achieve sustainable use of water resources.3)Empowerment of river basin commissions with comprehensive authority over the integrative management of air,land,water,and biological resources in the river basin could significantly enhance the benefits and effectiveness of economic development and environmental protection.4)Expansion of water exchange through market mechanisms among water users promotes efficient and beneficial water uses.5)Use of water for ecosystem services should be an integral part of water resources management.China has set up a national blueprint for achieving ecological civilization;maintaining appropriate amounts of flow in rivers and lakes for maintenance of wildlife and fisheries and ecosystems should be institutionalized as part of this national strategy as well.6)By sharing their rich experiences and lessons in water resources management,economic development,and ecological protection with other countries,China and the U.S.can help the world to achieve global human-water harmony and the UN SDGs.

Challenges of agriculture and food systems issues in China and the United States

China and the United States are the two most significant nations in the contemporary global food and agricultural network.In addition,they are two of the most important innovators with respect to the development of new crop varieties,agro-technologies,farm products,markets and consumer issues,such as consumer resistance to genetically modified foods,among others.In the face of an ever-complex web of interactions,technologies and products among producers and consumers in both nations,there are far more structural similarities than differences in the food and agriculture sectors of these two nations.This essay,adopting some of the themes of the Sino-American Symposium on Future Issues Affecting Quality of Life,presents a limited but representative comparative assessment of three of the most important shared challenges impacting the agricultural sectors of China and the United States for the period from 2000 to the present including 1)environmental challenges related to agricultural water supply,2)declines in farm labor and rural population,and 3)growing food-related concerns and challenges.For both nations,excessive and unsustainable groundwater consumption has lowered water tables and limited crop production.Rural populations and farm workforces in both nations are also declining,leading to labor challenges in both nations.Finally,concerns regarding food safety are also very similar with major challenges to the farm sector associated with consumer resistance to genetically modified food crops and sanitation issues linked to lengthening supply chains.All of these issues threaten the development of sustainable agricultural production systems.

Do people really support conservation?Evidence from China and the United States

Survey studies have consistently shown strong public support for biodiversity conservation,even though conservation regulations often face strong local resistance when they are implemented.This seemingly contradictory phenomenon is due to the fact that previous polls have sought opinion only in the abstract,yet many conservation measures are implemented at the expense of local economic development,and policymakers often face a‘Conservation-Development Tradeoff’-a policy dilemma that remains understudied by social scientists.To fill this gap,this study conducts one of the first comparative surveys on public support for biodiversity conservation in China and the United States.I measure public support for conservation using two separate question versions online.The‘regular version’asks directly about individual support for biodiversity conservation,and the“tradeoff version”asks the same question but in the context of the policy tradeoff.The results show that both American and Chinese citizens are highly supportive of conservation in the abstract.But after they learn about the tradeoff effect,the aggregate support falls sharply,and the Chinese citizens show significantly less support compared to their American counterparts.The survey findings expanded on existing academic research on public attitudes toward conservation policies and can encourage future conservation policymakers to understand the significance of the tradeoff issue,as conventional wisdom may have overestimated public support for biodiversity conservation.Moreover,as China has become a crucial player in global conservation governance,understanding the Chinese public sentiment on the real-world policy dilemma can have important implications for conservation policymaking in the world.

Racial differences in the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer:a study of differences between American and Chinese patients

AIM: To compare the racial differences of anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer (CRC) and determine the association of age, gender and time with anatomical distribution between patients from America (white) and China (oriental).METHODS: Data was collected from 690 consecutive patients in Cleveland Clinic Florida, U.S.A. and 870consecutive patients in Nan Fang Hospital affiliated to the First Military Medical University, China over the past 11years from 1990 to 2000. All patients had colorectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed by histology and underwent surgery.RESULTS: The anatomical subsite distribution of tumor,age and gender were significantly different between white and oriental patients. Lesions in the proximal colon (P＜0.001) were found in 36.3 % of white vs 26.0 % of oriental patients and cancers located in the distal colon and rectum in 63.7 % of white and 74 % of oriental patients (P＜0.001). There was a trend towards the redistribution from distal colon and rectum to proximal colon in white males over time, especially in older patients (＞80 years).No significant change of anatomical distribution occurred in white women and Oriental patients. The mean age at diagnosis was 69.0 years in white patients and 48.3 years in Oriental patients (P＜0.001).CONCLUSION: This is the first study comparing the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancers in whites and Chinese patients. White Americans have a higher risk of proximal CRC and this risk increased with time. The proportion of white males with CRC also increased with time.Chinese patients were more likely to have distal CRC and developed the disease at a significantly earlier age than white patients. These findings have enhanced our understanding of the disease process of colorectal cancer in these two races.

Transnational Mathematics and Movements: Shiingshen Chern, Hua Luogeng, and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study from World War II to the Cold War

This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.

China and the United States Should Build A New Type of Major Powers Relations——A Study on China’s U.S. Policy Thinking since the New Century

Since the reform and opening-up to the outside world, China has formed a series of guidelines and policies towards the United States, which are the theoretical foundation of China’s U.S. policy thinking in the New Century. Entering the new century, the international situation has undergone profound and complicated changes, the national strength gap between China and the United States has narrowed, their common interests have expanded, differences and contradictions have increased. Therefore, China stands for both countries to adhere to the direction of developing cooperative partnership, respect each other, abide by the promises, seek equal and mutual benefits and win-win cooperation, and mutually respect each others core interests. The future development of China-U.S. relations still face many challenges and China’s U.S. policy thinking needs to keep abreast with the times.

以期刊作为方法:美国的中国学学术史变迁

中国学期刊是展示美国中国学领域科研成果的重要载体之一,为美国和全球的区域研究提供了重要的交流平台和思想资源。美国中国学期刊的发展反映了中美关系的冷暖亲疏,大致分为三个阶段:冷战前后的曲折起步;中美建交前后的繁荣发展;全球化时代的深化拓展。为了更好推进这一领域的研究,可以从系统论、谱系论、关系论、比较论四个方面寻找解决办法。以中国学期刊作为方法,考察其不同历史阶段所呈现的创刊理念、发展路径、学者活动以及学术影响,可以透视期刊视野中的中国学历史面貌与演进过程,了解美国文化软实力的建构方式,加强中美之间的文明互鉴与交流。

化学仿制药中美双报注册策略分析

目的分析中国加入国际人用药品注册技术协调会(ICH)后,国内企业仿制药中美双报注册的现状及其注册要求,以期为国内企业提供参考。方法比较分析中国和美国化学仿制药注册申报路径、通用技术文档(common technical document,CTD)、药学研究和生物等效性研究等方面的具体要求,总结我国企业中美双报的优势和劣势,强调中美双报过程中需要关注的重点。结果2017年以来,国内企业在美国的仿制药申请(abbreviated new drug application,ANDA)获批数量显著增加;中美仿制药注册在CTD申报的要求、药学研究资料、生物等效性试验的设计等方面有差异也有共性,国内企业在注册申报时需对这些差异予以重视,深入理解两国的技术要求。结论从研发立项、质量标准、参比制剂选择、生物等效性试验设计等方面分别提出了建议,以期为我国企业中美双报提供参考,加快药品在两国上市速度,提升国内企业的国际竞争力。

中美隧道二次衬砌结构设计规范对比研究

隧道设计规范是开展设计工作的依据,将我国隧道相关设计规范与国际先进国家技术标准对标,有助于提高我国工程建设企业的国际化竞争力。通过文献调研和计算分析对比研究了中美隧道二次衬砌结构设计的异同,并且从设计准则、极限状态划分、设计使用年限、材料特性、荷载分类和组合以及结构设计方法等方面展开对比,结合工程实例研究分析,结果表明:《公路隧道设计规范》(JDG 3370.1—2018)的设计参数更加保守、安全,能更好的保证隧道衬砌结构的安全性和耐久性,更有利于隧道二次衬砌的长期安全服役。

从“制造”到“创新”:美国学界对中国科技形象的认知演变与传播对策研究

从美国中国学的视野来看,当代中国的科技形象经历了从“起步者”到“追赶者”再到“挑战者”的三重转变。美国学者主要从政府角色定位、企业创新能力和科技人力资源三个维度分析中国科技发展的历史经验,其研究既存在着客观理性的一面,也存在着一定的偏见和敌意。中国科技形象的演变受益于中国科技事业发展、中外学者合作研究以及实证主义研究方法的积极因素,但又受制于美国国家利益、意识形态框架和科技传播效果的负面影响。因此,中国需要重视多元主体的参与,丰富科技传播的形式,加强对外传播的针对性,塑造“创新、负责、和平”的国家科技形象,为中国的科技发展营造积极的国际舆论环境。

中美英财务报告比较研究

近年来,全球贸易格局加速调整,国际资本市场日渐完善,中国经济与世界经济深度交融,频繁的贸易往来和投资活动需要深入解读会计财报信息。由于中、美、英三国在会计准则、观念、环境、需求上存在差距,三国财务报告在报告目标、主体、信息质量、要素及要素的确认与计量等方面也存在诸多差异。深入分析中、美、英三国财务报告的差异和原因,有利于对我国财务报告制度做出进一步的改进和完善,对加强中国与美、英等国家乃至全球其他国家的会计交流与合作贸易具有重大意义。

美国早期汉学知识圈与民国时期图书馆学人留美之路

学术团体、研究机构、基金会、图书馆构成了美国早期汉学研究的知识圈。汉学图书馆的发展离不开中文文献管理专门人才。借助洛克菲勒基金会、来华汉学家等汉学知识圈的内生力量,在国内官费留学无望的中国图书馆学人“另辟蹊径”获得了新的留美通道,国会图书馆、哈佛燕京图书馆和哥大图书馆等汉籍收藏重地成为留美图书馆学人主要的工读基地。文章探究了美国早期汉学知识圈与民国时期图书馆学人留美之路之间的联系,以及两者如何形成了互动的知识共同体,对于汉学研究及图书馆学研究具有学术史及知识史方面的重要意义。

美国数字经济核算实践及其与我国的比较

本文详细梳理美国数字经济核算实践的最新动态,包括美国数字经济核算的概念界定、核算范围、核算方法和数据结果等。首先,本文梳理了美国数字经济核算范围变化,同时将我国数字经济分类、美国数字经济分类同时与国际标准产业分类(ISIC)在行业小类层面一一对应,详细对比美国与中国数字经济核算范围,得到美国数字经济核算范围与我国数字经济核心产业基本一致的结论。其次,总结美国数字经济核算方法,从产品角度进行数字经济定义,在供给使用表基础上将产品对应至行业,在行业基础上进行数字经济产出和增加值等测算,同时对比研究我国和美国数字经济核算方法。最后,在此基础上,探讨了美国数字经济核算实践对我国的启示,为我国数字经济增加值统计核算工作提供借鉴。

中美科研诚信治理的重点问题比较及启示

中美科研诚信制度和治理模式各有特点,两者的比较分析有助于发现和改进中国科研诚信治理存在的问题。中美科研诚信治理的逻辑起点相同,但在制度体系以及科研不端行为治理范围、案件查处机制和法律责任等方面存在一定的差异。与美国相比,中国科研诚信治理制度和模式呈现科研不端行为种类多、调查主体类型多和政策制度层次多的特点,对有效调集和充分协调足够行政资源规制各类科研不端行为提出更高要求。中国可适当借鉴美国相关经验做法,从完善科研诚信治理体系、落实科研单位科研诚信建设主体责任、建立健全举报审查和激励机制和解决科研失信行为产生的深层次问题等方面进一步完善科研诚信治理制度和模式。

从史料角度再读《西学东渐记》

容闳作为近代联通中西的代表性人物之一,他用英文写成的自传被译成中文,以《西学东渐记》最为著名。容闳个人对于中国近代以来的发展不仅是经历者,还是参与者,因此该文从史料角度再读《西学东渐记》,不仅通过容闳的视角探究了其与曾国藩、李鸿章等人的交往,也了解到“留美幼童”计划的成型和夭折,还通过容闳经商之路再现了近代的中国社会图景,使读者强烈感受到中国早期知识分子的爱国心以及不断为祖国前途命运而寻找出路的努力和向西方寻求救国真理的历程。

中美体育博士研究生课程比较研究

运用文献检索法、问卷与访谈法。相对于美国体育学科博士生的课程体系 ,我国体育学科博士生课程体系主要表现为 :课程门数与学分较少 ,学位课程与非学位课程之间的比例太大 ,课程设置单一 ,教学形式较为单调 ,选课主要局限于校内 ,导师与任课教师基本都在本校聘任。上述情况限制了博士生综合素质的提高 ,不利于我国体育学科高层次的人才培养。主要改革对策包括 :适当提高博士生的学分与课时 ;将专业基础课变为学科基础课 ,以体育学为基础开设课程 ,大量设置跨学科和新兴学科课程 ;将必修课与选修课的比例由约 9:1调整为约 2 :1;加强课程内容建设 ;采用讲座、研讨、文献阅读等多种教学形式 ;

中美特殊体育教师培养模式比较研究

在探讨中美两国特殊体育教师培养的起源与发展的基础上,对两国特殊体育教师的培养模式进行了比较。研究认为美国特殊体育教师专业化培养较早,其主要特征体现在:培养目标明确化、培养方式多元化、课程体系专业化、培养层次一体化、资格认证制度化、质量保障标准化等方面;我国特殊体育教师培养起步较晚,学科归属仍徘徊在体育教育和特殊教育之间,存在培养目标不定、培养层次不高、资格准入不严等问题。

中美青少年网络成瘾的比较研究

网络成瘾是一种世界性的心理行为问题,中美比较对于揭示青少年网络成瘾的发生发展机制具有重要价值。比较研究发现,中国青少年网络成瘾的流行率明显高于美国青少年;这一差异部分缘于中美两国研究者所采用的网络成瘾的测量工具以及诊断标准不一致,而更多的可能是中美鲜明而独特的文化差异所致,这些文化差异主要包括个人因素、家庭影响、上网地点以及法律监管等。