Therapeutic effect of regulating autophagy in spinal cord injury: a network meta-analysis of direct and indirect comparisons

Objective:An increasing number of studies indicate that autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury,and that regulating autophagy can enhance recovery from spinal cord injury.However,the effect of regulating autophagy and whether autophagy is detrimental or beneficial after spinal cord injury remain unclear.Therefore,in this study we evaluated the effects of autophagy regulation on spinal cord injury in rats by direct and indirect comparison,in an effort to provide a basis for further research.Data source:Relevant literature published from inception to February 1,2018 were included by searching Wanfang,CNKI,Web of Science,MEDLINE(OvidSP),PubMed and Google Scholar in English and Chinese.The keywords included"autophagy","spinal cord injury",and"rat".Data selection:The literature included in vivo experimental studies on autophagy regulation in the treatment of spinal cord injury(including intervention pre-and post-spinal cord injury).Meta-analyses were conducted at different time points to compare the therapeutic effects of promoting or inhibiting autophagy,and subgroup analyses were also conducted.Outcome measure:Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan scores.Results:Of the 622 studies,33 studies of median quality were included in the analyses.Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan scores were higher at 1 day(MD=1.80,95%CI:0.81-2.79,P=0.0004),3 days(MD=0.92,95%CI:0.72-1.13,P<0.00001),1 week(MD=2.39,95%CI:1.85-2.92,P<0.00001),2 weeks(MD=3.26,95%CI:2.40-4.13,P<0.00001),3 weeks(MD=3.13,95%CI:2.51-3.75,P<0.00001)and 4 weeks(MD=3.18,95%CI:2.43-3.92,P<0.00001)after spinal cord injury with upregulation of autophagy compared with the control group(drug solvent control,such as saline group).Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan scores were higher at 1 day(MD=6.48,95%CI:5.83-7.13,P<0.00001),2 weeks(MD=2.43,95%CI:0.79-4.07,P=0.004),3 weeks(MD=2.96,95%CI:0.09-5.84,P=0.04)and 4 weeks(MD=4.41,95%CI:1.08-7.75,P=0.01)after spinal cord injury with downregulation of autophagy compared with the control group.Indirect comparison of upregulation and downregulation of autophagy showed no differences in Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan scores at 1 day(MD=-4.68,95%CI:-5.840 to-3.496,P=0.94644),3 days(MD=-0.28,95%CI:-2.231-1.671,P=0.99448),1 week(MD=1.83,95%CI:0.0076-3.584,P=0.94588),2 weeks(MD=0.81,95%CI:-0.850-2.470,P=0.93055),3 weeks(MD=0.17,95%Cl:-2.771-3.111,P=0.99546)or 4 weeks(MD=-1.23,95%Cl:-4.647-2.187,P=0.98264)compared with the control group.Conclusion:Regulation of autophagy improves neurological function,whether it is upregulated or downregulated.There was no difference between upregulation and downregulation of autophagy in the treatment of spinal cord injury.The variability in results among the studies may be associated with differences in research methods,the lack of clearly defined autophagy characteristics after spinal cord injury,and the limited autophagy monitoring techniques.Thus,methods should be standardized,and the dynamic regulation of autophagy should be examined in future studies.

The comparison and analysis of real estate operation in China

This paper raises the comparison method of operational stages of the real estate market. In order to select similar operational stages, we established an analysis model by applying fuzzy grade-of-membership clustering in this paper. Firstly, we select the materials information of the real estate market in America, Germany and Japan. Secondly, the real estate markets of America, Germany and Japan are divided into several different stages. Lastly, we apply the method of fuzzy grade-of-membership clustering to select comparable stages. The result of analysis indicates that the real estate market of Japan and Germany (1960-1980) are similar to the market in China.

The Results and Comparison of "Logical-Tree" Seismic Zoning in the Panxi Area

On the basis of the technological route of seismic hazard analysis,the methods for determining seismicity parameters,such as b value,annual occurrence rate,and the seismic spatial distribution function,are discussed.Then,the seismic intensity zoning in Panxi area in Southwest China is carried out by applying the "logical-tree,"which is made up of multi-parameter schemes.It is clearly shown from the results that seismic intensity zoning is influenced by many uncertain factors and it is necessary to seek a certain balance between seismic safety and investment interest and a good way,with the present limited knowledge level,to obtain seismic intensity zoning is through the "logical-tree" method.

The Analysis on Comparison of Forming Condition with Abroad Palaeo-Epicontinental Marine Basin and Possibility of Potash Formation in North China

1 Introduction Currently,all six different continents have discovered potash deposits and potash-bearing salt lake saline water.However,the distribution is extremely uneven,which is mostly concentrated in Canada,Russia,Middle-Asia and

Quantitative traits correlative analysis and growth comparison among different populations of bay scallop,Argopecten irradians

The shell traits and weight traits are measured in cultured populations of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. The results of regression analysis show that the regression relationships for all the traits are significant (P<0.01). The correlative coefficients between body weight, as well as tissue weight with shell length, shell height and shell width are significant (P<0.05). But the correlative coefficients between the anterior and posterior auricle length with body weight as well as tissue weight are not significant (P>0.05). The multiple regression equation is obtained to estimate live body weight and tissue weight. The above traits except anterior and posterior auricle length are used for the growth and production comparison among three cultured populations, Duncan's new multiple range procedure analysis shows that all the traits in the Lingshuiqiao (LSQ) population are much more significant than those of the other two populations (P<0.01), and there is no significant difference between the Qipanmo (QPM) and Dalijia (DLJ) populations in all traits (P>0.05). The results indicate that the LSQ population has a higher growth rate and is expected to be more productive than the other two populations.

Intercomparison of the Summertime Subtropical High from the ERA-40 and over East Eurasia and the western North Pacific

An intercomparison of summertime （JJA）subtropical geopotential heights from the ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis is specifically conducted over East Eurasia and the western North Pacific. The NCEP/NCAR is obviously lower than the ERA-40 in the mid-to-lower troposphere in most regions of East Eurasia before the mid-1970s, but becomes higher than the ERA-40 after the mid-1970s and thus demonstrates stronger increased trends during the period of 1958-2001. Both reanalyses are lower than the observations in most regions of China. The NCEP/NCAR especially shows tremendously systematic lower values before the mid-1960s and displays abrupt changes before the 1970s. Several indices of the western North Pacific subtropical high （WNPSH）, calculated from both reanalyzed summer geopotential heights, also reveal that the variation trend of the NCEP/NCAR is stronger than that of the ERA-40 in the mid-to-lower troposphere from 1958 to 2001. Through singular value decomposition （SVD） analysis, the summer geopotential heights at 500 hPa from the ERA-40 are better than the NCEP/NCAR counterparts at interacting with the precipitation over the East Asian monsoon region. The results indicate that the NCEP/NCAR in the mid-and-lower troposphere may overestimate interdecadal changes and should be used cautiously to study the relationship between the WNPSH and precipitation ove ther East Asia Monsoon region before the mid-1970s.

Mathematical Analysis of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCov) Delay Pandemic Model

In this manuscript,the mathematical analysis of corona virus model with time delay effect is studied.Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases has substantial role in the different disciplines such as biological,engineering,physical,social,behavioural problems and many more.Most of infectious diseases are dreadful such as HIV/AIDS,Hepatitis and 2019-nCov.Unfortunately,due to the non-availability of vaccine for 2019-nCov around the world,the delay factors like,social distancing,quarantine,travel restrictions,holidays extension,hospitalization and isolation are used as key tools to control the pandemic of 2019-nCov.We have analysed the reproduction number𝐑𝐑𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧of delayed model.Two key strategies from the reproduction number of 2019-nCov model,may be followed,according to the nature of the disease as if it is diminished or present in the community.The more delaying tactics eventually,led to the control of pandemic.Local and global stability of 2019-nCov model is presented for the strategies.We have also investigated the effect of delay factor on reproduction number𝐑R_(nCov).Finally,some very useful numerical results are presented to support the theoretical analysis of the model.

Comparison of Ten Potential Evapotranspiration Models and Their Attribution Analyses for Ten Chinese Drainage Basins

Potential evapotranspiration(EPET)is usually calculated by empirical methods from surface meteorological variables,such as temperature,radiation and wind speed.The in-situ measured pan evaporation(ETpan)can also be used as a proxy for EPET.In this study,EPET values computed from ten models are compared with observed ETpan data in ten Chinese river basins for the period 1961−2013.The daily observed meteorological variables at 2267 stations are used as the input to those models,and a ranking scheme is applied to rank the statistical quantities(ratio of standard deviations,correlation coefficient,and ratio of trends)between ETpan and modeled EPET in different river basins.There are large deviations between the modeled EPET and the ETpan in both the magnitude and the annual trend at most stations.In eight of the basins(except for Southeast and Southwest China),ETpan shows decreasing trends with magnitudes ranging between−0.01 mm d−1 yr−1 and−0.03 mm d−1 yr−1,while the decreasing trends in modeled EPET are less than−0.01 mm d−1 yr−1.Inter comparisons among different models in different river basins suggest that PETHam1 is the best model in the Pearl River basin,PETHam2 outperforms other models in the Huaihe River,Yangtze River and Yellow River basins,and PETFAO is the best model for the remaining basins.Sensitivity analyses reveal that wind speed and sunshine duration are two important factors for decreasing EPET in most basins except in Southeast and Southwest China.The increasing EPET trend in Southeast China is mainly attributed to the reduced relative humidity.

Analysis and comparison of nutrient contents in different animal manures from Beijing suburbs

Manure samples were collected by floor scrapings in animal stables from Beijing suburbs. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) were analyzed by conventional wet chemical methods. All manures showed a high variability in nutrient contents. Nutrients contents in different animal manures were significantly different. TN and TK contents in layer manures were higher than swine and dairy manures

Deformation Monitoring and Result Analysis on the High Excavated Slopes of TGP's Permanent Shiplock

To ensure the stability of the high rock slopes of the permanent shiplock of the Three Gorges Project is the key to the successful construction and normal operation of the shiplock. In the course of the slope excavation, effective deformation monitoring, well understanding of the deformation characteristics, and reasonable analyzing and predicting of the deformation trend of the high slopes are important aspects of work for the slope excavation and dynamic design of the shiplock. The optimized design, successful implementation of deformation monitoring and accurate monitoring results are the important guarantee for carrying out the project. The monitoring design of the permanent shiplock was conducted in accordance with the general principles of "laying stress on the key points, considering parts as well as the whole, planning uniformly and conducting in stages". The deformation monitoring system of the permanent shiplocks is composed of survey network for horizontal and vertical displacements, monitoring points, inverted plumb lines, tension wires, extensimeters, etc.

Rationale of Timed-Release Analysis and the Improvement of Flotation Experiment

The fundamental aspects of The Timed-Release Analysis (TRA) and some problems are analysed. Having studied the attribute of optimum flotation test results and the way of optimum test conditions, the auther put forward a proposal to improve this test method by adding a new test step of scavenging flotation and using optimum test conditions varied with different fine coals instead of the given ones settled by the TRA norm. Comparison between test results of the two methods of TRA shows that the improved method is very good.

THE EVALUATION OF THE LONG-TERM RESULTS IN THE TREATMENT OF SALIVARY GLAND CARCINOMA

This paper summarized the long-term follow-up results and our clinical treatment experience of 426 patients with carcinoma of salivary gland, who had undergone surgical treatment in our department from 1957 to 1976 successively. Our study showed that the 10-year and 15-year survival rates were 63.3% and 59.1% respectively, much higher than the results presented by other researchers. The following four points were concluded: 1. The long-term treatment result of salivary gland carcinoma is determined not only on mode of treatment and clinical stage, but more on its pathologic type. For high malignant salivary carcinoma, comprehensive multidiscipline treatments should be adopted. 2. Management of primary focus." The different operative principle and mode shouht be worked out in advance according to pathologic type and primary site of tumors. 3. Management of lymphonode: For cases with undifferentiated carcinoma, low-differentiated mucoepiderrnoid carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and papillary cystadenocarcinoma, elective neck dissection should be performed. 4. Prevention of distant metastasis: Preoperative biopsy should be avoided. Frozen-section should be made during the operation and, diagnosis and treatment be accomplished in the meantime.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR-SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.

Analysis of the Comparison of Twice Regional Large Rainstorms in Northwest Yantai City

[Objective] The twice regional rainstorms in northwest Yantai in July in 2009 and July in 2010 were expounded.[Method] The twice regional rainstorm in northwest Yantai in July in 2009 and July in 2010 were selected for comparison analysis by dint of conventional and non-conventional weather data,from the aspects of circulation background,physics quantity,and radar echo,etc.[Result] The twice large rainstorm process were regional convective strong precipitation.The rainstorm fell in the northwest of Yantai and had a strong precipitation center above 200 mm.The twice large rainstorm was affected by subtropical and shear line.The rainstorm area was related to the location of 588 dagpm line,westerly trough,and shear line.It was regional rainstorm of typical subtropical edge warm and wet airstream,combination of low vortex and shear line of westerly.The precipitation occurred around the center of water vapor flux;K index had pretty good indication effects to the generation of rainstorm.Large rainstorm occurred around the place with high K index.The K index of twice large rainstorm was larger than or equal to 34 ℃,and was close to the rainstorm falling area where K index was larger than or equal to 35 ℃.The reflection factor of twice large rainstorms at 0.5° elevation,the largest echo intensity was from 55 to 60 dBz,in strip echo from south to north,through the west peninsula,forming train effect.The data report product also had important reference basis for the report of regional large rainstorm.[Conclusion] The study provided references and basis for the report of large rainstorm in the future.

Intercomparison of the Summertime Subtropical High from the ERA-40 and over East Eurasia and the western North Pacific

On Page 119 of the printed edition （Issue 1, Vol. 26）, the paper title should be ＂Intercomparison of the Summertime Subtropical High from the ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis over East Eurasia and the Western North Pacific＂. The editorial office and the authors are sincerely sorry for any inconvenience this may have caused.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY RAINS IN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE CAUSED BY TYPHOONS HAITANG AND MATSA

Study was carried out on two landfall typhoons Haitang and Matsa, which affected Zhejiang province seriously in 2005. Firstly, the similarity and difference between the two typhoon-induced heavy rains were compared and it was pointed out that both of them brought strong large-scale precipitation and the maximum centers of rainfall were located on the north side of the landfall site. Making landfall on Fujian, Haitang was weaker than Matsa in intensity but surpassed it in rainfall. Then with focus on intensity, moving speed, structure of typhoon, circulation and terrain, the two typhoon-related heavy rains were compared and analyzed. Results show that the asymmetrical distribution of rainfall was closely related to the structure of typhoons themselves, moisture transportation and mesoscale terrain. In contrast to the south side, the north side was hotter and wetter and water vapor was also more abundant. The phenomenon of more rainfall induced by Haitang was in connection with the following reasons. Invading cold air led to rainfall increases, weakened dynamic field and slower movement both benefited precipitation. For the last part, the cold characteristic of air mass over Zhejiang was also a favorable factor for the rain.

Performance Model Analysis of Armenian Premier League Soccer Players Using Global Positioning System Technology and Comparison between European Championship

The aim of this research was to analyze the PPM of Armenian Premier League using 25 GPS 10 Hz(K-Sport,Montelabbate,Italy),in order to compare data from literature from major European championship.In total 25 matches were analyzed from one team militant in Armenian Premier League(10 wins,10 loses and 5 draws),33 different players(age 24.3±4.2,height 1.76±4.2 and weight 74±3.5)and in total 270 performances(10.8 for matches).Matches were divided in First Half(T1),Second Half(T2),Second Half Substitution(T2 Sub),Full Match,Full Match Substitution(Full Match Sub)and Total Match(Total)that include all the players detected during a games.Furthermore,all matches were divided even by quarters 0-15,15-30,30-45,45-60,60-75 and 75-90,only players that played all match were included in this analyses,in order to check the performance decreasing during the time.All data were added in an Excel Spreadsheet in order to build a database,to organize and better analyze data,cataloging events for data,results,and role of players.Average data from Armenian Premier League in comparison with literature data from European and Italian Championship show that in every parameter,the Armenian Premier League is under the average.This is obviously related to the non-high level of the Armenian football that is in fact placed at the 106°place of the FIFA ranking(update 7 June 2019).Physical data represent an indicator of performance but also of the qualitative level of the league and of individual players.For this reason,the use of the match analysis can be decisive to verify the PPM,in order to better evaluate the championships,teams,and players,in order to build an easier search and discovery of talents.

Two－body Correlation Transport Theory Ⅶ． Comparisons with the Results of QMD

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