The Comparison of Chinese and Western Cultures from the Perspective of Chinese Culture “Going Global”: With Confucius and Socrates’ Thoughts as Examples

Chinese culture “going global” is an inevitable requirement for China’s economic and social development.As an important part of Chinese traditional culture,the dissemination of Confucian thought is just the spread of Chinese culture.Therefore,the spread of Chinese Confucian thought abroad is also the key to Chinese culture “going global”.However,there are some cultural hinders between China and the West due to the differences in cultures.On the basis of summarizing Confucius and Socrates’ thoughts,this paper analyzes their essence of thoughts by contrast,which represent the eastern and Western cultures respectively.From the perspective of cross-cultural communication,the paper adopts the methods of multiculturalism,criticism and down-to-earth attitudes to deal with Chinese and Western cultures in order to make Chinese go global and share China’s wisdom with the world.

Analysis of Differences between Chinese and Western Sport Philosophy

China is a world＇s ancient civilization with a long history of five thousand years; meanwhile, it is also the headstream of sports culture. Chinese sports aim at building the body and self-cultivation. The movement structures of sports are mainly the simulation of all kinds of movement of animals, which are particular about static and dynamic equilibrium, firmness, and gentleness, getting refined internally and externally. The feature of Chinese sports is the unification of form and spirit. The pattern of Chinese sports is closely related with Chinese philosophy thought, and the constructed Chinese sports culture has become the essential part of Chinese traditional philosophy. Chinese sports have integrated fitness and aesthetic appreciation into one, which is the specific expression of Chinese traditional thought. However, western sports have integrated with western philosophy thought with strong athletic tint. The characteristic of western sports has a necessary connection with the ancient Greek thought. Ancient Greeks had realized that the relationship between human and the nature was not totally dependent with contrariety, so they thought only fighting with the nature could they survive. The origins of thought of Chinese and western sports cultures decide the differences between Chinese and western sports. The harmony of China and competition of the west can be both embodied in sports. This thesis will analyze the differences between Chinese and western sports philosophy.

A Brief Comparison of Chineseand Western Thinking Patterns:Synthesis, Analysis, and Antithesis

A brief comparison of Chinese and Western thinking patterns reflects in synthesis and analysis, which including tortuous thinking pattern and straightforward thinking pattern. These two different thinking patterns influence our social life everywhere.

Further Discussion of the Fundamental Differences between Chinese and Western Philosophy

In the context of the problem of the“fundamental differences”between Chinese and Western philosophy,it is essential to investigate the basic system on which the entirety of Western philosophy operates and the unique way it has developed within this system,so that concrete observation can help deepen understanding.The observation involves the issues of what metaphysics is;“transcendence”;the fourfold distinction in the history of Western metaphysics;Christianity as Platonism;and the“Onto-Theo-Logik”mechanism in metaphysics.In a general sense,there can be no metaphysics where there is no division or opposition between the supersensuous and the sensory worlds.Where the“Onto-Theo-Logik”mechanism of Western metaphysics fails to work or has no chance of working,the field is one in which Chinese philosophy should make active moves and undertake development.The divisions arising from this context essentially mark the fundamental difference between Chinese and Western philosophy.When it comes down to it,it is these differences that determine the differences in the nature,structure,and direction of Chinese and Western philosophy.

A comparison of tectonic ambient shear stress value in China with that in western USA

A method is proposed to estimate average tectonic ambient shear stress value for a region. Thus the average stress values of 19 regions in western USA, and 43 regions (each region is 1010) in Chinese mainland and its surroundings have been obtained. The data of 15 993 earthquakes are from the Internet Centroid Moment Tensor solution made by Harvard University from 1997 to 1999. The results demonstrate that there are highest average stress values in the regions of south California of USA and its off coast sea, reach to 12.0 MPa and 13.7 MPa respectively, then gradually decrease toward north, south, and east. The lowest value is 8.7 MPa and 63% of highest value. The average stress values in northern Xinjiang and in the Chayu region of Tibet are 17.2 and 12.9 MPa respectively. They are highest values in China and higher than USAs. The average stress value in North China, Yunnan, Sichuan, Taiwan is similar to south California of USA. The average stress value in South-North seismic zone is about 13 MPa, a little higher than south California. The distribution of average stress value for two important regions provides basic data for geology. These results are useful to research earthquake activity background and attenuation relation of strong ground motion parameters (e.g. peak acceleration and response spectra).

“体育是什么”的本体论沉思与当代重建

“体育是什么”一问居于当前体育哲学研究的核心,对其展开的本体论沉思形成了体育哲学的本体论思想与理论重建,具体体现为本体思维方式与本体论理论建构间的流变过程。作为两种基本的本体思维方式,“是之所‘是’”强调本体的概念规定,“是之为‘是’”注重本体的结构生成,二者在中西体育哲学思想史中形成了各自的本体论理论嬗变。西方体育哲学的分析哲学与欧陆哲学传统在两种本体思维方式区分下分别形成了“游戏说”与“身体说”体育哲学本体论说,中国传统哲学试图整合两种本体思维方式,形成了“目的说”与“人本说”的体育哲学本体论说。在中西哲学交融背景下的“人类学历史本体论”,将“所是”与“为是”两种本体思维方式融入人类历史与心理结构的生成过程,以此重构体育哲学的本体论研究和“问答”的思维方式,形成体育实践中人类普遍性知识,继而在形上之域整合人在面对体育实践时触发的“沉思”与“言说”的隔阂,完成对体育哲学理论与学科任务的重新考量。

中国哲学与西方哲学互为“他者”:以葛瑞汉等人的研究为中心

以西方哲学看中国哲学,这是很多研究者都做过的工作;而以中国哲学看西方哲学,这种工作做得相对少些。两种哲学互看对方而开展对话、交流,可使双方都有触动。英国著名汉学家、哲学家葛瑞汉经常做此“互看对方”的工作,成就斐然。由葛瑞汉的研究可知,一方面,作为西方哲学的“他者”,中国哲学成为解决西方哲学一些难题的重要资源;另一方面,葛瑞汉又用作为中国哲学“他者”的西方哲学,来阐释中国哲学中的关联思维及庄子哲学、墨子哲学等。在中国哲学与西方哲学互视对方为“他者”的过程中,各自的特色可以更好地呈现出来,这一过程也显示了双方的平等关系。

革故鼎新:中国哲学转型期脉络

鸦片战争后,西方文化的广泛传入,使中国哲学发生了显著变化,涌起三次浪潮。第一次叫作“西情东渐”,发生在鸦片战争时期。第二次叫作“西技东渐”,发生在洋务运动时期。第三次才叫作“西学东渐”,发生在戊戌变法前后。西方哲学在此过程中传入中国,中国近代哲学没有照着西方哲学讲,而是按照自己的理解方式,作了创造性的诠释,促使中国哲学发生第二次变革。中国现代哲学发生第三次变革,实现由自发哲学转向自觉哲学。

承认理论视域下中国式现代化对西方现代化道路的超越研究

现代化的实现需要国家主体与内部主体间的“互相承认”。古典承认理论与现代承认理论给现代化的“承认”之路带来了两种霄壤之别的方案,西方现代化从少数人出发并牺牲他者的发展模式正是古典承认理论描述的承认过程的真实写照。中国式现代化在发展主体上坚持了共同体性,在发展动机上立足于主体间性,完成了承认从“生死斗争”向自由且真实的“互相承认”的蝶变,实现了对西方现代化道路的超越与升华,给世界交出了一份人类文明新形态的中国答卷。

中西对比视阈下中国式现代化的五维超越

党的二十大报告向世界庄严宣告,中国式现代化丰富和发展了人类文明新形态。在中西对比视阈下定位与理解中国式现代化,不仅昭示了其对西方现代化的超越及重构,也有利地彰显了中国式现代化的独特优势。中国式现代化的特殊性在于:它打破了西方现代化抽象的普遍性;它以人民至上的共富现代化理念超越了西方两极分化的现代化;它以两个文明相协调的现代化超越了物质单极化的现代化;它以人与自然和谐共生的现代化超越了人与自然对立的现代化;它以和平发展的现代化超越了霸权主义的现代化。

金陵大学办学理念的变迁及其启示

金陵大学是民国时期著名的教会大学,在其办学历程中,形成了独特的办学理念和办学特色。金陵大学顺应时代需求,淡化其宗教色彩,强调服务社会,将中国传统文化与西方先进教育经验相结合,较好地处理了大学制度建设中的西化和本土化、模仿与创新的关系。金陵大学在明确办学定位、融入社会发展、推进中西文化交流方面的特色理念对中国高等教育的发展仍具有一定的启示意义。

从三对概念比较王士神韵说与康德的判断力演绎

在中西比较的领域中,两者对于文艺美学的认知与哲思一直是比较的热点。当前学界对于17-18世纪中西诗学的比较研究较少,该文选取了中西两名代表人物王士禛与康德,对他们的神韵说与审美判断力进行比较研究,重点分析了兴会与情感、言不尽意与审美理念、神韵天然与像自然的艺术三对概念,展示了三对概念在艺术与情感、语言的不完善性、自然美学方面存在的共性,与其在理论基调、审美路径与审美取向三个方向存在的差异,在展现中西文论各自特色的同时,找寻人类艺术普遍的规律。

Differences in the Origin of Philosophy between Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine:Exploration of the Holistic Advantages of Chinese Medicine

To explore advantages of Chinese medicine （CM） by analyzing differences in the origin of philosophy for human health between CM and Westem medicine （WM）. Methodologically, a distinctive feature of CM is its systems theory, which is also the difference between CM and WM. Since the birth of CM, it has taken the human body as a whole from the key concepts of ＂qi, blood, yin-yang, viscera （Zang-Fu）, and meridian and channel＂, rather than a single cell or a particular organ. WM evolves from the Westem philosophic way of thinking and merely uses natural sciences as the foundation. The development of WM is based on human structures, or anatomy, and therefore, research of WM is also based on the way of thinking of decomposing the whole human body into several independent parts, which is the impetus of promoting the development of WM. The core of CM includes the holistic view and the dialectical view. Chinese herbal medicines contain various components and treat a disease from multiple targets and links. Therefore, Chinese herbal medicines treat a diseased state by regulating and mobilizing the whole body rather than just regulating a single factor, since the diseased state is not only a problem in a local part of the body but a local reflection of imbalance of the whole body.

由“生活世界”的趣舍综观中西哲学之根本差别

根据中西哲学对“生活世界”的趣舍--对生活世界的守护或贬黜--来概括其本质特征,可以更加集中也更加充分地表明:中西哲学在其开端性决断上的根本差别,如何贯穿于并且支配着两种哲学全然不同的历史性行程。对生活世界的贬黜与敌视植根于形而上学的基本建制中,亦即植根于超感性世界和感性世界的分割-对立中;立足于道器不割、体用不二的哲学建制从根本上决定了对生活世界的切近与守护;正是由于立足于这样一种非形而上学的哲学建制,整个中国哲学表现为对生活世界的居有与守护。此外,在西方哲学已经开展出来的“自我批判”中,形而上学的历史性解体伴随着生命哲学的积极开启--意识到并且深思这一重大转折,对于把握中国哲学的非形而上学性质来说,具有极其重要的启示意义。因此,对“生活世界”的趣舍,不仅能够成为标识中西哲学判然两途的分水岭,而且由于它特别地切近于两类哲学植根其中的基本建制,所以该主题的阐明对于中西哲学之根本差别的整全理解来说,具有总体上的概括作用和统摄意义。

中西哲学互镜下的人性论探赜

相对于中国哲学对人性或善或恶的笼统界定,西方哲学首先对人的灵魂进行理性、欲望、情感的划分,然后对善恶进行辨析。中国哲学敏锐地觉察到道德对于人性的重要性,但却没有如西方哲学那样将道德与理性的关系予以厘清。道德与理性成为中西人性论的根本区别。就人性本身而言,人的本质是理性,而道德是理性的彰显,两者是内在统一的关系。对中西人性论的比较有助于推进中国传统文化的创造性转化和创新性发展,也有助于我们正确认识和客观评价西方文化。

书籍设计中的中西美学比较

研究中西方设计美学的差异,分析两种美学对设计产生的影响。以书籍设计为案例分析不同文化背景和审美观念对于设计的引导作用,并从设计原则和艺术表现手法的角度,对中西方设计美学的交流与融合发展提出了创新思路。

中国式现代化新道路对西方现代化模式的超越

中国在实现自身现代化的同时,正在开创一种人类文明新形态:中国式现代化新道路,立足中国社会主义初级阶段的基本国情,努力探寻引导和规制资本的合理制度模式,使社会主义现代化建设为人民服务,实现了对资本主导的西方现代化模式的超越;以人民立场为根本价值追求,在制度设计、发展理念、执政基础上彰显了人民的主体地位,保障发展成果由人民共享、促进全体人民的自由全面发展,实现了对西方现代化资本中心主义的超越;以和平崛起为基本遵循的发展模式,在相互尊重、平等对话的基础上友好处理大国外交关系,走独立开放的现代化之路,开启了现代化发展道路的多种可能性,为后发国家实现现代化贡献了中国智慧和中国方案,实现了对西方现代化霸权逻辑的超越。

老子的世界意义与创造人类文明新形态

老子哲学不仅为中华文化提供形而上根基,也具备世界意义的思想性与建设性,可以为创造人类文明新形态提供丰富的思想资源。当前的《老子》及老子哲学研究主要有三个向度:基于《老子》出土文献与传世文本比较的文本释读,基于《道德经》相关注解与实践演进的意义揭示,基于全球思想背景特别是中西哲学比较的当下价值及未来发展等。需要从不同文明之间的关系、文明与自然的关系、文明的历史与未来的关系三个方面理解人类文明的未来展开。老子思想的非宗教性、“和”价值的优先性以及处理问题的开阔性,使得其参与创造人类文明新形态具备引领意义,并作为解决当前人类面临的和谐相处、共同发展问题的一种思路,为人类命运共同体的可持续发展提供帮助。

“中—西时代”的“阐释政治哲学”研究——从中国现代政治哲学话语的三大功能说起

在“中—西时代”,即告别“唯西是瞻”,与西方平等对话甚至超越西方的时代,中国现代政治哲学话语在中国人文社会科学话语体系中占据最基础的地位。中国现代政治哲学话语需同时具备三大话语功能,即面对西方的“对话—抗辩”功能、面对现状的“阐释—范导”功能和面对历史的“阐释—反思”功能。相应地,其理论建构面临着“理论视野的去西方化/去自由主义化”、“现代性价值/范畴的中国化”和“中国性价值/范畴的现代化”等三大理论课题。建立在公共阐释基础上的“阐释政治哲学”,是有助于推进中国现代政治哲学话语建构的知识形态。思想史重构、政治哲学建构与社会—历史分析相结合、历史政治学与社会政治理论分析相结合,是与上述三大话语功能和三个理论课题相适应的三种公共阐释取径。