Marginal optimization method to improve the inconsistent comparison matrix in the analytic hierarchy process

To improve the inconsistency in the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), a new method based on marginal optimization theory is proposed. During the improving process, this paper regards the reduction of consistency ratio(CR) as benefit, and the maximum modification compared to the original pairwise comparison matrix(PCM) as cost, then the improvement of consistency is transformed to a benefit/cost analysis problem. According to the maximal marginal effect principle, the elements of PCM are modified by a fixed increment(or decrement) step by step till the consistency ratio becomes acceptable, which can ensure minimum adjustment to the original PCM so that the decision makers’ judgment is preserved as much as possible. The correctness of the proposed method is proved mathematically by theorem. Firstly, the marginal benefit/cost ratio is calculated for each single element of the PCM when it has been modified by a fixed increment(or decrement).Then, modification to the element with the maximum marginal benefit/cost ratio is accepted. Next, the marginal benefit/cost ratio is calculated again upon the revised matrix, and followed by choosing the modification to the element with the maximum marginal benefit/cost ratio. The process of calculating marginal effect and choosing the best modified element is repeated for each revised matrix till acceptable consistency is reached, i.e., CR<0.1. Finally,illustrative examples show the proposed method is more effective and better in preserving the original comparison information than existing methods.

Comparative Process for the Preparation of 9-Oxime Erythromycin A

The comparative process for preparing 9-oxime erythromycin A (EMAO) is investigated. EMAO was synthesized and compared by the reaction of erythromycin and hydroxylamine hydrochloride with various bases such as sodium acetate, triethylamine, etc. A new synthetic method is established. The oximation is performed under dynamic buffer system; less degradation impurities are formed. The yield of EMAO reaches more than 95%, HPLC analysis shows that the purity of EMAO is more than 90%, and the E/Z isomeric ratio preponderates over 7∶1.

A consistency improving method in the analytic hierarchy process based on directed circuit analysis

Test of consistency is critical for the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) methodology. When a pairwise comparison matrix(PCM) fails the consistency test, the decision maker(DM) needs to make revisions. The state of the art focuses on changing a single entry or creating a new matrix based on the original inconsistent matrix so that the modified matrix can satisfy the consistency requirement. However, we have noticed that the reason that causes inconsistency is not only numerical inconsistency, but also logical inconsistency, which may play a more important role in the whole inconsistency. Therefore, to realize satisfactory consistency, first of all, we should change some entries that form a directed circuit to make the matrix logically consistent, and then adjust other entries within acceptable deviations to make the matrix numerically consistent while preserving most of the original comparison information. In this paper, we firstly present some definitions and theories, based on which two effective methods are provided to identify directed circuits. Four optimization models are proposed to adjust the original inconsistent matrix. Finally, illustrative examples and comparison studies show the effectiveness and feasibility of our method.

A comparison on urbanization of two mega-polises in western China in recent 20 years

Based on a comparison of the spatial extension modulus and speed of the two mega-polis cities in western China, Chongqing and Chengdu, the differences of urbanization characteristics of the two cities were analyzed. The results show that the two cities have different spatial extension modulus and extension speed. The extension speed of Chongqing, the largest mountainous city of China, was slow and its extension direction was along the Yangtze River valley and the Jialing River valley. Chengdu, the largest plain city of western China, had a faster extension speed than Chongqing and a concentric circles extent modulus. The spatial extent modulus and speed were controlled by the natural condition, especially the topography, the policies, the economic development level and the investment of the state central government.

Research on Comparison and Evaluation Studies of Several Smoothing Denoising Method Based on γ-ray Spectrum Detector

The extraction of spectral parameters is very difficult because of the limited energy resolution for NaI （TI） gamma-ray detectors. For statistical fluctuation of radioactivity under complex environment, some smoothing filtering methods are proposed to solve the problem. These methods include adopting method of arithmetic moving average, center of gravity, least squares of polynomial, slide converter of discrete funcion convolution etc. The process of spectrum data is realized, and the results are assessed in H/FWHM（ Peak High/Full Width at Half Maximum） and peak area based on the Matlab programming. The results indicate that different methods smoothed spectrum have respective superiority in different ergoregion, but the Gaussian function theory in discrete function convolution slide method is used to filter the complex y-spectrum on Embedded system nlatform, and the statistical fluctuation of y-snectrum filtered wall.

Research on consistency measurement and weight estimation approach of hybrid uncertain comparison matrix

The consistency measurement and weight estimation approach of the hybrid uncertain comparison matrix in the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） are studied. First, the decision-making satisfaction membership function is defined based on the decision making＇s allowable error. Then, the weight model based on the maximal satisfactory consistency idea is suggested, and the consistency index is put forward. Moreover, the weight distributing value model is developed to solve the decision making misleading problem since the multioptimization solutions in the former model. Finally, the weights are ranked based on the possibility degree approach to obtain the ultimate order.

基于权重的AHP判断矩阵一致性调整方法

传统的判断矩阵调整方法计算得到的权重不能最大限度地保留原始判断矩阵的信息。为此,提出一种基于权重的判断矩阵调整方法。该方法根据权重的性质,构造完全一致矩阵,利用AdaGrad最速下降法对矩阵进行拟合,使该矩阵相对于原始判断矩阵的总改变量最小,以其对应的权重作为矩阵的计算结果。数值计算结果表明,该方法相比于其他方法,权重对原始判断信息的保留度更高,且不需要反复进行矩阵一致性检验。

泰国乌银工艺与中国乌铜走银工艺对比研究

泰国乌银工艺与中国乌铜走银工艺皆为传统金属工艺,在外观上均呈现黑白或者黑金两色,极为相似。笔者将乌银工艺与乌铜走银两种工艺的发展历史、材料工艺和传承现状等进行对比与研究,分析不同国情下两种工艺的异同性,并探索我国传统金属手工技艺在现代社会中的传承发展。

侧流与主流磷回收工艺对比及调控因子分析

从污水中回收磷是缓解磷资源危机的有效途径,目前,污水处理厂常用的磷回收工艺主要为从剩余污泥中回收磷的侧流工艺,存在工艺复杂、回收效率低等问题.以生物膜为主体的主流磷回收工艺可实现磷的同步去除与富集,工艺简单且高效,因此更具发展前景.两种工艺在运行原理及模式上存在显著差异,因此对两者的调控措施不尽相同.本文分别以A^(2)O工艺和生物膜序批式反应器工艺为代表,对比了侧流和主流磷回收工艺在运行原理及模式上的异同,并以聚磷菌的代谢机理为基础,总结了温度、pH值、水力停留时间、溶解氧、碳源和蓄磷量等调控因子对两种工艺产生的影响,并阐述了其差异化机制,以期为生物膜磷回收工艺的进一步发展提供参考.

统计活动过程视角下高中统计内容的比较与分析

基于“统计活动过程”视角,从统计活动过程各环节及其完整性程度两个层面对中国人教B版、北师版和苏教版3版高中数学教材中统计内容进行比较和分析.研究发现,3版教材在统计活动各环节的安排重点突出、层次分明;在统计活动过程的完整性方面,虽注重活动的展开,但过程缺乏完整性;统计部分内容在3版教材中的设置,容易产生设计意图与学科理解的错位,影响统计部分教学效果的达成.因此,教学中需梳理整体知识结构,重视统计活动过程的完整呈现;关注学生统计素养的培养,重视整体性教学设计;提高教师的教材分析能力,关注课标和教材编写的一致性.

超临界CO_(2)管输首站增压方式优选

超临界CO_(2)管输增压方式的优选对CO_(2)捕集、利用与封存技术的经济性评价具有重要影响。以将常温、常压下输量为500万t/a的CO_(2)在首站增压至14 MPa为例,应用Aspen HYSYS软件建立了2种n+1多级增压工艺流程进行过程模拟,对比了不同增压方式以及不同增压级数下的总费用现值。结果表明,取首站运行时间为30 a,基准折现率为8%,在n取值4、5、6的增压级数下,压缩机+泵组合增压工艺流程相较于压缩机多级增压工艺流程能分别降低新建首站总费用现值5.51%、5.85%和6.03%。研究结果可为超临界CO_(2)管输首站增压方式选择提供参考。

绿色甲醇生产技术比较研究

随着绿色低碳发展理念在交通运输等领域日益受到重视,绿色甲醇逐渐引起关注,国内外能源企业正积极布局相关生产装置。绿色甲醇生产技术路线包括电甲醇、生物甲醇等,目前均处于工业化应用初期,比较优势仍需要探讨,从而使企业能够结合自身特点做出技术选择。利用多目标决策法,从原料可获性、技术成熟度、政策支持性、技术经济性、碳排放水平等多维度对各技术路线在2030年、2050年的发展前景进行比较。原料可获性始终是绿色甲醇技术选择中最受关注的问题,其次为技术成熟度。现阶段,电甲醇和生物甲醇仍需攻克技术难题,生物甲醇综合优势更强,但原料方面存在不确定性。未来,电甲醇发展更快,原料优势更加明显,到2050年将更具优势。

能源行业标准《电能质量监测装置在线比对技术规范》解读

针对固定安装在变电站、已投运多年的电能质量监测装置准确度难以开展周期性检测等难题,对能源行业标准《电能质量监测装置在线比对技术规范》进行解读,该标准明确了具体的适用范围,设计电能质量比对测量装置的通用架构,给出了电能质量比对测量装置各组成模块的基本要求,提出了适用电能质量在线监测装置的现场周期性检测方法,制定了在线检测流程,并给出具体的检测数据处理要求及方法。

基于Revit的设计模型差异比较自动处理的技术应用

BIM设计过程中,其交互文件信息量大、内容变动多、信息交换频繁,往往会导致模型信息在传递过程中出现缺失、丢失甚至不完整的情况,进而影响设计工作效率。针对以上问题,本文以窗体数据库和模型元素集为切入点,结合Revit API函数二次开发方式,深入探讨了构件重叠清理、模型的拆分与合并,以及管线综合比较等方法,提出了一种完整的BIM模型处理技术路线,同时运用遗传算法优化管线的设计。通过自动化的差异比较和审查设计成果,在较高程度上提高了三维设计的工作效率和设计质量。

中欧(英)边坡极限状态设计方法差异研究

针对边坡极限状态设计问题,分别根据现行中、欧岩土设计标准,从极限状态设计标准体系、边坡可靠性分析方法、边坡极限状态设计方法等方面进行对比分析。结果表明:中、欧岩土工程设计的力学与数学原理基本一致,但相关标准的工程设计体系却存在显著差异;在边坡极限状态法的分项系数制定上,中国采用的水准Ⅱ方法较欧洲的历史经验法更为先进;中、欧边坡稳定性计算所采取的计算方法存在差异,进行铁路边坡极限状态设计算例对比无意义。

初加工方式对升麻质量的影响

研究不同初加工方法对升麻质量的影响。选用不同初加工方法处理过的升麻,以《中国药典》2020年版中的方法分别测定各样品所含水分、灰分和浸出物的量,并以高效液相色谱法,建立异阿魏酸、咖啡酸、升麻素和升麻素苷的测定方法,测定各样品中各指标成分的含量。采用冷冻干燥法处理的药材所含水分最低,灰分最少,各指标成分含量最高,真空干燥法处理的药材浸出物含量最高,所建立的分析方法在一定的质量范围内线性关系良好,精密度高,稳定性、重现性好。综合对比,冷冻干燥法初加工的升麻质量更优。

不同品种香蕉的多酚含量比较及其提取工艺优化

香蕉种质资源丰富,基因类型多样,鲜有对其多酚含量与品种关系的研究。文章以香蕉果肉为原材料,测定AAA、ABB和AAB基因型的17个品种香蕉的多酚含量,并考察其含量与品种之间的相关性;探究东莞大蕉(ABB)、中蕉8号(AAA)和美食蕉2号(AAB)在后熟期间多酚含量的变化规律;优化香蕉多酚的提取工艺。结果表明,在17个品种中,ABB基因型东莞大蕉多酚含量最高,为11.09 mg/g,聚类分析表明ABB基因型香蕉多酚含量普遍高于AAB和AAA基因型香蕉。东莞大蕉和中蕉8号中多酚含量在后熟第3天时最高,分别为14.21,7.45 mg/g,而美食蕉2号中多酚含量在后熟第2天时最高,为3.57 mg/g。在乙醇浓度70%、料液比1∶30、提取温度20℃、提取时间10 min的条件下,香蕉多酚得率最高,为1.37%。香蕉多酚含量与其基因型可能存在相关性,后熟第3天的东莞大蕉适合作为多酚提取的原料。

报废汽车拆解工艺研究

主要探讨报废汽车拆解工艺,通过对我国报废汽车回收利用行业现状的研究,分析了我国报废汽车回收利用行业存在的问题。在此基础上,对三种拆解工艺进行了比对分析,通过比对分析,提出了拆解工艺选取的建议。通过对报废汽车的拆解工艺进行深入研究,可为报废汽车的回收利用和相关行业的发展提供参考。

某沿海城镇污水处理方案研究

为解决某沿海城镇近海海域污染问题,根据现场调查资料,应用层次分析法对城镇污水量、ALB气提一体式、氧化沟、SBR、生物接触氧化四种工艺,从技术、工程投资、电耗、药耗等进行研究,总结出污水处理工艺的综合效益由高到低排序为:ALB气提一体式工艺>生物接触氧化法工艺>SBR工艺>氧化沟工艺。

层次分析法在基坑支护方案比选优化中的应用

基坑支护工程是一个较为复杂的综合性工程,在工程施工中选择一个合适的基坑支护方案很重要。文章应用层次分析法进行基坑支护方案的比选优化,建立层次结构模型,并将其目标层、准则层细化为指标层,通过专家对各指标的评价意见以及相关规范对最后确定的方案进行有效分析,优选出最佳的实施方案,并利用YAAHP软件辅助验证优选出的方案结果的准确性,确保基坑支护的可行性、安全性等性能达到最优,从而使实际工程施工满足要求。