In the era of climate change,abiotic stresses(e.g.,salinity,drought,extreme temperature,flooding,metal/metalloid(s),UV radiation,ozone,etc.)are considered as one of the most complex environmental constraints that rest...In the era of climate change,abiotic stresses(e.g.,salinity,drought,extreme temperature,flooding,metal/metalloid(s),UV radiation,ozone,etc.)are considered as one of the most complex environmental constraints that restricts crop production worldwide.Introduction of stress-tolerant crop cultivars is the most auspicious way of surviving this constraint,and to produce these types of tolerant crops.Several bioengineering mechanisms involved in stress signaling are being adopted in this regard.One example of this kind of manipulation is the osmotic adjustment.The quarternary ammonium compound glycinebetaine(GB),also originally referred to as betaine is a methylated glycine derivative.Among the betaines,GB is the most abundant one in plants,which is mostly produced in response to dehydration caused by different abiotic stresses like drought,salinity,and extreme temperature.Glycinebetaine helps in decreased accumulation and detoxification of ROS,thereby restoring photosynthesis and reducing oxidative stress.It takes part in stabilizing membranes and macromolecules.It is also involved in the stabilization and protection of photosynthetic components,such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase,photosystem II and quarternary enzyme and protein complex structures under environmental stresses.Glycinebetaine was found to perform in chaperone-induced protein disaggregation.In addition,GB can confer stress tolerance in very low concentrations,and it acts in activating defense responsive genes with stress protection.Recently,field application of GB has also shown protective effects against environmental adversities increasing crop yield and quality.In this review,we will focus on the role of GB in conferring abiotic stress tolerance and the possible ways to engineer GB biosynthesis in plants.展开更多
Many methods exist for cardiac and neural signal feature extraction and identification, but a published method for validation of therapeutic medical devices by computer analysis of their signals can be seldom found. T...Many methods exist for cardiac and neural signal feature extraction and identification, but a published method for validation of therapeutic medical devices by computer analysis of their signals can be seldom found. This paper presents a simple, fast algorithm to extract the electrical stimulation including pulse width, exponential decay, and time between pulses from neurostimulators, pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulators (TENS). An experimental validation demonstrated the automated analysis provide means to expedite device validation testing. In the future studies, the algorithm should be improved for its robustness and checked for analysis of signals with lower SNR. A figure of merit is provided to expedite electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests on the devices to ensure proper operation in the presence of electromagnetic emitters.展开更多
Generally, cell signal molecules are classified into the extracellular signal molecules (the first messengers) and the intracellular signal ones (the second messengers). Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), calcium ...Generally, cell signal molecules are classified into the extracellular signal molecules (the first messengers) and the intracellular signal ones (the second messengers). Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), calcium ions and calmodulin (CaM) are the traditional intracellular messengers, but they are also present in extracellular matrix (ECM). Some of them have been discovered to act as the first messengers through cell surface receptors. Other second messengers, such as cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) and annexin, are also found existing outside animal and plant cells. The existence of these messengers with intracellular-extracellular compatible functions in cells may be a regular biological phenomenon. These compatible messengers might be the communication factors between intracellular and extracellular regions or among the cell populations, and are also important in regulating cell development procedure.展开更多
基金Financial assistance from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR),Government of India,through the research grant[38(1387)/14/EMR-II]Science and Engineering Research Board,Government of India through the grant[EMR/2016/004799]+1 种基金Department of Higher Education,Science and Technology and Biotechnology,Government of West Bengal,through the grant[264(Sanc.)/ST/P/S&T/1G-80/2017]to Dr.Aryadeep Roychoudhury is gratefully acknowledgedThe authors are thankful to the University Grants Commission(UGC),Government of India,for providing Junior Research Fellowship to Aditya Banerjee.
文摘In the era of climate change,abiotic stresses(e.g.,salinity,drought,extreme temperature,flooding,metal/metalloid(s),UV radiation,ozone,etc.)are considered as one of the most complex environmental constraints that restricts crop production worldwide.Introduction of stress-tolerant crop cultivars is the most auspicious way of surviving this constraint,and to produce these types of tolerant crops.Several bioengineering mechanisms involved in stress signaling are being adopted in this regard.One example of this kind of manipulation is the osmotic adjustment.The quarternary ammonium compound glycinebetaine(GB),also originally referred to as betaine is a methylated glycine derivative.Among the betaines,GB is the most abundant one in plants,which is mostly produced in response to dehydration caused by different abiotic stresses like drought,salinity,and extreme temperature.Glycinebetaine helps in decreased accumulation and detoxification of ROS,thereby restoring photosynthesis and reducing oxidative stress.It takes part in stabilizing membranes and macromolecules.It is also involved in the stabilization and protection of photosynthetic components,such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase,photosystem II and quarternary enzyme and protein complex structures under environmental stresses.Glycinebetaine was found to perform in chaperone-induced protein disaggregation.In addition,GB can confer stress tolerance in very low concentrations,and it acts in activating defense responsive genes with stress protection.Recently,field application of GB has also shown protective effects against environmental adversities increasing crop yield and quality.In this review,we will focus on the role of GB in conferring abiotic stress tolerance and the possible ways to engineer GB biosynthesis in plants.
文摘Many methods exist for cardiac and neural signal feature extraction and identification, but a published method for validation of therapeutic medical devices by computer analysis of their signals can be seldom found. This paper presents a simple, fast algorithm to extract the electrical stimulation including pulse width, exponential decay, and time between pulses from neurostimulators, pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulators (TENS). An experimental validation demonstrated the automated analysis provide means to expedite device validation testing. In the future studies, the algorithm should be improved for its robustness and checked for analysis of signals with lower SNR. A figure of merit is provided to expedite electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests on the devices to ensure proper operation in the presence of electromagnetic emitters.
文摘Generally, cell signal molecules are classified into the extracellular signal molecules (the first messengers) and the intracellular signal ones (the second messengers). Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), calcium ions and calmodulin (CaM) are the traditional intracellular messengers, but they are also present in extracellular matrix (ECM). Some of them have been discovered to act as the first messengers through cell surface receptors. Other second messengers, such as cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) and annexin, are also found existing outside animal and plant cells. The existence of these messengers with intracellular-extracellular compatible functions in cells may be a regular biological phenomenon. These compatible messengers might be the communication factors between intracellular and extracellular regions or among the cell populations, and are also important in regulating cell development procedure.
