Study on thermal decomposition kinetics of azobenzene-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid by using compensation parameter method and nonlinear fitting evaluation

Recently,azobenzene-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid(ADCA)has been produced gradually for use as an organic synthesis or pharmaceutical intermediate due to its eminent performance.With large quantities put into application in the future,the thermal stability of this substance during storage,transportation,and use will become quite important.Thus,in this work,the thermal decomposition behavior,thermal decomposition kinetics,and thermal hazard of ADCA were investigated.Experiments were conducted by using a SENSYS evo DSC device.A combination of differential iso-conversion method,compensation parameter method,and nonlinear fitting evaluation were also used to analyze thermal kinetics and mechanism of ADCA decomposition.The results show that when conversion rate α increases,the activation energies of ADCA's first and main decomposition peaks fall.The amount of heat released during decomposition varies between 182.46 and 231.16 J·g^(-1).The proposed kinetic equation is based on the Avrami-Erofeev model,which is consistent with the decomposition progress.Applying the Frank-Kamenetskii model,a calculated self-accelerating decomposition temperature of 287.0℃is obtained.

Wave Azimuth Cutoff Compensation Method and the Multisatellite Networking Mode of SAR

Synthetic aperture radars(SARs)encounter the azimuth cutoff problem when observing sea waves.Consequently,SARs can only capture the waves with wavelengths larger than the cutoff wavelength and lose the information of waves with smaller wavelengths.To increase the accuracy of SAR wave observations,this paper investigates an azimuth cutoff compensation method based on the simulated multiview SAR wave synchronization data obtained by the collaborative observation via networked satellites.Based on the simulated data and the equivalent multiview measured data from Sentinel-1 virtual networking,the method is verified and the cutoff wavelengths decrease by 16.40%and 14.00%.The biases of the inversion significant wave height with true values decrease by 0.04 m and 0.14 m,and the biases of the mean wave period decrease by 0.17 s and 0.22 s,respectively.These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the azimuth cutoff compensation method.Based on the azimuth cutoff compensation method,the multisatellite SAR networking mode for wave observations are discussed.The highest compensation effect is obtained when the combination of azimuth angle is(95°,115°,135°),the orbital intersection angle is(50°,50°),and three or four satellites are used.The study of the multisatellite networking mode in this paper can provide valuable references for the compensation of azimuth cutoff and the observation of waves by a multisatellite network.

Grain yield and N uptake of maize in response to increased plant density under reduced water and nitrogen supply conditions

The development of modern agriculture requires the reduction of water and chemical N fertilizer inputs.Increasing the planting density can maintain higher yields,but also consumes more of these restrictive resources.However,whether an increased maize density can compensate for the negative effects of reduced water and N supply on grain yield and N uptake in the arid irrigated areas remains unknown.This study is part of a long-term positioning trial that started in 2016.A split-split plot field experiment of maize was implemented in the arid irrigated area of northwestern China in 2020 to 2021.The treatments included two irrigation levels:local conventional irrigation reduced by 20%(W1,3,240 m^(3)ha^(-1))and local conventional irrigation(W2,4,050 m^(3)ha^(-1));two N application rates:local conventional N reduced by 25%(N1,270 kg ha^(-1))and local conventional N(360 kg ha^(-1));and three planting densities:local conventional density(D1,75,000 plants ha^(-1)),density increased by 30%(D2,97,500 plants ha-1),and density increased by 60%(D3,120,000 plants ha^(-1)).Our results showed that the grain yield and aboveground N accumulation of maize were lower under the reduced water and N inputs,but increasing the maize density by 30% can compensate for the reductions of grain yield and aboveground N accumulation caused by the reduced water and N supply.When water was reduced while the N application rate remained unchanged,increasing the planting density by 30% enhanced grain yield by 13.9% and aboveground N accumulation by 15.3%.Under reduced water and N inputs,increasing the maize density by 30% enhanced N uptake efficiency and N partial factor productivity,and it also compensated for the N harvest index and N metabolic related enzyme activities.Compared with W2N2D1,the N uptake efficiency and N partial factor productivity increased by 28.6 and 17.6%under W1N1D2.W1N2D2 had 8.4% higher N uptake efficiency and 13.9% higher N partial factor productivity than W2N2D1.W1N2D2 improved urease activity and nitrate reductase activity by 5.4% at the R2(blister)stage and 19.6% at the V6(6th leaf)stage,and increased net income and the benefit:cost ratio by 22.1 and 16.7%,respectively.W1N1D2 and W1N2D2 reduced the nitrate nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen contents at the R6 stage in the 40-100 cm soil layer,compared with W2N2D1.In summary,increasing the planting density by 30% can compensate for the loss of grain yield and aboveground N accumulation under reduced water and N inputs.Meanwhile,increasing the maize density by 30% improved grain yield and aboveground N accumulation when water was reduced by 20% while the N application rate remained constant in arid irrigation areas.

CEOs’Diverse Career Experiences and the Effectiveness of Compensation Contracts:Evidence from Compensation Stickiness

CEO compensation stickiness represents an important indicator to measure the effectiveness of compensation contracts.This study uses CEO career experience data and compensation stickiness data from Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2015 to 2020 to investigate the compensation contracts’effectiveness of CEOs with diverse career experiences.The findings are as follows:1)Compensation stickiness is more pronounced for CEOs with diverse career experiences.According to the mechanism test,these CEOs with diverse career experiences can obtain compensation incentives by reducing corporate uncertainty perception and improving total factor productivity.This approach leads to increased compensation stickiness and the effectiveness of compensation contracts.CEOs with diverse career experiences may receive excess compensation by raising agency costs,which intensifies compensation stickiness and weakens the effectiveness of compensation contracts.2)Compensation stickiness of CEOs with diverse career experiences is more significant in companies with lower investor protection,which brings about less effective compensation contracts.In contrast,in companies with higher diversification,the compensation stickiness of CEOs with diverse career experiences is more significant,which delivers more effective compensation contracts.The conclusions deepen the research of CEO compensation contracts and provide a helpful reference for CEO compensation management practices.

Effects of Water Stress on Some Physiological Characteristics and Yield Compensation of Rice in Booting Stage

[Objective] The physiological characteristics and yield compensation effects of rice in booting stage were studied after water recovery when rice suffered water stress to provide references for improving rice water utilization efficiency and its drought resistance. [Method] The pot experiments with five rice varieties under three different treatments of water stresses were conducted to study physical signs every six days after water water-recovery. [Result] Along with the increase of water recov- ery, leaf water potential, SPAD and Pn values in treatment B （light drought） in- creased fast, and its compensation effect of the soluble sugar content was higher than that of treatment C （severe drought）; all sap flow speeds in treatments with water stresses fell. As for yield components, panicles per plant and spikelets per panicle decreased with water stress degree, and the decline of spikelets per pani- cle, in particular, was greatly influenced by water stress. Seed setting percentages in treatment B most reached peaks of different varieties, except of D you No. 363. The thousand-seed weight and ear weight per plant in treatment B and C both dropped, compared with control group. [Conclusion] When regular management was resumed after rice underwent water stress at booting stage, many characteristics and yield traits of rice got favorable compensation effects in the light water-stress treatments.

Angle Compensation and Asymmetry Effect of Light Diffracted by Millimeter Liquid Surface Slosh Wave

The angle compensation method is adopted to detect sloshing waves by laser diffraction, in the case that the wavelength of the sloshing waves is much greater than that of the incident light. The clear diffraction pattern is observed to be of asymmetry, involving orders, position and interval of the diffraction spots that are discovered during the light grazing incidence. It is found that the larger the angle of incidence is, the more obvious the asymmetry is. The higher the negative diffraction orders are, the smaller the intervals between spots are. On the contrary~ in the positive region, the higher the diffraction orders are, the larger the spot intervals are. The positive interval is larger than that of the same negative diffraction order. If the incident angle reaches 1.558 rad in the experiment, all positive diffraction orders completely vanish. Based on the mechanism of phase modulation and with the Fourier transform method, the relations between the incident angle and position, interval spaces, and orders of diffraction spots are derived theoretically. The theoretical calculations are compared with the experimental data, and the comparison shows that the theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental measurement.

Seasonal compensation implied no weakening of the land carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere under the 2015/2016 El Niño

The recurrent extreme El Niño events are commonly linked to reduced vegetation growth and the land carbon sink over many but discrete regions of the Northern Hemisphere(NH).However,we reported here a pervasive and continuous vegetation greening and no weakened land carbon sink in the maturation phase of the 2015/2016 El Niño event over the NH(mainly in the extra-tropics),based on multiple evidences from remote sensing observations,global ecosystem model simulations and atmospheric CO_(2)inversions.We discovered a significant compensation effect of the enhanced vegetation growth in spring on subsequent summer/autumn vegetation growth that sustained vegetation greening and led to a slight increase in the land carbon sink over the spring and summer of 2015(average increases of 23.34%and 0.63%in net ecosystem exchange from two independent datasets relative to a 5-years average before the El Niño event,respectively)and spring of 2016(6.82%),especially in the extra-tropics of the NH,where the water supply during the pre-growing-season(November of the previous year to March of the current year)had a positive anomaly.This seasonal compensation effect was much stronger than that in 1997 and 1998 and significantly alleviated the adverse impacts of the 2015/2016 El Niño event on vegetation growth during its maturation phase.The legacy effect of water supply during the pre-growing-season on subsequent vegetation growth lasted up to approximately six months.Our findings highlight the role of seasonal compensation effects on mediating the land carbon sink in response to episodic extreme El Niño events.

Oxidation kinetics regularity in spontaneous combustion of gas coal

In order to investigate the oxidation kinetics of gas coal at low temperatures, we derived a rate equation of oxygen consumption during low-temperature oxidation of gas coal and deduced an E-c equation, expressing the relation between active energy E and oxygen concentration c. The reaction order n and active energy E were calculated with this equation based on experiments of static oxygen consumption tests. In addition, we proved the rationality of the E-c equation using a kinetic compensation effect and obtained the isokinetic temperature Tc. The results show that： 1） the gas coal oxidizes easily with increasing temperature and the oxidation tends to be spontaneous at higher temperatures; 2） the oxygen concentration c affects oxygen consumption very much at lower temperatures but has only a small effect at higher temperatures; 3） the isokinetic temperature Tc was 127 ℃ which has been experimentally validated as the key turning point during low-temperature spontaneous combustion of gas coal.

Non-Isothermal Desolvation Kinetics of Erythromycin A Acetone Solvate

The desolvation of erythromycin acetone solvate was investigated under non-isothermal conditions by a thermogravimetric analyzer. This paper emphasized the kinetic analysis of non-isothermal TG-DTA data by Achar method and Coats-Redfern method to fit various solid-state reaction models, and to achieve kinetic parameters of desolvation. The mechanism of thermal desolvation was evaluated using the kinetic compensation effect. The results show that kinetics of desolvation of erythromycin acetone solvate was compatible with the mechanism of a two-dimensional diffusion controlled and was best expressed by Valensi equation. Corresponding to the integral method and the differential method, the activation energy of desolvation of erythromycin acetone solvate was estimated to be 51.26—57.11 kJ/mol, and the pre-exponential factor was 8.077×106 s-1—4.326×107 s-1, respectively.

A new method to reduce end effect of linear induction motor

A new method to compensate the end effect of a linear induction motor （LIM） in low-speed maglev vehicles is proposed. With this method, the motors are close to each other so that the front motor＇s exit-end magnetic field extends into the next motor＇s entry zone. As a result, the motor＇s magnetic field traveling wave become continuous and the end effect of short primary LIMs is greatly weakened. In the analysis of the air-gap magnetic field distribution, the LIM is assumedly divided into two identical motors vcith the distances of 20, 40, 60, and gO ram. The results show that the air-gap magnetic field is still continuous within these distances due to LIM＇s end effect. As the distance between two motors increases, the distortion of the air-gap magnetic field becomes more severe. Then, we investigate the relationship between the secondary speed and the thrust in three cases, i.e., a single LIM, two motors divided with 72 mm with pole pitch corrected, and two motors divided with 60 mm without the pole pitch being corrected. We find that the thrust has a small decrease when the speed increases, which means that the magnetic field is already continuous and its amplitude is approximately a constant. Furthermore, the thrust loss of case 3 is more than that of case 2, which indicates that the pole pitch correction is effective.

Stability of water yield in watersheds

The hydrological system of a watershed is intricately influenced by both underlying characteristics and climate conditions.Understanding the variability in water yield is essential for effective water resources management and water security in the context of changing environments.In this study,we adopted the Budyko framework and leveraged simulations from the CMIP6 model to investigate the compensation effects of climate and underlying characteristics on watershed water yield.Based on Taylor expansion and Budyko framework,we estimated the sensitivity of watershed water yield to climate and underlying characteristics(the first-and second-order partial derivatives).By combining external watershed characteristics(e.g.,water yield ratios and underlying characteristics)with internal sensitivity coefficients,this study further used vine copula and principal component analysis to quantify the stability of watershed water yield.Our findings show:(1)Water-yield changes related to underlying characteristics could be offset by climate-related water-yield changes across all climate zones,maintaining the water yield ratio steady(i.e.,the compensation effects).(2)However,global watersheds will turn more sensitive to underlying characteristics and less sensitive to climate variation in the future.Both climate-and underlying-related sensitivities increase in watersheds with arid climates.(3)The stability of watershed water yield will gradually diminish in the future.From 1901–1950to 2051–2100,the global stability of 280 watersheds drops from 0.054 to 0.021(i.e.,stability index identified by the joint probability).Particularly,the largest change in stability of water yield reaches-0.347±0.18 in arid regions.In semi-arid,semihumid,and humid regions,the changes are-0.039±0.010,-0.028±0.005,and-0.005±0.002,respectively.The findings provide a reference for the future sustainable water resources development under climate change,highlighting the vulnerability of the water resources in arid and semi-arid watersheds.

Positioning error compensation for parallel mechanism with two kinematic calibration methods

Compared with serial mechanisms, the parallel mechanism(PM) theoretically exhibited higher positioning accuracy, dynamic performance, strength-to-weight ratio, and lower manufacturing cost, but they had not been widely used in the practical application. One key issue, positioning accuracy, which directly affected their performance and was greatly influenced by the errors of kinematic structure parameters was analyzed. To effectively enhance the positioning precision of PMs, a novel modeless kinematic calibration method, namely the split calibration, was presented and its compensation effect of the positioning error was comprehensively compared with that of an integrated method on two different types of PMs. A strange phenomenon-correct and incorrect identified results were derived from two different PMs by the same integrated method, respectivelywhich had not been reported yet was discovered, and the origin of it was revealed utilizing numerical simulations. Finally, respective merits and drawbacks of these two methods obtained in this paper provided underlying insights to guide the practical application of the kinematic calibration for PMs.

Effects of charge compensation on red emission in CaYAl_3O_7:Eu^(3+) phosphor

Monovalent ions Li＋, Na＋, and K＋, as charge compensators, are introduced into CaYA1307： M （M = Eu3＋, Ce~＋） in this letter. Their crystal phases and photoluminescence properties of different alkali metal ions doped in CaYA1307 are investigated. In addition, the influence of charge compensation ion Li＋ which has a more obvious role in improving luminescence intensity on CaYA1307： Eu3＋ phosphor is intentionally discussed in detail and a possible mechanism of charge compensation is given. The enhancement of red emission centered at 618 nm belonging to Eu3＋ is achieved by adding alkali metal ion Li＋ under 393-nm excitation.

Effects of Signal Spectrum Bandwidth on Different PMD Compensation Feedback Methods

We compared efficiencies of different PMD compensation feedback methods against transmission signal bandwidth, including NRZ, RZ, CRZ format under various duty cycles. We found that the critical factor determining the efficiency of PMD compensation is not the modulation format, but the spectral bandwidth of the transmission signal.

Enthalpy-entropy compensation effect in gas chromatographic enantiomeric separation

In this paper, the enthalpy-entropy compensation effect in the enantiomeric separation by modified cyclodextrins (CD) and diamide chiral stationary phase (GP) gas chromatography was investigated using the method of plotting Δ( ΔH) versus Δ(ΔG) 7hm combined with t-test statistic analysis. The investigated racemates cover α-phenylethylamine and its analogs, 2-alkylamines, chiral acyclic alcohols, halogenated arylethanediol-1, 2-diperfluoropropionates, amino acid and its analogs, and two series of compounds containing chloro and bromo substituents. From the compensation analysis results, the effects of the diluent composition in the investigated chiral stationary phases, the size and the died pups on investigated cyclodextrins, the derivatization methods and the groups attached to the stereocenters on enantiomeric separation mechanisms were all discussed.

Highly efficient K-doped Mn-Ce catalysts with strong K-Mn-Ce interaction for toluene oxidation

In this study,K_(x)-Mn-Ce catalysts prepared by sol-gel method were investigated for toluene oxidation.Compared with Mn-Ce,the catalytic performance of K_(x)-Mn-Ce was further improved.X-ray diffraction(XRD),high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)and Raman analyses demonstrate that K ions enter the lattice of CeO_(2) and disperse uniformly.The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),H_(2)-temperature programmed reduction(H_(2)-TPR).and O_(2)-temperature programmed desorption(O_(2)-TPD)analyses indicate that there is a strong interaction between K,Mn and Ce;the charge co mpensation effect would be induced when K ions enter the lattice of CeO_(2),which leads to more oxygen vacancies due to the generation of more Ce^(3+).Toluene-TPD shows that K-doping enhances the activation ability of toluene.Among all catalysts,K0.1-Mn-Ce shows the highest concentration of Mn^(4+),Ce^(3+),Osur,and redox ability,resulting in higher low-temperature catalytic activity.Additionally,the results of stability and water resistance also prove that K0.1-Mn-Ce catalyst possesses excellent stability and water resistance.

Investigation of the room-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy of type-Ⅱ Weyl semimetal candidate WTe_(2)

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides have novel physical properties and great potential for applications.Among them,WTe2,which has an extremely large unsaturated magnetoresistance and is theoretically predicted to be a type-Ⅱ Weyl semimetal,has been extensively studied.Here,we systematically probe the electronic structure of WTe_(2) at room temperature using high-resolution angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy(ARPES).We find that temperature-driven chemical potential shift and Lifshitz transition,which is equivalent to low-energy band structures shift downward by around 50 meV,compared to the results at low temperatures.Our ARPES experimental results match well with previous theoretical calculations,implying the possible existence of type-Ⅱ Weyl points near the Γ-X axis.Also,as expected,there exists a dominantly electron-like Fermi surface instead of the one with compensated electrons and holes.Meanwhile,our ARPES results show that the flat band(FB) lying below the Fermi level(EF) becomes closer to the Fermi level at room temperature,which might start to dominate the transport behavior and lead to the disappearance of the unsaturated giant magnetoresistance effect.These findings not only reveal the electronic structure features of WTe_(2) at room temperature,but also provide new insights into the development of room-temperature topological quantum devices.

Steam effects over Pd/Ce_(0.67)Zr_(0.33)O_2 three-way catalyst

In the purification process of automobile exhaust,existing water plays an important role as an oxidant,which converts CO and hydrocarbons（HCs） by the water-gas shift（WGS） and the steam reforming（SR） reactions,respectively,especially at high temperatures.Meanwhile it is major component of the exhaust which can affect significantly the thermal stability of the three-way catalyst.Activity experiments were carried out close to the real operation conditions（GHSV,concentration,etc.） with a Pd/Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 catalyst supplying information on the CO and C3H8 oxidation reactions in feedstream formed by different reactant combinations.The obtained results showed that the activity of the CO and C3H8 oxidation was promoted by the addition of steam due to the WGS and SR reactions.The WGS and SR reaction were competitive under oxygen-lean conditions.The kinetic analysis was considered for WGS and SR reactions.

Reaction model and cure kinetics of fiber-reinforced phenolic system

Fiber-reinforced phenolic composite has become an ideal material for solid rocket motor’s(SRM)nozzle,because of its excellent high temperature resistance and ablation resistance.The physical and chemical properties of reinforcing fiber would significantly affect the cure reaction of phenolic(PF)resin,which results in the obvious difference between the cure characteristics of the fiberreinforced phenolic system and neat resin.To clarify the difference in cure reaction between fiber-reinforced phenolic system and PF resin,meanwhile,to obtain the kinetics of high silica glass fiber/phenolic(GF-HSi/PF)prepreg and carbon fiber/phenolic(CF/PF)prepreg,the dynamic experiments of PF resin,GF-HSi/PF prepreg and CF/PF prepreg are carried out by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).Iso-conversional kinetics is proposed,and the activation energy is determined as a function of cure degree.The reaction model f(α)is obtained by introducing the kinetics compensation effect,founding that the f(α)of PF resin is influenced significantly by reinforcing fiber.The kinetics of three materials are determined by the model-fitting method,founding that the kinetic models of PF resin,GF-HSi/PF prepreg and CF/PF prepreg are a one-step autocatalytic model,two-step model from autocatalytic reaction to N-order reaction and three-step model from autocatalytic reaction to N-order reaction respectively.

A Yb:KGW dual-crystal regenerative amplifier

This study develops a Yb:KGW dual-crystal based regenerative amplifier.The thermal lensing and gain-narrowing effects are compensated by the dual-crystal configuration.Sub-nanojoule pulses are amplified to 1.5 mJ with 9 nm spectral bandwidth and 1 kHz repetition rate using chirped pulse amplification technology.Consequently,1.2 m J pulses with a pulse duration of 227 fs are obtained after compression.Thanks to the cavity design,the output laser was a near diffraction limited beam with M2 around 1.1.The amplifier has the potential to boost energy above 2 m J after compression and act as a front end for a future kilohertz terawatt-class diode-pumped Yb:KGW laser system.