Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, oth-er than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the respon-sible persons to protect the national interests are also very neces-sary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include: determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compen-sations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the le-gal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in ac-cordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.

Analysis of marine ecological compensation for environmental risk caused by chemical spill based on game theory

The problem of marine environmental risk is ultimately the result of game theory between the marine en vironmental managers and the enterprise of potential environmental risk.This paper analyzes the internal economic relationship that whether the"protection"policy is applied between the protection action of marine environmental managers and the chemical enterprise.The result shows that the key factor whether the enterprise adopt the"protec tion"policy or not is the amount of penalty and the government's cost of execution,and the compulsive ecological compensation is obligatory from the angle of stimulating the enterprise of canonical action and adopting the"protec tion"policy.To build the ecological compensation mechanism based on the environmental risk will effectively improve the level of management in sea area and decrease the probability of chemical spill.

Analysis on the System of Compensation for Eco-environmental Damage

The eco-environmental damage compensation system is not only an important part of the central government's Overall Plan for the Reform of Ecological Civilization System and special plan,but also a blank point and weak link in the construction of eco-environmental protection system.From the construction of ecological civilization system,the fragility of ecological environment and the history of past damage,the comparative analysis of relevant laws and regulations,and the connotation of the concept of ecological environment,this paper expounds the importance,urgency and necessity of the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system and the technical complexity of damage compensation judgment.In accordance with the local legislation and practical cases in the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system in Shaanxi Province,this paper puts forward legislative and policy suggestions to accelerate the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system.

Case Study of Marine Ecological Compensation Criteria Based on Environmental Risk

This paper forecasted and identified the environmental risks and ecological effect caused by chemical spill by simulating the xylene spill in Xiamen waters. The evaluation objects of ecological damage include four parts ： marine ecosystem services, sea water quality, marine biological resources （plankton, benthos, nekton, etc. ）, and beach habitat. The ecological compensation criterion was confn-med as 1.73 million Yuan per year in the short term and 8.09 million Yuan in the long term. And an ecological compensation mode was suggested to be that if the chemical spill does not occur this year, the compensation will return to the enterprise next year; while if chemical spill occurs, the compensation will not be returned. The encouragement mechanism ＂returning compensation if no spill＂ might motivate enterprises to improve the environmental risk management and avoid the risks.

Oil Spill Model Operational Application in Damage Assessment and Case Study of Validation

Oil spill modeling is an important technical measure to evaluate the impact of oil spills scientifically. Because of the great uncertainty in its early development, simulation results have not been used as the basis of judgments for environmental compensation cases. Despite this, scientific research institutes in many countries, including China, are still devoted to the research and development of oil spill models and their applications in environmental damage assessment, which makes it possible to apply them in the judicial arbitration of damages claims. The relevant regulations on the Chinese compensation fund for oil pollution damage from ships and the judicial authentication of environmental damage have also accredited such kind of modeling applications. In order to enhance the applicability of oil spill model further, it is necessary to expand its damage assessment function, and to test, calibrate and verify the accuracy of the evaluation. To this end, the author adopts the self-developed 3-dimentionaloil spill model—CWCM to simulate the “Tasman Sea” oil spill accident. By comparing the simulation results of tidal current field, wind field, oil spill trajectory with those observed, the model coding and parameter selection are corrected, and it is realized that the simulation being basically consistent with the measured results. In addition, the results of the scale reduced simulation test of oil spill weathering are applied verifying and perfecting the weathering model of CWCM. The technical requirements and process for operational application of oil spill model in judicial arbitration are also put forward. In view of the rapid simulation function, the operational updating program for oil spill weathering model, coupled current model and dynamic update wind field diagnostic model are put forward in order to further improve the operational evaluation function and evaluation efficiency of oil spill model.

Review on the Theory of Ecological Environment Damage Assessment

In the rapid industrialization and urbanization of China,the damage of ecological environment hinders the people's pursuit of good environmental quality.As a technical means of ecological environment protection,the assessment of ecological environment damage has been attached great importance by all walks of life.However,there are still some problems in the current practice of environmental damage assessment.Therefore,based on the understanding of ecological environment damage assessment and related concepts,this study systematically studies the theory of ecological environment damage assessment.Based on the research,it can be seen that the assessment of ecological environment damage is the inevitable product of social and economic development and the promotion of environmental protection awareness,and ecological environment damage belongs to the subordinate concept of"environmental damage".The assessment of ecological environment damage includes the assessment of ecological damage and environmental damage,paying attention to the interests of human society and the unclaimed pure environment and pure ecological damage.The assessment of ecological environmental damage determines the goal and direction for the construction of environmental damage compensation system.This study enriches the theory of environmental damage assessment and provides theoretical reference and method basis for environmental damage assessment.

Analysis on diversified socialized relief system for solving environmental infringement

Nowadays,facing severe environmental threats and frequent pollution accidents,China is forced to pay more attention to how to relieve the damages caused by environmental infringement in a timely and effective way during the subsequent treatment.Since environmental damages nowadays are indirect,latent,and complicated,the traditional civil remedy by individuals is no longer an ideal solution to the problem.Therefore,a new system is required to protect the legal rights and interests of the injured party.Under the title of"Analysis on Diversified Socialized Relief System to Solve Environmental Infringement",this essay adopted several research methods including document research,comparative analysis,specific normative analysis,and combination of theory and practice in order to analyze systems on environmental liability insurance,compensation fund for environmental pollution damages,special deposits in advance(sinking fund),etc..The analysis aims to help build a diversified socialized relief system which is suitable for China to solve environmental infringement.

生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度研究

我国生态环境损害赔偿是从长江、黄河跨行政区域流域治理开始的,经历了对跨行政区域生态补偿制度实践的反思与探索,建立了流域源头生态环境的纠纷解决机制。对于跨区域流域水污染纠纷解决的途径,法律主张采取协商与协调相结合的办法。《民法典》规定生态环境侵权适用惩罚性赔偿制度。要构建完善的生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度体系,需要建立生态环境损害政府索赔诉讼制度,确立前置程序是检察机关履行环境公益诉讼的范式,规范生态环境损害赔偿制度的协同模式。要完善侵权惩罚赔偿司法适用制度体系,就需要构建生态环境损害适用惩罚性赔偿的民事公益诉讼制度,刑附民公益诉讼案件惩罚性赔偿的民事适用制度,生态环境侵权案件惩罚性赔偿的司法适用制度。

新时期长江流域生态补偿机制与关键科学问题研究

流域生态补偿是协调长江经济带经济社会发展与生态环境保护矛盾的重要手段。当前,长江流域生态补偿实践中仍面临着整体性和系统性不足、补偿标准依据缺乏、市场体系不健全、责权利不清晰等问题。根据新时代长江保护与发展的战略需求,新时期长江流域生态补偿需要具备更为丰富的内涵,亟需针对长江流域经济社会发展与生态资产保护的多维互馈关系及良性协同机制、流域生态资产的定量核算方法与生态服务空间流转特征、多元化流域生态补偿格局与长效运行机制、区域试点示范引领与全流域统筹协调推进之间的关系等关键科学问题开展系统研究,并从创新体制机制、完善技术体系、强化立法保障、培育市场主体等方面为探索制定长江流域生态补偿总体框架提供科技支撑和政策建议。

替代性修复制度的实践困境与优化路径

为了贯彻生态环境损害救济的全面修复理念,替代性修复作为能动司法的智慧成果应运而生。但是运用替代性修复的实践过程中,大量间接补偿生态的修复方式不仅违背环境公平,而且无法实现生态环境恢复的应然目标,根本原因在于其适用前提欠缺规范性解释。为使替代性修复制度回归本位,第一,其“替代”之内涵应理解为对他物进行修复以替代原物;第二,其行为本质应确立为通过直接补偿生态,以提供相同质量的生态环境资源与生态系统服务功能;第三,其关键环节在于选取与受损环境相关联的替代区域和替代要素。完善替代性修复制度的规范构成,首先以直接修复和替代性修复为基础概念,整合环境法律的多重术语;其次以司法解释规定的适用前提为基准,对适用替代性修复予以合理限制。

公私益界分下生态环境侵害惩罚性赔偿的适用研究

在生态环境侵害领域,我国存在并行的三种制度,分别是私益类的一般环境侵权制度和公益类的生态环境损害赔偿制度以及环境民事公益诉讼制度。借助于对环境权本质的探讨,公益类的生态环境侵害问题亦有在民法体系中寻求解决路径的合理性。而惩罚性赔偿作为具备多重功能的民事法律制度,能够助力生态环境侵害制度体系实现其特殊的生态功能及社会效果。同时基于对其适用于公益类案件中理论争议的回应,惩罚性赔偿应作为公私益生态环境侵害问题中的共同规则。但公私益生态环境侵害案件的差异不可忽视,确有必要在公私益区分下对惩罚性赔偿的适用要件进行不同解释,以合理限制公益类生态环境侵害惩罚性赔偿的适用。具体而言,相较于私益类生态环境侵害,公益类生态环境侵害惩罚性赔偿的行为加重要件应采狭义理解;主观加重要件不应纳入“重大过失”。在结果加重要件上,无论公益类还是私益类,都应重新审视对“严重后果”的要求。

野生动物相关生态环境损害赔偿制度的适用性分析

非法侵害野生动物资源不仅会造成野生动物资源自身的损害,还会引起野生动物生态功能退化等生态损害。司法实践中,野生动物相关生态环境损害往往不能得到全面救济。明晰行政索赔主体的职责,可以避免由于职责不清导致行使赔偿请求权时出现管辖范围不清、互相推诿的情况;认定损害赔偿范围综合考虑时间限度、空间限度、注重质量限度及多种主客观因素、区分野生动物生态环境修复费用和生态环境服务功能损失费用,可以最大限度地覆盖非法侵害野生动物资源造成的全部损害,实现野生动物维护生态系统平衡、保护物种、保持生物多样性、保存基因等多种生态功能丧失的完全赔偿;建立司法行政部门统一管理,司法鉴定、社会鉴定并存的多元化鉴定机制,能够统一鉴定标准、保证鉴定质量、维持鉴定秩序,科学合理地确定野生动物资源的生态损害价值;针对能够恢复生态功能的野生动物相关生态环境损害采用生态修复的责任方法,比单纯的金钱赔偿更有利于维持生物多样性、保护野生动物资源。

生态环境损害修复与补偿机制研究

生态环境权是神圣不可侵犯的人格权。生态修复是对受损的生态系统进行全面整治,需要完善环境区域生态损害协同治理制度,划定生态保护红线实施源头治理制度。区域生态环境协同治理的实质,是对人心的约束和对法律的调整。要构建完善的生态环境损害修复机制,就要构建生态环境部门履职责任清单机制,为生态环境修复目标的实现提供法律依据,始终坚持以生态修复为重心的修复责任理念,构建生态环境修复的法律责任体系。需要完善生态环境损害的补偿机制,生态保护补偿是调节环境损害、保护生态环境主体之间利益关系的制度安排。生态修复责任是救济生态环境损害的主要方式,必须建立流域多元化横向生态补偿长效机制,扩大流域生态补偿规模需要遵循生态补偿制度和规则。实施生态损害修复工程需要遵循生态系统的内在规律,把握生态修复的系统性、完整性和原真性内涵,不断提升生态修复和环境治理能力的现代化水平。

论环境领域刑事诉权与民事公益诉权的协调

严重的环境损害行为是刑事诉权和民事公益诉权共同的适用对象,但我国立法并未明确规定两诉权同时行使时的关系如何处理,实践中呈现出环境民事公益诉讼附从于刑事诉讼,后者却疏离前者的现象。这是由于环境民事公益诉讼在客体范围、主体资格、诉求实现方面,与刑事诉权具有高度的亲缘性,但在办案时限、诉权成本、财产刑执行方面又与刑事诉权不相协调。因此,应当在立足两诉权适用对象具有同一性的基础上,以优先修复受损的生态环境为导向,在刑事办案过程中实行公益损害审查的法定化模式,从批捕或介入侦查环节开始即可启动民事公益诉权,遵循“附带为原则,不附带为例外”的要求,与法院的审判权良性互动,实现两诉权的有效协调。

电力企业建设施工环境合规问题研究——以电力企业中的光伏产业为切入点

随着国家对生态环境的重视,光伏能源作为清洁、可再生资源取得了极大发展。但电力企业在光伏施工建设中存在诸多破坏生态环境的问题。光伏企业上游电池板生产过程缺少防护措施,忽视生产污染;光伏企业建设施工全过程未进行合理环评,忽视建设施工带来的环境污染;光伏设备寿命到期后回收机制不健全,导致污染扩散;发展过速导致光伏企业准入资质不统一,生产条件未达标的企业准入使生态受到破坏。为解决上述问题,应以合规建设为契机,构筑一种长效的电力企业环境合规机制。首先在政策层面,通过对企业进行严格的行业准入条件限制和技术升级,从而减少环境污染的可能性;其次,在企业内部建立职业化环境合规监管人员制度,从而对企业的日常经营进行监管,防止出现环境污染风险;最后,通过对企业赋加环境污染责任,以环境污染保证金和全过程建设生产环评制度对企业进行合规监管,从而改良减少生态污染,为构建人与自然生命共同体贡献力量。

人为水土流失生态环境损害“一案双查”机制研究

为强化人为水土流失生态环境损害赔偿工作,进一步创新人为水土流失生态环境损害救济体系,分析了人为水土流失生态环境损害救济现状,提出了行政执法与生态环境损害赔偿的“一案双查”机制;根据行政执法与生态环境损害赔偿两者存在的补强优势与协作优势,指出“一案双查”应遵循权责一致、依法处置、协同共治的理念;通过明晰行政执法与损害赔偿主体、厘清行政执法与损害赔偿适用情景、加强行政执法与损害赔偿协同等措施,优化完善“一案双查”机制。

我国生态补偿考核评价制度的检视与完善

生态补偿考核评价是生态文明建设目标实现的重要支持,其在规范与实践中都形成了一定示例与地方经验。然而,生态补偿考核评价的考评目的、考评主体、考评对象等要点尚缺乏法律规范的明示,考核评价的实践也存在策略错误与条件缺失的问题,并不具备独立的工作流程。对此,改革者需要在法律规范中明确生态补偿考核评价的定位与要求,逐步充实考评发展条件、纠正考评策略,并以整体主义思维打造生态补偿考核评价的实践系统。

生态环境损害救济的路径调适及入典规则安排

目前我国生态环境损害救济路径包括以行政命令、行政处罚为主的行政执法路径,政府部门提起的政府索赔路径,以及环境民事公益诉讼路径。多路径并存的制度体系并非井然有序,存在法理基础逻辑障碍、制度衔接不畅、相关主体角色错位等困境。构建途径畅通的生态环境损害救济路径,持续改善环境治理,是当前促进我国生态环境保护与治理现代化的重要课题。法典化塑造的特定背景中,生态环境损害救济路径仍面临入典规则如何安排的新挑战。厘清生态环境损害救济路径中行政执法、政府索赔与环境民事公益诉讼的关系,尊重行政执法的首次判断权,以行政执法为首要选择,政府索赔次之,而环境民事公益诉讼作为补充。为保证路径内部逻辑一贯,并处理好路径之间的衔接,必须类型化区分生态环境损害赔偿路径,最大程度发挥制度合力。

司法保障视域下实现“双碳”目标的司法与行政协同机制

“双碳”目标已被纳入我国生态文明建设整体布局之中。为如期实现“双碳”目标,必须要有法治化的保障,需要立法、行政、司法等多途径的共同推进与协同发力。当前,我国气候变化应对、碳排放控制相关立法尚不健全且进展缓慢,仍由各类政策及行政措施起主导性作用。在这种情况下,需要充分发挥司法保障机制的作用。从司法保障生态文明建设及其系统性视角,我国司法实践正积极探索司法与行政协同联动机制。为推进“双碳”目标和突破气候诉讼现有局限,还需要在该领域进一步拓展司法与行政协同机制的探索,开展直接针对气候变化法律、政策和事实等问题的诉讼,构建“碳排放影响评价”检察气候行政公益诉讼,探索行政机关作为原告的气候变化生态环境损害赔偿诉讼,并在这些新型诉讼中丰富司法与行政协同机制内涵。

生态损害赔偿制度的法律研究与实践

生态损害赔偿制度的法律研究与实践是环境保护领域的一项重要研究工作。该制度旨在通过法律手段对破坏生态环境的行为进行惩罚和赔偿,以维护生态平衡和人类健康。本文通过对相关法律法规的分析和比较,探讨了生态损害赔偿制度的基本原理和具体实践案例。实践方面,各地政府和环保组织积极推动生态损害赔偿案件的立案和审理,为受损环境和受害者争取合理赔偿。然而,目前仍存在一些问题,如赔偿标准不明确、赔偿金额偏低等,需要进一步完善和强化。生态损害赔偿制度的法律研究与实践对于环境保护具有重要意义,有助于推动环境治理和可持续发展。