Analysis on the System of Compensation for Eco-environmental Damage

The eco-environmental damage compensation system is not only an important part of the central government's Overall Plan for the Reform of Ecological Civilization System and special plan,but also a blank point and weak link in the construction of eco-environmental protection system.From the construction of ecological civilization system,the fragility of ecological environment and the history of past damage,the comparative analysis of relevant laws and regulations,and the connotation of the concept of ecological environment,this paper expounds the importance,urgency and necessity of the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system and the technical complexity of damage compensation judgment.In accordance with the local legislation and practical cases in the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system in Shaanxi Province,this paper puts forward legislative and policy suggestions to accelerate the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system.

Ecological Compensation Design of Residential Environment in Small Towns

In view of the current situation of the residential environment in small towns,some methods of ecological compensation design were discussed,such as the improvement of planting quality,the selection of suitable tree species,reasonable construction and management methods,expansion of space and so on.Meanwhile,some rational suggestions were put forward on strengthening the ecological and cultural construction of residential areas and enhancing residents' awareness of environmental protection.

Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, oth-er than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the respon-sible persons to protect the national interests are also very neces-sary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include: determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compen-sations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the le-gal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in ac-cordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.

Review on the Theory of Ecological Environment Damage Assessment

In the rapid industrialization and urbanization of China,the damage of ecological environment hinders the people's pursuit of good environmental quality.As a technical means of ecological environment protection,the assessment of ecological environment damage has been attached great importance by all walks of life.However,there are still some problems in the current practice of environmental damage assessment.Therefore,based on the understanding of ecological environment damage assessment and related concepts,this study systematically studies the theory of ecological environment damage assessment.Based on the research,it can be seen that the assessment of ecological environment damage is the inevitable product of social and economic development and the promotion of environmental protection awareness,and ecological environment damage belongs to the subordinate concept of"environmental damage".The assessment of ecological environment damage includes the assessment of ecological damage and environmental damage,paying attention to the interests of human society and the unclaimed pure environment and pure ecological damage.The assessment of ecological environmental damage determines the goal and direction for the construction of environmental damage compensation system.This study enriches the theory of environmental damage assessment and provides theoretical reference and method basis for environmental damage assessment.

Ocean ecological compensation mechanism in Liaoning area from the angle of ecological civilization——based on analysis of Dalian's cooperative governance

How to speed up the establishment of marine ecological compensation and the ecological compensation system is inevitable choice from ocean country to marine power.Therefore,construction of marine ecological compensation mechanism is the effective means which incentives marine ecosystem services supply,improves the quality of marine ecology,and promotes the ocean to the green transformation.Combined with Dalian maritime case study in Liaoning Province,three dimensional interactive marine ecological compensation mechanism,the compensation frame work,path and operation mechanism were built up.Suggestions on accelerating the legislation process;perfecting the management system;establishing proper system for both incentive constraint and reward-punishment;increasing the source of Ocean Ecological Compensation funds;accelerating On the study of the Ocean Ecological Compensation Mechanism in Liaoning Area from the Angl-e of Ecological Civilization Based on Case Analysis of Dalian.

跨行政区河流水环境生态补偿方法研究

现行的水环境区域补偿方案存在补偿要素和范围不全面、补偿标准制定不合理及不到位、滞后于经济社会和生态环境的动态变化等不足。针对以上问题,以江苏省常熟市为研究对象,对现行的水环境区域补偿办法进行改进,结合区域经济发展与水环境管理要求,以行政区划为基本单元,根据断面水质浓度、区域用水与排污量等考核指标,提出了综合跨界断面水质类别、过量用水与超标排污等多要素的动态化阶梯水环境生态补偿测算方法。上述方法适用于跨区域之间及区域内,旨在解决现行补偿方案中存在的问题,使补偿标准更为科学合理,从而提升水环境治理水平和效果,促进水生态环境可持续发展。

生态环境修复制度法典化的法理分析与规范设计

生态环境修复是生态环境质量改善的核心,也是生态环境损害救济的核心。生态环境修复制度具有环境法基本制度应具备的特质,并应当成为《生态环境法典》中的一项基本制度。生态环境修复制度在我国立法中已有一定的发展,在宏观尺度与微观尺度上皆有建构,并可具体化为法律义务、法律责任和法律措施,进而通过行政机制或司法机制实施。生态环境修复制度的法理基础在于国家环境保护义务和损害担责原则。国家义务的设立宗旨在于回应公民对良好生态环境质量的诉求、保障公民的环境权益;损害担责原则则是对国家义务的补充,旨在强调一般个体和组织对生态环境必须有合理的关照。在《生态环境法典》的编纂中,生态环境修复制度应立足国家义务本位,兼顾损害担责原则的实现,建构具体规则,完善制度内容,以体系化的规范体现于法典的对应章节中,继续强化其改善生态环境质量和救济生态环境损害的主导作用。

生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度研究

我国生态环境损害赔偿是从长江、黄河跨行政区域流域治理开始的,经历了对跨行政区域生态补偿制度实践的反思与探索,建立了流域源头生态环境的纠纷解决机制。对于跨区域流域水污染纠纷解决的途径,法律主张采取协商与协调相结合的办法。《民法典》规定生态环境侵权适用惩罚性赔偿制度。要构建完善的生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度体系,需要建立生态环境损害政府索赔诉讼制度,确立前置程序是检察机关履行环境公益诉讼的范式,规范生态环境损害赔偿制度的协同模式。要完善侵权惩罚赔偿司法适用制度体系,就需要构建生态环境损害适用惩罚性赔偿的民事公益诉讼制度,刑附民公益诉讼案件惩罚性赔偿的民事适用制度,生态环境侵权案件惩罚性赔偿的司法适用制度。

野生动物相关生态环境损害赔偿制度的适用性分析

非法侵害野生动物资源不仅会造成野生动物资源自身的损害,还会引起野生动物生态功能退化等生态损害。司法实践中,野生动物相关生态环境损害往往不能得到全面救济。明晰行政索赔主体的职责,可以避免由于职责不清导致行使赔偿请求权时出现管辖范围不清、互相推诿的情况;认定损害赔偿范围综合考虑时间限度、空间限度、注重质量限度及多种主客观因素、区分野生动物生态环境修复费用和生态环境服务功能损失费用,可以最大限度地覆盖非法侵害野生动物资源造成的全部损害,实现野生动物维护生态系统平衡、保护物种、保持生物多样性、保存基因等多种生态功能丧失的完全赔偿;建立司法行政部门统一管理,司法鉴定、社会鉴定并存的多元化鉴定机制,能够统一鉴定标准、保证鉴定质量、维持鉴定秩序,科学合理地确定野生动物资源的生态损害价值;针对能够恢复生态功能的野生动物相关生态环境损害采用生态修复的责任方法,比单纯的金钱赔偿更有利于维持生物多样性、保护野生动物资源。

生态环境损害修复与补偿机制研究

生态环境权是神圣不可侵犯的人格权。生态修复是对受损的生态系统进行全面整治,需要完善环境区域生态损害协同治理制度,划定生态保护红线实施源头治理制度。区域生态环境协同治理的实质,是对人心的约束和对法律的调整。要构建完善的生态环境损害修复机制,就要构建生态环境部门履职责任清单机制,为生态环境修复目标的实现提供法律依据,始终坚持以生态修复为重心的修复责任理念,构建生态环境修复的法律责任体系。需要完善生态环境损害的补偿机制,生态保护补偿是调节环境损害、保护生态环境主体之间利益关系的制度安排。生态修复责任是救济生态环境损害的主要方式,必须建立流域多元化横向生态补偿长效机制,扩大流域生态补偿规模需要遵循生态补偿制度和规则。实施生态损害修复工程需要遵循生态系统的内在规律,把握生态修复的系统性、完整性和原真性内涵,不断提升生态修复和环境治理能力的现代化水平。

人为水土流失生态环境损害“一案双查”机制研究

为强化人为水土流失生态环境损害赔偿工作,进一步创新人为水土流失生态环境损害救济体系,分析了人为水土流失生态环境损害救济现状,提出了行政执法与生态环境损害赔偿的“一案双查”机制;根据行政执法与生态环境损害赔偿两者存在的补强优势与协作优势,指出“一案双查”应遵循权责一致、依法处置、协同共治的理念;通过明晰行政执法与损害赔偿主体、厘清行政执法与损害赔偿适用情景、加强行政执法与损害赔偿协同等措施,优化完善“一案双查”机制。

论生态环境损害赔偿制度的法理基础与规范构造

理解生态环境损害赔偿制度,须从环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的整体视域展开,同时,还要厘清生态环境与自然资源、生态环境损害与损害赔偿、赔偿请求权与赔偿诉权等核心概念。既有理论将自然资源国家所有权作为生态环境损害赔偿中的实体权利基础,然而,不论是公权说、私权说,还是二阶结构说、三层结构说,都不周延。因为生态环境损害赔偿制度存在二元构造,即赔偿请求权区别于赔偿诉权,赔偿请求权中基于自然资源所有权的物上请求权区别于侵害生态环境的侵权之债请求权,赔偿诉权中程序意义上的提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼区别于实体意义上的救济自然资源所有权。这种二元构造客观上源于生态环境中单体自然资源的结构面向与整体生态功能的功能面向存在区分,其学理基础在于承继和发展了传统所有权的解释范式,其核心内容是对生态环境类的损害进行类型化。为此,该制度可从两个方面予以展开。长期而言,须仰仗制定中的生态环境法典规定生态环境损害赔偿的系列内容;当务之急,则是借助司法解释促进这些内容的适度法制化。

生态环境损害民事责任中劳务代偿的证成及其展开

劳务代偿的适用并不遵循修复责任的归责要件,且无法实现等值重建或更换受损生态环境的目标,其性质应为“以金钱给付为内容的责任承担方式的执行(履行)方式”,而非环境司法普遍认为的替代性修复方式,故劳务抵偿的对象不以修复费用为限。其适用范围应明确为“自然人应当承担生态环境损害民事责任,同时量化的损害数额不大且该责任人家庭经济困难无力履行金钱给付义务”的案件。将劳务代偿作为生效裁判的执行方式,宜采用修改司法解释或发布指导性案例的模式明晰其适用条件、折抵标准、经济状况证明责任分配规则等,同时需要探索建立劳务代偿执行方案制定和实施的协作机制,充分发挥行政机关的专业优势,促成责任依法、全面履行。

生态损害赔偿制度的法律研究与实践

生态损害赔偿制度的法律研究与实践是环境保护领域的一项重要研究工作。该制度旨在通过法律手段对破坏生态环境的行为进行惩罚和赔偿,以维护生态平衡和人类健康。本文通过对相关法律法规的分析和比较,探讨了生态损害赔偿制度的基本原理和具体实践案例。实践方面,各地政府和环保组织积极推动生态损害赔偿案件的立案和审理,为受损环境和受害者争取合理赔偿。然而,目前仍存在一些问题,如赔偿标准不明确、赔偿金额偏低等,需要进一步完善和强化。生态损害赔偿制度的法律研究与实践对于环境保护具有重要意义,有助于推动环境治理和可持续发展。

司法保障视域下实现“双碳”目标的司法与行政协同机制

“双碳”目标已被纳入我国生态文明建设整体布局之中。为如期实现“双碳”目标,必须要有法治化的保障,需要立法、行政、司法等多途径的共同推进与协同发力。当前,我国气候变化应对、碳排放控制相关立法尚不健全且进展缓慢,仍由各类政策及行政措施起主导性作用。在这种情况下,需要充分发挥司法保障机制的作用。从司法保障生态文明建设及其系统性视角,我国司法实践正积极探索司法与行政协同联动机制。为推进“双碳”目标和突破气候诉讼现有局限,还需要在该领域进一步拓展司法与行政协同机制的探索,开展直接针对气候变化法律、政策和事实等问题的诉讼,构建“碳排放影响评价”检察气候行政公益诉讼,探索行政机关作为原告的气候变化生态环境损害赔偿诉讼,并在这些新型诉讼中丰富司法与行政协同机制内涵。

生态环境标准“入法”反思——基于71例生态环境损害判例的实证分析

在司法实践中,生态环境标准被纳入《中华人民共和国民法典》第一千二百三十四条、第一千二百三十五条之“国家规定”,用于生态环境损害案件的审理,国家和地方生态环境标准均有适用,主要包括污染物排放标准和生态环境质量标准。在违反生态环境标准的同时,需要造成生态环境损害,才会被认定为违反“国家规定”。生态环境标准对事实认定和法律适用产生多重影响,为深入理解这一现象,以卢曼的系统沟通理论为分析框架,基于71例生态环境损害判例,阐释由生态环境标准引起的各个系统间的互动过程,发挥法律系统相较于其他社会子系统“观察之观察”的优势。目前,生态环境标准“入法”存在生态环境标准适用的矛盾与空白导致生态环境损害赔偿不足或过度赔偿,欠缺环境公共利益与其他公共利益综合考量,过于依赖虚拟治理成本计算生态环境损害赔偿数额的问题。针对这些问题,提出以下建议:明确划定纳入“国家规定”之生态环境标准的边界及其划分标准,以确保标准的统一性和可操作性;通过完善程序和实体规则,在生态环境标准的司法适用中促进“事实”与价值的有机融合,平衡多种价值冲突;改进生态环境损害鉴定、评估及其司法适用的方法和流程,同时适时更新质量较高的生态环境标准及司法解释。

Major Problems and Countermeasures for the Establishment of Ecological Compensation Systems for National Key Ecological Function Areas

At the end of the 1990 s China started to construct an ecological compensation system for national key ecological function areas. An eco-compensation system focusing on the ＂Transfer Payment of National Key Ecological Function Areas＂ has been established. The current eco-compensation system has played a positive role in improving the ecological environment of national key ecological function areas; but the ecological effect is weakening due to existing problems in the eco-compensation system such as unreasonable calculation of compensation standards, poor expression of rights and interests of stakeholders, simple sources of capital and modes of compensation. For better development, the eco-compensation system should be improved by（i） adhering to the combination of vertical compensation（oriented） and horizontal compensation（auxiliary） on the whole and establishing a transfer payment system of eco-compensation at national scale;（ii） defining the compensation standard according to ecological protection costs, development opportunity costs and ecological service values and adding indicators that reflect economic green transformation to evaluate compensation effects;（iii） gradually building a utilization system of eco-compensation funds in which multi-stakeholders participate and establishing a green development-oriented system to evaluate the performance of local governments; and（iv） cultivating a new business pattern where ecological services are the product, to grow the ecological service industry.

日本核污染水排海的生态环境损害及其赔偿机制

日本排海的核污染水直接接触核电站反应堆堆芯,含有大量的放射性核素。排海后的核污染水不仅在海洋中迅速扩散,还在洋流、季风等综合作用下伴随海洋风暴、洋流等运动进入全球的水文循环,威胁人体健康,对生态环境也造成极大损害。探索日本排海核污染水的生态环境损害机理、构建生态环境损害赔偿机制,可为运用更严厉的生态环境损害赔偿责任来约束日本核污染水排海行为提供依据。为此,结合水文循环理论,解析核污染水排海的生态环境损害机理,明确环境要素损害、生物要素损害以及生态系统服务功能损害原理;借鉴美国自然资源损害制度建设经验,解析生态环境损害赔偿的关键要素,研究提出日本核污染水排海生态环境损害赔偿机制。研究表明:日本核污染水放射性核素种类多、放射性强、污染效应长、处理难度高,排海后不仅会使海洋生物受到核污染水污染的影响而大量死亡的威胁,还对大气环境、水环境、土壤环境、生物环境、地质环境等环境要素,植物、动物、微生物等生物要素,以及生态系统服务功能带来损害风险,影响生物圈的能量转化、物质提供和自我调节能力,可能危及全球生态安全,威胁人体健康和人类安全。现有案例经验启示:损害赔偿的求偿,确定法律依据是基础、证明行为有损害是前提、赔偿责任认定是根本、外交加诉讼是相对有效的途径。构建日本核污染水排海的生态环境损害机制,以日本政府和东京电力公司为赔偿主体,以受到损害的国家和受损害的自然资源所有权人为赔偿对象,赔偿涵盖修护和重建损失的费用、修复期间的价值减少部分、鉴定评估等费用,聘请国际专家、组建律师团队适时向国际法院提起诉讼。基于研究结果认为:通过建立全球生态环境损害救济联盟,建立国际监测网络、开展责任追溯调查、提升基础研究能力等,构建科学完善的核污染水排放的生态环境损害赔偿保障机制,可有效救济生态环境权益,维护国际、国家主体合法权益,为日本核污染水排海相关利益方确定生态环境损害边界及诉讼决策制定提供支撑。

论惩罚性赔偿在生态环境损害救济场域中的适用

我国《民法典》第1232条所创设的环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度具有典型的功利主义色彩与实用主义考量,其能否适用于生态环境损害救济场域在学理上存在较大争议。依照最高人民法院2022年印发的《关于审理生态环境侵权纠纷案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释》,该项制度主要适用于环境侵权私益损害填补场域,如有必要,方可参照适用于生态环境公益损害救济场域。但从我国环境司法实践情况看,惩罚性赔偿却呈现出“重公益、轻私益”的重心颠倒之态,且存在过度威慑行为人、规制效率低下等诸多问题。基于惩罚性赔偿公法私法化的法律性质,以及作为公法规制补充手段的基本定位,宜从主观故意、行为违法、后果严重三个维度合理限缩其在生态环境损害救济场域中的适用空间。因此,有必要依照“严格审慎”的基本态度,酌情计算相关惩罚性赔偿金的数额,具体应以期间损害、永久性损害为基数,采用2倍以内的“倍率封顶式”计算方式。最后,为实现“过罚相当”的基本原则,还应妥善处理好惩罚性赔偿与行政罚款、刑事罚金等金钱类环境法律责任的关系,以确保相关制度能够发挥合力而非干扰排挤。

三类典型生态破坏案件环境损害评估过程差异性分析

国家不断完善生态环境损害赔偿制度与环境公益诉讼制度的同时,全国生态环境损害案件呈逐年递增趋势。司法和生态环境管理部门等在判罚生态环境损害案件时,面临生态环境损害基线、实物量化、价值量化等难以确定的专业性问题,生态环境损害鉴定不同阶段的差异性难以区分。研究按照损害程度对森林纵火和盗伐林木、违法建设和非法占地、非法采矿三类生态破坏案件进行分类讨论,统计分析了三类生态破坏案件的关键要素指标,阐明了生态环境损害鉴定评估过程的差异性。结果表明,三类案件的差异性主要体现在基线选取对象上,三类案件可能涉及植被、土壤、地下水等指标的一种或多种;森林纵火和盗伐林木、违法建设和占地、非法采矿三类案件在植被破坏和土壤破坏两方面破坏程度都表现出逐渐加重的趋势,水平方向的损害范围易受周边环境影响,纵向从土壤表层向深层土壤破坏逐渐加深,恢复难度逐渐加大;在生态恢复工程选择上,除生态恢复外还需根据破坏程度额外考虑对地表建筑物或压占物清除或矿坑的回填及复垦;永久性损害或基本恢复不可实施时也可考虑其他替代性恢复方案,如认购“碳汇”等新手段。研究可为提高生态环境损害鉴定评估工作的科学性、规范性和可操作性提供理论指导。