Preconditioning crush increases the survival rate of motor neurons after spinal root avulsion

In a previous study, heat shock protein 27 was persistently upregulated in ventral motor neurons following nerve root avulsion or crush. Here, we examined whether the upregulation of heat shock protein 27 would increase the survival rate of motor neurons. Rats were divided into two groups： an avulsion-only group （avtflsion of the L4 lumbar nerve root only） and a crush-avulsion group （the L4 lumbar nerve root was crushed 1 week prior to the avulsion）. Immunofluores- cent staining revealed that the survival rate of motor neurons was significantly greater in the crush-avulsion group than in the avulsion-only group, and this difference remained for at least 5 weeks after avulsion. The higher neuronal survival rate may be explained by the upregulation of heat shock protein 27 expression in motor neurons in the crush-avulsion group. Further- more, preconditioning crush greatly attenuated the expression of nitric oxide synthase in the motor neurons. Our findings indicate that the neuroprotective action of preconditioning crush is mediated through the upregulation of heat shock protein 27 expression and the attenuation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase upregulation following avulsion.

Religious Education for Effective Ministry： Confronting Leadership Challenges in One Beloved Community

Rev. Smith has been appointed to be the pastor of First United Methodist Church （FUMC）. With the appointment, it comes a specific instruction that the church must be ＂turned around,＂ and it was Rev. Smith＇s responsibility to make it happen. FUMC has been in decline for many years under the leadership of several pastors. Rev. Smith is black and the congregation is predominately Caucasian and elderly, with longtime members who have stayed on because ＂this is their church.＂ Rev. Smith comes to the church bringing her experience, energy, and vision. This appointment is a cross-racial cross-cultural appointment, which is part of her denomination＇s mandate for the future, as it places pastors that reflect the diversity of the surrounding community in churches that do not currently look like the community around them. Currently FUMC does not interact with the community--it does ministry ＂to＂ the community but not ＂with it.＂ Therefore, from the beginning, Rev. Smith knew that her job would not be easy. She accepted the appointment believing that a ＂new wind＂ must blow through the church bringing forth spiritual revival. She now faces a crucial issue in the church, which she feels is in a make or break situation. First United Methodist is located in an urban environment. FUMC has been in this city for 133 years but has been at this site for 83 years. Originally, the neighborhood consisted of predominately white, blue-collar workers, but has since transitioned into a neighborhood community of mostly African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Hispanics. When the church was fwst built in this neighborhood and for many years after that, both consisted of white blue-collar workers. As the neighborhood began to change, no efforts were made to develop new programs or a more inclusive worship to include the growing diversity. The lines are drawn; Rev. Smith knows it but she is determined to turn First Church United around. As she has said before in conversations with the church, ＂God called me into ministry and the Bishop sent me here. No one is going to stop me from serving God and the church.＂ For a brief moment, she felt terribly alone, but then she remembered that she did have some support at FUMC. Rev. Smith took a deep breath, ＂I am going back to the drawing board. There is much work yet to be done, and I will not give up. But what is the next step？＂ This paper is based on a case scenario for a religious education program and as a response to Cooling of the ＂Spirits＂ by Marjorie Nunes of the Summerfield United Methodist Church Bridgeport, Connecticut. The author of this response paper analyzing the problems from the case study provides suggestions for a Religious Education ministry as a program for the church, and data on effective church growth and leadership.1

Research on the Significance and Problems of Heroes in the Textbook

A large number texts depicting heroes have been compiled in the ministry edition of Chinese textbooks in junior high school,such as Deng Jiaxian,a scientist who has ardent love for the motherland and is fearless of difficulties and dangers;Wen Yiduo,a patriot who is devoted to study and has a strong sense of righteousness;Ye Shengtao,a scholar who is noted for his meticulous scholarship and attends to everything personally;Alizer Buffy,an unknown old man who is devoted to tree-planting in obscurity,and so on.The analysis,understanding and reading of these heroic stories and the interpretation of the significance and value of the selection of heroic images into Chinese textbooks are conducive to grasping the core quality of Chinese courses and improving the teaching of heroic images;inheriting and carrying forward the fine civilization and historical and cultural traditions of mankind,and establishing national cultural self-confidence and pride;perfecting the value system of educators and empowering students to grow healthily;guiding teenagers with immature values to establish healthy and upward values.

Phonon relaxation and heat conduction in one-dimensional Fermi Pasta Ulam β lattices by molecular dynamics simulations

The phonon relaxation and heat conduction in one-dimensional Fermi Pasta-Ulam （FPU） β lattices are studied by using molecular dynamics simulations. The phonon relaxation rate, which dominates the length dependence of the FPU β lattice, is first calculated from the energy autoeorrelation function for different modes at various temperatures through equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the relaxation rate as a function of wave number k is proportional to k^1.688, which leads to a N^0.41 divergence of the thermal conductivity in the framework of Green-Kubo relation. This is also in good agreement with the data obtained by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations which estimate the length dependence exponent of the thermal conductivity as 0.415. Our results confirm the N^2/5 divergence in one-dimensional FPU β lattices. The effects of the heat flux on the thermal conductivity are also studied by imposing different temperature differences on the two ends of the lattices. We find that the thermal conductivity is insensitive to the heat flux under our simulation conditions. It implies that the linear response theory is applicable towards the heat conduction in one-dimensional FPU β lattices.

Circadian fluctuations in three types of sensory modules in healthy subjects

This study was designed to observe and compare the circadian fluctuations in tactile sense, joint reposition sense and two-point discrimination in healthy subjects. Twenty-one healthy adult subjects received perceptual ability tests through these three different sensory modules at approximately 9：00, 13：00 and 18：00 in a day. The distribution of ranking for perceptual ability was significantly different among the three different time points in each individual, with highest perceptual ability in the evening compared with noon and morning, in terms of tactile sense and two-point discrimination. These findings suggest that the perceptual ability of healthy subjects fluctuates according to the time points in a day.

案例与项目相结合的编译原理教学改革

该文剖释传统编译原理教学过程中存在的问题,在新工科和工程教育认证背景下,面向OBE理念建立案例库,充分利用多种教学平台和线上、线下教学资源,综合使用主动学习、启发式教学、翻转课堂等方法进行授课。以项目实践为驱动,以案例分析为导引,提高学生自主学习能力,提升授课质量,促使学生的计算机专业素质得到全面发展。

法经济学视角下教育法典编纂的方案设想

在中国式现代化视域下,教育法典编纂的本质是国家为保障公民公平优质受教育权和保证教育事业优先发展而供给高质量教育法律,应当符合办好人民满意教育的制度需求。引入法经济学视角,能够为教育法典编纂如何克服现实困境达致综合性、体系性、逻辑性和科学性的理论目标拓展方法论,但必须坚持教育立法的社会本位,注重教育公平性与经济效率性的法律权衡。基于我国教育立法的现状和教育事业改革发展的趋势,教育法典编纂必须坚持守正创新的法典化路径,采取开放性结构和汇编型模式以实现教育法典编纂的效益优化。教育法典编纂可以采取“制定教育法典总则—加快推进教育领域内重点立法工作—完成教育法典分则编纂”三步走进程,并运用整合式技术应对教育法典编纂进程中的路径依赖和连锁效应。

差异性均衡:高职院校教育科研的目标取向与改革进路——对2018—2023年教育部人文社科教育学类项目的分析

对2018—2023年教育部人文社科教育学类立项项目进行统计分析后发现,高职院校教育学类科研项目的立项存在“均衡的缺失”这一明显问题。“差异性均衡”体现了均衡过程中的高质量、动态性、特色化、多维度内涵特征,契合高职院校教育科研高质量发展的要求,是高职院校教育科研发展的目标取向。推动高职院校教育科研走向差异性均衡,需要加大科研政策的支持保障,完善院校科研的运行机制,彰显学校及区域的特色优势,深化职业教育运行本质的理论研究,实施有引导、有组织、有特色、重理论的教育科研,最终推动高职院校教育科研高质量发展目标的实现。

教育家的风范与本色——纪念“语文工作者”叶圣陶诞辰130周年

叶圣陶是我国现代教育史上的大家,从初等小学到高等学府,各个教育阶段的教材他都编修过。新中国成立前后叶圣陶担任华北人民政府教育部教科书编审委员会主任,成为新中国大、中、小学以及师范院校语文教材建设的奠基人。此后他还担任过出版总署副署长、教育部副部长和人民教育出版社社长兼总编辑等职。考察叶圣陶在1950年代至1970年代这一阶段中的工作经历,以叶圣陶给胡乔木的《中国共产党的三十年》“检谬”,审读何其芳编选的《不怕鬼的故事》并作《书面意见》等事为例,均可见叶圣陶求真务实、期于尽善的语文工作信念。至于主持选编各类语文教科书这一分内工作,叶圣陶更是一丝不苟,务必做到文质兼美,成为了“语文挂帅”的“首创者”。叶圣陶心系语文、兢兢业业,树立了良好典范,为“语文工作”做出了不可代替的贡献。

“表达驱动”教学理论赋能国际中文读写教材编写实践——以《立体中国·国际中文读写课本》为例

教学理论对于教材研发具有重要指导意义。“表达驱动”教学理论的产生经历了酝酿、探索与实践三个阶段,具有深厚的理论实践基础,适用于国际中文读写教材的编写。教材单元体例设计包含四个模块八个构件:表达需求驱动、表达过程调节(表达初体验、阅读输入、沉浸体验、互动协商、体验调节)、表达输出和表达评价。国际中文教育读写教材编写要注重读写主题的相关性与真实性;读写技能的互促性与系统性;习题设置的层次性与实践性。

我国学习型社会建设的政策演进与发展特征--基于对学习型城市建设中政府注意力配置的研究

建设全民终身学习的学习型社会、学习型大国是党和政府做出的重大战略部署,学习型城市建设是推进学习型大国建设工程的重要抓手,政府对学习型城市建设的政策导向决定着学习型大国建设的应有高度。基于36年《教育部工作要点》,构建任务维度、建设维度和保障维度三维分析框架,分析发现:从纵向看,我国学习型社会建设经历初期全面扫盲和发展职业教育等任务维度,到聚焦资源和技术对学习型城市建设的支持等建设维度,再到依法治教、协调资源等三维度注意力配置趋于均衡;从横向看,我国学习型城市建设注意力配置内部结构及次级维度关注点分布不均衡,任务维度以教育质量提升为重点,建设维度以各类学习支持为导向,保障维度以制度引领为关键。对此,政府应加大政策和制度保障力度,构建全民终身学习体系;建立齐抓共管队伍体系,统筹推进新时代学习型城市示范区建设;优化个性化教育培训方式,健全全民终身学习推进机制。

基于体验学习理论编写外语教材提升大学英语教学和育人成效

大学英语教材是实现课程教育教学目标的基本保证,必须满足全面提高人才培养质量的国家需求。本文以《新未来大学英语(综合教程2)》为例,阐释教材编写如何通过发挥体验学习的优势来强化学习者投入,提升大学英语课程的教学和育人成效。教材基于体验学习模型设计单元结构,通过情景剧和多模态教学素材增加学习者情感投入;寓多元能力培养于语言能力提升,强化学习者认知投入;以具有真实性、挑战性和恰当性的单元任务设计和生生多元交互,增强学习者行为投入。本文对体验学习理论在外语教材编写中的应用和外语教材强化学习者投入等方面的研究具有一定启发和借鉴意义。

“林译小说”的现代阅读及其意义——以民初教育部褒奖小说为例

清末民初,“林译小说”影响很大,其中十几种为民初教育部所褒奖,以利于通俗教育。这十几种褒奖小说为国民所普遍阅读,其中首推《黑奴吁天录》,其“阅读”焦点在于借黑奴悲黄种人,体现出浓厚的启蒙色彩。对三种伦理小说的阅读,反映了读者对传统伦理的重视,尤其是通过西方小说发现中西在人伦上的相通之处,从而更加坚定了维护“伦理”的信念。对四种社会小说的阅读,体现了读者关注下层人民的悲悯情怀,更肯定了西方社会小说与我国古文在叙事技法上惊人的相似之处。对其他几种小说的阅读,各有侧重。对这些褒奖小说的阅读反映了读者思想观念的深刻变化。此外,考证与品评、批评这两种广义的“阅读”方式则大力促进了近代翻译小说批评的发展。

辛安亭:党的教育事业发展史上的一座丰碑

辛安亭是我国著名的教育家、编辑出版家和青少年通俗读物作家。在延安的11年,辛安亭领导编写了陕甘宁边区小学的三套通用教材,同时他亲自编写了四十余种儿童和成人课本及读物,是延安时期党的教材建设事业的重要开拓者。辛安亭在人民教育出版社工作了11年,主持编写了新中国全新的中小学教材;作为人教社的早期领导,他还为人教社的机构设置和制度建设作出了重要贡献,是新中国教材建设的奠基人之一。辛安亭的语文教学改革思想体现了新中国成立后语文教学的主要改革方向。作为一位通俗读物作家,辛安亭撰写了大量的青少年通俗读物。辛安亭还是一位高校管理者,他创办了甘肃教育学院,并两度主持兰州大学的工作。辛安亭一生的教育实践与贡献,充分体现了开创性、时代性、大众性的特征。

民国时期师范学校乡村教育教科书的编撰特点及启示

民国时期,随着乡村教育课程在乡村师范学校逐步开设,乡村教育教科书相继编撰出版。这一时期出版的乡村教育教科书特色鲜明,在编撰理念上凸显出引领实践、丰富理论的特点,编撰内容上显现出立足乡土、全面探究的特征,编撰视角上体现出取法中外、跨越学科的特色。民国时期的乡村教科书编写对当今构建乡村教师教育课程体系和编写相关教科书具有重要启示:明确乡村教师的公共使命,为乡村振兴贡献教育力量;立足时代需求和乡村实际,构建多维度的乡村教育内容体系;探索理论研修与实践调查相融合的路径,改善新生代乡村教师候选人的学习方式。

辛安亭先生对我国教育的贡献

辛安亭是我国著名的教育家、编辑出版家和青少年通俗读物作家。延安十一年,辛安亭在小学教材和通俗读物编写方面成果卓著,是中国共产党延安时期教材编写的开拓者。人民教育出版社工作的十一年,辛安亭主持编写了新中国全新的中小学教材,是新中国教材建设的奠基人之一。辛安亭的语文教学改革思想体现了新中国成立后中小学语文教学的主要改革方向。辛安亭还是一位通俗读物作家,撰写了大量的青少年读物。作为高校领导者,辛安亭创办了甘肃教育学院,并两度主持兰州大学的工作。辛安亭一生的教育成就与贡献,充分体现着开创性、时代性、大众性的重要特征。

基于“中国外语教材编写理论体系”的高职英语教材编写研究--以航海英语教材编写为例

在三教改革的背景下,教材建设的重要性提升到了前所未有的高度。为了提高高职院校英语教材的编写质量,以航海英语教材为例,探讨应用中国外语教材编写理论,从紧贴行业发展、融合多元文化、设计POA教学活动、分析学生学情和规范编写管理这五个步骤进行教材编写。

人工智能教育立法:基于教育法典的体系化编纂路径

人工智能在赋能教育的同时,也显著提升了教育立法的难度。相比于教育单行法,作为教育领域“根本法”的教育法典将能够对人工智能教育应用展开最为周延科学的规范,助益人工智能教育应用的健康发展。作为体系型法典,教育法典必然采用“总分架构”。教育法典中人工智能立法可通过总则的“在线教育”“法律责任”以及分则的相关编章进行体系化编纂。首先,教育立法的核心及编纂主线是保障公民的受教育权,故教育法典分则相关编章需分别为政府及学校设定人工智能教育资源普惠性的促进义务,使教育主体能平等享有人工智能的教育红利。其次,针对人工智能教育应用可能引发的风险,教育法典可在总则“在线教育”章,一方面引入技术性正当程序,设定算法和数据的透明义务和审计义务,以及教育标准事务不得自动化决策义务等,明确教师使用人工智能的行为规范与专业操守;另一方面,依托敏捷治理手段,构筑多元主体参与的事前监测预警平台、事中快速响应的因应机制、事后动态完善的持续发展机制,应对人工智能教育应用未知风险。最后,为了确保义务条款得以顺利实施,教育法典可在总则“法律责任”章通过引致性条款与具体责任条款的妥适选用,构筑健全的人工智能教育应用法律责任机制。

学龄前期儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停围手术期健康教育绘本的编制

目的:编制学龄前期儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(Obstructive Sleep Apnea,OSA)围手术期健康教育绘本,为学龄前期OSA儿童提供医疗信息支持。方法:在心理应激系统模型的指导下,以文献循证及临床路径为依据,结合学龄前期OSA围手术期患儿对手术认知及应对策略的半结构式访谈结果,编制绘本初稿,采用德尔菲专家函询对其进行论证和修改。结果:2轮专家函询的问卷有效回收率为94.4%、100.0%,权威系数为0.87,判断系数为0.83,熟悉程度为0.91,最终完成了绘本编制,绘本包含6个章节,共22个主题,主题重要性及适用性协调系数分别为0.609、0.333,专家意见协调性有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:学龄前期儿童OSA围手术期健康教育绘本编制方法科学、过程严谨、内容可靠,弥补了绘本在学龄前期儿童疾病管理中的不足,可以在不同区域诊疗中心推广使用。