PRESENT SITUATION OF BREAST-FEEDING AND COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON GROWTH OF CHILDREN UNDER 36 MONTHS IN WESTERN CHINA

Objective To find out the present situation of complementary feeding, breast-feeding and children nutrition, and further explore the relationship between them. Methods Random sampling was adopted and 7302 pairs or mothers and their children under 36 months were investigated by means or questionnaires. Results Breast- feeding rate was 96. 8%,but exclusive breast-feeding rate was only 37.6%. Breast-feeding rate over 12 months was 34.7%,breast-feeding rate over 24 months was only 15. 8%. Timely sucking rate was 8.4%, 19. 2% of children had too early complementary feeding, 26.8% had too late,and 43.1% had appropriate feeding. To the children over 6 months, the feeding rates or meat and eggs per week were 36.3% and 49.3%,respectively. The stunting-rate was 24.0%, underweight-rate 22.1%,and wasting-rate 8.9%. The incidence rate of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was 23.3%. Multivariable analysis showed that growth of children was associated with diet diversity,intake frequency of eggs and meat, too early complementary feeding,prolonged breast-feeding and diarrhea, etc. Conclusion In rural areas of western China,breast-feeding has been fundamentally popularized,however,the unfit complementary feeding and malnutrition of children under 36 months are common and serious,important complementary feeding recommen- dations and good hygiene condition are strongly needed.

Nutrition Guidelines of Complementary Feeding for Infants and Toddlers(WS/T 678—2020)

1 Scope This standard specifies the basic principles and age-specific guidance for complementary feeding, and requirements of complementary feeding preparation for the healthy full-term infants and toddlers from 6 to 24 months.This standard is applicable to nutritional guidance for complementary foods supplements for the infants and toddlers from 6 to 24 months.

Complementary Feeding and Growth of Infant and Young Child in China

Objective To understand the status and problems of complementary feeding and to explore the strategy of improving complementary feeding for infants and young children in China. Method Data of urban and rural children were selected from the China Food and Nutrition Surveillance System （CFNSS） dataset to describe the status of complementary feeding and growth of children. Logistic Regression was used to analyze the relationship between child growth and the complementary feeding pattern. Results Applications of foods that come from animals, vegetable/fruit and dairy product in complementary feeding were negatively correlated to the prevalence of stunting and underweight. Attributable risk （AR） of no application of vegetable/fruit in complementary feeding to stunting was 30.2%, to underweight 35.4%; AR of no application of foods from animal products in complementary feeding to stunting was 28.2%, to underweight 11.7%; and the AR of no application of diary products in complementary feeding to stunting was 27.4%, to underweight was 15.9%. Conclusion Complementary feeding contributed to the improvement of infants and young children growth in China. There is an urgent need to develop health education in the public on infants and young children complementary feeding, in the mean time, it is pressing to pay attention and take actions to develop and promote affordable, acceptable, and accessible fortified complementary food in rural areas of China.

Effect of In-home Fortification of Complementary Feeding on Intellectual Development of Chinese Children

Objective To explore the effect of in-home fortification of complementary feeding on intellectual development of Chinese children aged below 24 months. Methods One thousand and four hundred seventy eight children aged 4-12 months were recruited and divided into study groups （formula 1 group and formula 2 group） and control group. In two study groups, in addition to the usual complementary food, children were fed with a sachet of fortified food supplement each day. Protein and micronutrients were provided in formula 1 group. Formula 2 group had the same energy intake as the formula 1 group . In addition to measurement of physical growth and detection of hemoglobin level, Development Quotient （DQ） or Intelligence Quotient （IQ） was assessed. Results The DQ of children aged below 24 months was 97.2, 95.5, and 93.8 in formula 1 group, formula 2 group and control group, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant （P〈0.05）. The DQ of children in formula 1 group, formula 2 group, and control group was 92.7, 90.4, and 88.3 respectively in the first follow up showing statistically significant differences （P〈0.05）. And, DQ of children in formula 1 group, formula 2 group and control group were 96.7, 94.5, and 93.7 respectively in the second follow up, showing statistically significant differences （P〈0.05）. FulI-IQ of children in the formula 1 group was 3.1 and 4.5 points higher than that in formula 2 group and in control group respectively. Verbal IQ of children in the formula 1 group was 2.1 and 5 points higher than that in formula 2 group and control group respectively. Performance IQ was 2.5 and 3.1 points higher than that in formula 2 group and control group respectively. All above mentioned comparisons were statistically significant. Conclusion Fortification of complementary feeding showed persistent effect on intelligence development of young children which could persist to 6 years of age. The critical time for correction of anemia could be under 18 months.

Mothers Experience about Complementary Feeding Practice in Bangladesh

Background: Complementary feeding is a significant milestone that has nutritional, developmental, and health implications. Worldwide, 33% of the deaths are linked to malnutrition. Objective: To describe the mothers’ experience about complementary feeding practice with child aged less than two years in Bangladesh. Method: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted from July 2018 to June 2019. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) NIANER. 20 mothers of children of 6 - 24 months of age were recruited purposively who live in Sattalla slum. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the mothers’ demographic characteristics and thematic analysis was used to describe mothers’ experience about complementary feeding practice. Results: The study showed that the average age of the mothers was 25 (SD = 4.75) years. Only 5% of the mothers have higher education. Through the findings, two main themes have been identified. Moreover, first main theme includes three subthemes. Fifty percent of the mothers stated that appropriate time to start complementary food for their babies is from 6 months of age. Mothers feed various types of complementary foods. Most of the mothers have knowledge about complementary feeding but they do not practice appropriately. Almost all of the mothers (95%) stated that their babies do not like to eat anything, and 45% of mothers feed only breast milk. Conclusion: Findings of the study will provide information for the nurses resulted in increasing the rate of complementary feeding practice among mothers of children in Bangladesh. Future study is needed to identify the factors influencing complementary feeding practice among mothers of 6 - 24 months old children in Bangladesh.

Complementary Feeding Knowledge and Practices of Caregivers in Orphanages Improved after Nutrition Education Intervention in Ibadan, Nigeria

Malnutrition among under-5 children has been linked to inadequate complementary feeding practices. Children living without permanent parents have also been proven to have a higher risk of malnutrition, which puts their growth and development in danger. In this study, an impact evaluation of nutrition education was carried out on the knowledge and practice of complementary feeding among caregivers in orphanages. This quasi-experimental study was conducted in selected orphanage homes located within Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select 50 caregivers from 8 orphanage homes. Data was collected using an adapted interviewer administered at baseline and post-intervention. The key results showed that those who had good knowledge of complementary feeding practices increased from 68.1% to 79.9% at baseline and post-intervention respectively. The WHO complementary feeding indicators that were used to measure the practice revealed that 37.5% met the minimum meal frequency (MMF), 52.5% met the minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and 35% met the minimum adequate diet (MAD) at baseline, which increased to 62.5%, 80% and 60% respectively after intervention. Conclusively, this study revealed that nutrition education improved the complementary feeding knowledge and practice of caregivers. It is recommended that such nutrition education should be introduced to new caregivers and could also be converted into policy actions at a national level.

The Effects of Different Feeding Practices on the Nutritional Status of Infants below 12 Months Old in the Kumba 1 Sub-Division

Appropriate feeding practices are important during infancy for good health, growth and development of infants and children. WHO revised its earlier recommendation of Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) of infants from 4 to 6 months of age to EBF until about 6 months of age, with the addition of complementary foods thereafter. This recommendation confirms that breast milk alone is sufficient to meet infants’ nutritional requirements for the first 6 months of life. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various feeding practices on the Nutritional status of infants 0 - 12-month-old in the Kumba 1 Sub-Division. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to August 2020. A total of 341 nursing mothers and their infants 0 - 12 months of age were recruited. Socio-demographic factors and the different feeding habits of the children were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements. The overall proportion of infants who exclusively breastfed for 6 months was 69.2% and those who were mix-fed were 30.8% in the study area. The overall prevalence of malnutrition in the population was 61.0%. Among the malnourished children, 53.1% were underweight, 19.6% were wasted and 10.0% were stunted. Though not significant, the prevalence of wasting (21.0%) and underweight (58.3%) was higher among Mix-Fed (MF) children when compared to their EBF counterparts. Feeding practices affected the nutritional status of the infants. Underweight and wasting were observed among infants on Complementary Feeding (CF), although some exclusively breast-fed infants were stunted. Hence, nursing mothers should try as much as possible to practice EBF as recommended by WHO and can practice CF when the child is above six months.

Complementary feeding patterns among ethnic groups in rural western China

Objective： This study investigated complementary feeding practices among four ethnic groups（Han, Uygur, Tibetan, and Zhuang） based on a cross-sectional survey in rural western China. Methods： In 2005, a stratified multistage cluster random sampling method was used to recruit 9712 children（7411 Han, 1032 Uygur, 678 Tibetan, and 591 Zhuang） between 6 and 35 months of age and their mothers from 45 counties in 10 provinces（autonomous regions, municipalities） in western China. Results： The rates of early introduction（before 6 months） of complementary foods in four ethnic groups（Han, Uygur, Tibetan, and Zhuang） were 71.30%, 95.95%, 82.40%, and 72.30%, respectively. The Infant and Child Feeding Index（ICFI） for Uygur and Tibetan children was lower than that for Han children at all age groups. Uygur children were more likely to have unqualified ICFI compared with Han children in a multivariate logistic regression（odds ratio（OR）=5.138, 95% confidence interval（CI）： 4.340–6.084）. A higher level of maternal education, greater family wealth, and the availability of complementary feeding educational materials decreased the likelihood of an unqualified ICFI. The nutritional status of children（Han, Tibetan, and Zhuang） with qualified ICFI was better than that for children with unqualified ICFI. Conclusions： Appropriate interventions are required to improve complementary feeding practices in rural western China.

High Prevalence of Suboptimal Child-Feeding Practices and Child Morbidity among Families from Low Socio-Economic Urban Areas in Harare

Introduction:Optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding have been proven to reduce malnutrition.Declining socio-economic environment is associated with poor feeding practices,high morbidity,and risk of malnutrition among children from urban poor families.Objective:The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess child-feeding practices and morbidity prevalence among Harare urban-families living in low socio-economic areas.Methods:A health-facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in five clinics of Harare serving low socio-economic communities between July and August 2014.A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire assessing child-feeding practices was used to interview primary caregivers.Prevalence of diarrhea,influenza,malaria,measles,fever,and cough was assessed.Data were analysed using SPSS v21.Results:A total of 218 mother-child pairs attending growth monitoring were enrolled in the study:Seventy-five percent of the children were below two years;early introduction of solid foods(before six months)was observed in 81.4%of the children.Forty-nine percent of young children were fed at least four meals per day and 74%had been weaned onto family meals;Twenty-four percent of the children had diarrhea,59%influenza,1%malaria,1%measles,23%fever and 53%cough in the month preceding the survey.Conclusion:There is a high prevalence of suboptimal feeding practices and morbidity in low socio-economic urban communities of Harare.There is need to design child-feeding interventions for the urban community targeting all family members involved in decision-making.

Assessment of Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices of Caregiver’s in Jashore City, Bangladesh

Since infant and young child feeding practices play an important role in ameliorating childhood nutrition, an exploratory and descriptive study has thus been conducted employing a previously developed questionnaire at Ad-din shisu Hospital, Jashore, Bangladesh to obtain better insights about the breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices among infant and young child feeding caregivers. Out of 260 babies, 54% were female and 46% were male. Nearly all caregivers were found having the idea that breast milk is the best food for newborn babies. Around 81.9% of caregivers think that breast milk contains all the nutrients the baby needs to flourish, but in case of protection from disease, only 18.1% of caregivers think that it protects the baby from certain diseases. Around 46.9% mothers practiced early initiation of breastfeeding and they offered breast milk to their newborn right away (within one hour) after delivery, 53.5% lactating mothers had proper knowledge about breastfeeding methods, 39.6% mothers never practiced burping after breastfeeding, 66.4% mothers had normal delivery, 33.6% mothers had caesarian section, 99% mothers offered colostrums to their babies and only 1% of them didn’t give the colostrums. Besides, 88.8% continued breastfeeding up to 24 months or more along with 83.8% caregivers starting complementary feeding from six months, 55.4% caregivers said baby’s immune system is less developed, so they get attacked by infection easily and 44.6% caregivers said “their tummies are vulnerable to infection”, and 48.8% of the caregivers followed the type of hygiene required. Our findings revealed information on the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the caregiver’s towards breastfeeding and complementary feeding.

四川省南充市农村地区6~23月龄婴幼儿膳食多样化与看护人辅食喂养自我效能的关联性

目的分析四川省南充市农村地区6~23月龄婴幼儿膳食多样化和看护人辅食喂养自我效能的现状,并探究婴幼儿膳食多样化与看护人自我效能之间的关系。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,选取四川省南充市农村地区6~23月龄婴幼儿及其看护人作为研究对象。采用结构式问卷收集婴幼儿及其看护人的基本特征、婴幼儿膳食多样化喂养情况和看护人辅食喂养自我效能。采用多因素Logistic回归分析婴幼儿膳食多样化与看护人辅食喂养自我效能的关系。结果共纳入770对婴幼儿及其看护人。最低膳食多样化合格率为61.56%(474/770),其中,6~11、12~17、18~23月龄婴幼儿最低膳食多样化合格率分别为45.00%(108/240)、69.16%(287/415)、68.70%(79/115)。回归分析结果显示,在控制其他混杂因素的前提下,看护人辅食喂养自我效能是婴幼儿膳食喂养多样化合格的促进因素(OR=1.42,95%CI=1.17~1.73,P<0.001)。结论四川省南充市农村地区婴幼儿膳食多样化喂养情况有待改善,具有较高辅食喂养自我效能的婴幼儿看护人给其孩子提供多样化辅食喂养的可能性更高。

婴幼儿辅助食品分阶喂养体系的现状与前景

婴幼儿辅助食品是指适于6~36月龄婴幼儿食用的婴幼儿谷类辅助食品、婴幼儿罐装辅助食品以及辅食营养补充品。文章总结了婴幼儿食品的国家标准现状、婴幼儿配方食品的分阶喂养体系现状,以及婴幼儿辅助食品的产品现状,讨论了婴幼儿辅助食品的特点,并结合国际吞咽障碍食物标准行动委员会(IDDSI)的分级标准,按食品质构提出适合婴幼儿分阶喂养的5个阶段“中度稠、高度稠/细泥型、细馅型、软质型、常规型(容易咀嚼)”,进一步从胃容量、吞咽咀嚼能力、均衡营养等方面定量讨论了婴幼儿辅食分阶喂养体系的建立,并提出婴幼儿零辅食的生产只需适度强化必要的营养素。

Real-time Feed-forward Force Compensation for Active Magnetic Bearings System Based on H∞ Controller

There are two kinds of unbalance vibrations—force vibration and displacement vibration due to the existence of unbalance excitation in active magnetic bearings（AMB） system. And two unbalance compensation methods—closed-loop feedback and open loop feed-forward are presented to reduce the force vibration. The transfer function order of the control system directly influencing the system stability will be increased when the closed-loop method is adopted, which makes the real-time compensation not easily achieved. While the open loop method would not increase the primary transfer function order, it provides conditions for real-time compensation. But the real-time compensation signals are not easy to be obtained in the open loop method. To implement real-time force compensation, a new method is proposed to reduce the force vibration caused by the rotor unbalance on the basis of AMB active control. The method realizes real-time and on-line force auto-compensation based on H∞ controller and one novel feed-forward compensation controller, which makes the rotor rotate around its inertia axis. The time-variable feed-forward compensatory signal is provided by a modified adaptive variable step-size least mean square（VSLMS） algorithm. And the relevant least mean square（LMS） algorithm parameters are used to solve the H∞ controller weighting functions. The simulation of the new method to compensate some frequency-variable and sinusoidal signals is completed by MATLAB programming, and real-time compensation is implemented in the actual AMB experimental system. The simulation and experiment results show that the compensation scheme can improve the robust stability and the anti-interference ability of the whole AMB system by using H∞ controller to achieve close-loop control, and then real-time force unbalance compensation is implemented. The proposed research provides a new control strategy containing real-time algorithm and H∞ controller for the force compensation of AMB system. And the stability of the control system is finally improved.

Assessment of Nutritional Status and Associated Factors in Infants Aged 6 to 23 Months in Rural Burundi

This study was carried out in the Health districts of Kayanza and Gahombo. Its aim was to assess the nutritional status and associated factors of infants aged between 6 and 23 months. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the health centers of the action zone during medical consultations in community medicine from 13 to 22 February 2023. For this purpose, 53.0% of a sample of 398 mothers of infants aged 6 - 23 months were male, and the most represented age group was 12 - 23 months with 53.8%. Mothers were asked about the diet of their children. All the children involved in this study were vaccinated, whereas 99.2% were given vitamin A supplements. The most frequent illnesses in this age group were acute respiratory infection (ARI) (73.4%), fever (66.6%), diarrhea (53.8%), and vomiting (40.5%). Analysis of nutritional status showed that infants had severe (8.3%) and moderate (70.4%) acute malnutrition. Factors associated with infant nutritional status comprised the occupation of mother (P = 0.009), level of education of mother (P = 0.0625), and prolonged diarrhea (P = 0.004). To remedy this problem, concrete nutritional and educational interventions are needed to promote optimal infant nutrition during the first two years of life.

Availability, Accessibility and Contribution of Infant Flours to the Diet of Children Aged 6-59 Months in Benin

This study assesses the nutritional composition as well as the availability and affordability of infant flour found on the market and in the households of Benin. To do that assessment, a two-step cross-sectional survey based on food ethnography methods was used. A total of 61 marketplaces were visited in seven towns and rural districts as part of the availability and affordability survey, while 400 children (aged 6 to 59 months) were surveyed to track the uses of infant flours at the household level. The results obtained reveal that pre-manufactured infant flour is sold more in urban areas (Cotonou, Porto-Novo and Parakou) than in rural ones. The average infant flours price did not vary (p = 0.985) in any given year (regardless of abundance or lean periods) nor does it vary (p = 0.133) from one point of sale to another (drugstore or supermarkets). However, the average price is found to be expensive considering the purchasing power of the households surveyed. On the other hand, the amount of ingredients used in the production of the flour types found on the market complies with the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius, unlike the homemade ones. Pre-manufactured infant flour is found to be outside of the economic reach of most households (92%) who rely heavily on the homemade ones to feed their children. In light of the above, public authorities should help improve geographic access and pricing affordability to quality infant flour for low-income households in urban and remote areas. Moreover, awareness should be raised among mothers relative to the importance of complementary feeding through education on good nutrition practices.

中国儿童营养状况15年变化分析——中国婴幼儿辅食喂养的改善

目的利用中国食物与营养监测数据，描述1992～2005年中国婴幼儿喂养的改善情况。方法以各种辅助食品开始添加的时间和添加频率描述了我国婴幼儿辅助喂养的改善。以logistic回归方法分析了中国儿童各种辅食添加时间和添加频率与生长发育的关系。结果1992年-2005中国婴幼儿，特别是农村婴幼儿辅食喂养的模式有了很大的改善。婴儿6个月龄按时添加奶及其制品、蔬菜，水果、动物性食品与婴幼儿生长迟缓率、低体重率呈负相关。没有按时添加奶及其制品对婴幼儿生长迟缓的相对危险度为1．378，对低体重的相对危险度1．189。每天添加牛奶，动物性食物，蔬菜＼水果对婴幼儿身高增长和体重增长有非常重要的作用。结论15年来中国儿童生长发育的改善，与农民收入增加后婴幼儿辅助喂养的改善有关。

婴幼儿生长发育与辅食添加的关系

应用 1 998年 6岁以下儿童营养监测现场调查资料分析 4至 2 4个月以内婴儿辅助食品添加对婴幼儿生长发育的影响 ,以便为农村特别是贫困农村合理添加辅助食品提供参考。统计分析采用了描述性、相关回归分析及 Logistic回归分析。结果表明贫困农村婴幼儿各类辅助食品添加率低于一般农村和城市。贫困农村婴幼儿在 2 4个月以内平均添加动物性食物只占 42 %、乳类 30 .5%、淀粉类 57.8%、蔬菜水果类 48.6% ,相当于城市添加比例的一半。通过相关分析表明 ,在 4至 6个月 ,6至 1 2个月 ,1 2至 1 8个月 ,1 8至 2 4个月几个年龄段的按年龄身高和体重与动物性食物和蔬菜水果类食物的添加率呈显著的正相关关系 ,但淀粉类食物在各个年龄段相关都不显著。通过回归分析 ,估算了如果每个营养监测点动物性食物添加率提高 1 0 %时 ,1 8至 2 4个月的婴幼儿生长迟缓率可下降 2 .6个百分点 ,低体重下降 1 .2个百分点。Logistic回归分析表明 ,没有添加动物性食物时 ,发生生长迟缓的危险度 OR=2 .2 1 (4～ 6个月 )、1 .73(6～ 1 2个月 )、2 .81(1 2～ 1 8个月 )和 2 .58(1 2～ 2 4个月 )。未添加蔬菜水果类食物发生生长迟缓的危险度与动物性食物类似。

中国九市婴儿辅食喂养状况分析

[目的]分析我国婴儿辅食添加的现状、变化趋势以及与生长发育的关系。 [方法]以“005年中国九市七岁以下儿童体格发育调查”中1-12个月婴儿为对象,现场询问获得辅食添加信息。 [结果]①1-3、4-5和6-12月婴儿辅食添加率：城区分别为11.0%、82.5%、98.9%,郊区为11.4%、69.1%、96.8%。郊区明显低于城区。蛋、水果、粥的添加时间最早,肉、鱼、面食次之,豆制品添加最晚;②北、中片辅食添加率低于南片;③1985-2005年辅食添加率城区表现为1985-1995年有增长,1995-2005年无明显变化;郊区则呈逐渐增长趋势;④4个月内添加辅食组体重、身高均低于未添加组,4月龄以上添加多种辅食组体格指标高于添加单一辅食组。 [结论]①多数婴儿均能按照喂养建议进行辅食添加;②辅食添加存在地区差别;③1985-2005年辅食添加有所改善;④辅食添加时间、种类与生长发育有关。

陕西农村社区0～18个月婴幼儿辅食添加现状及健康教育效果评价

目的 了解陕西省农村社区 0～ 18个月婴幼儿辅食添加现状。方法 采用整群随机抽样方法 ,抽取337例 0～ 18个月婴幼儿的母亲 ,对其进行问卷调查。结果 6 9 3%的母亲有一定的辅食添加知识 ,掌握知识的多少与母亲的文化程度 ,家庭经济状况有关。结论 陕西农村社区辅食添加整体情况较差 ,还有待进一步提高 ,可使用“以电视宣传为主 ,村医人际传播为辅”的模式进行教育。

婴儿喂养顺应WHO婴儿喂养指南的横断面调查分析

目的分析顺应WHO婴儿喂养指南(2002)与婴儿体格生长的关系。方法2008年6月至2009年5月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿保门诊非随机选取体检的2～12月龄健康婴儿及其主要抚养人进行调查,采用横断面问卷调查方式,获得婴儿社会人口学资料、乳类和其他食物喂养状况资料。采用标准人体测量秤和婴儿量床测量婴儿体重和卧位身长,以2005年WHO儿童生长标准计算身长别体重Z评分(WLZ)、年龄别身长Z评分(LAZ)和年龄别体重Z评分(WAZ)等体格生长指标。分别计算各月龄组婴儿纯母乳喂养、部分母乳喂养和配方奶喂养比例,比较婴儿体格生长指标与2005年WHO儿童生长标准平均水平的差异。结果共调查1030名婴儿,978名有效数据进入分析。出生时对WHO婴儿喂养指南(2002)顺应性较好,母乳喂养876/975名(89.8%),其中纯母乳喂养405/975名(41.5%),部分母乳喂养471/975名(48.3%)。3、4、5和6月龄组母乳喂养分别为25/45名(55.6%)、53/124名(42.7%)、114/233名(48.9%)和100/283名(35.3%),其中纯母乳喂养分别为15/45名(33.3%)、27/124名(21.8%)、26/233名(11.2%)及15/283名(5.3%),未达到WHO婴儿喂养指南(2002)纯母乳喂养至6月龄的建议。食物转换阶段,仅120/978名(12.3%)婴儿顺应WHO婴儿喂养指南(2002),在6月龄及以后引入其他食物;645/978名(66.0%)婴儿在4～5月龄引入,86/978名(8.8%)婴儿在4月龄前引入。首次引入的其他食物对WHO婴儿喂养指南(2002)的顺应性较好,537/820名(65.5%)婴儿最早引入强化铁的谷类食物,其次是蛋类(141/820名,17.2%)、蔬菜水果类(76/820名,9.3%)、家制米粉(61/820名,7.4%)和禽肉鱼类(5/820名,0.6%)。不同时间引入其他食物的各月龄组婴儿WLZ、WAZ均达到或超过WHO儿童生长标准的平均水平。4～6月龄不同喂养方式婴儿的WLZ均超过WHO儿童生长标准的平均水平(P<0.05),不同喂养方式间WLZ、LAZ和WAZ差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论本研究所调查的儿保门诊婴儿对WHO婴儿喂养指南(2002)的顺应性较低,纯母乳喂养比例较低,配方奶喂养比例较高,大部分婴儿引入其他食物的时间早于WHO婴儿喂养指南(2002)的建议。首次引入食物对WHO婴儿喂养指南(2002)顺应性较高,食物转换期不同喂养方式未对本调查人群婴儿的体格生长造成不利影响。