Effects of Nutrient Fortified Complementary Food Supplements on Anemia of Infants and Young Children in Poor Rural of Gansu

Objective To assess the effectiveness of complementary food supplements with protein and multi-micronutrients on hemoglobin and anemia in infants and young children. Methods In 5 poor counties of Gansu, 984 children aged 6-12 months were enrolled and divided into two groups. In addition to the usual home-made complementary food, all the children were fed one sachet of either Formula Ⅰ or Formula Ⅱ supplements each day. Protein and micronutrients were provided in Formula Ⅰ, while the same energy intake was secured in Formula Ⅱ as in Formula Ⅰ. A massive dose of vitamin A was supplemented to all the children every 6 months. Hemoglobin test was done at the same time. Results Prevalence of anemia was about 35% in both Formula Ⅰ and Formula Ⅱ group at baseline, and there were no differences in hemoglobin concentration between the two groups, During the 6-month and 12-month supplementation, hemoglobin of children in Formula Ⅰ group was higher than that in Formula Ⅱ group （P〈0.05）, and hemoglobin increase in Formula Ⅰ group was significantly higher than that in Formula Ⅱ group （P〈0.001）. After 6- and 12-mouth supplementation, the prevalence of anemia in Formula Ⅰ group dropped to 19.1% and 8.2% respectively, and it was 28.0% and 12.4% in Formula 2 group. The prevalence of anemia in Formula Ⅰ group was significantly lower than that in Formula Ⅱ group （P〈0.05）. After adjusting age and hemoglobin level at baseline, the hemoglobin increase at age of 24 months in formula 1 group was higher （10.7 g/L vs 7.9 g/L, P〈0.0001）. Conclusion Micronutrient fortified complementary food supplements, with large-dose vitamin A, is effective for children aged 6-12 months in terms of iron deficiency prevention.

Availability, Accessibility and Contribution of Infant Flours to the Diet of Children Aged 6-59 Months in Benin

This study assesses the nutritional composition as well as the availability and affordability of infant flour found on the market and in the households of Benin. To do that assessment, a two-step cross-sectional survey based on food ethnography methods was used. A total of 61 marketplaces were visited in seven towns and rural districts as part of the availability and affordability survey, while 400 children (aged 6 to 59 months) were surveyed to track the uses of infant flours at the household level. The results obtained reveal that pre-manufactured infant flour is sold more in urban areas (Cotonou, Porto-Novo and Parakou) than in rural ones. The average infant flours price did not vary (p = 0.985) in any given year (regardless of abundance or lean periods) nor does it vary (p = 0.133) from one point of sale to another (drugstore or supermarkets). However, the average price is found to be expensive considering the purchasing power of the households surveyed. On the other hand, the amount of ingredients used in the production of the flour types found on the market complies with the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius, unlike the homemade ones. Pre-manufactured infant flour is found to be outside of the economic reach of most households (92%) who rely heavily on the homemade ones to feed their children. In light of the above, public authorities should help improve geographic access and pricing affordability to quality infant flour for low-income households in urban and remote areas. Moreover, awareness should be raised among mothers relative to the importance of complementary feeding through education on good nutrition practices.

Complementary Feeding and Growth of Infant and Young Child in China

Objective To understand the status and problems of complementary feeding and to explore the strategy of improving complementary feeding for infants and young children in China. Method Data of urban and rural children were selected from the China Food and Nutrition Surveillance System （CFNSS） dataset to describe the status of complementary feeding and growth of children. Logistic Regression was used to analyze the relationship between child growth and the complementary feeding pattern. Results Applications of foods that come from animals, vegetable/fruit and dairy product in complementary feeding were negatively correlated to the prevalence of stunting and underweight. Attributable risk （AR） of no application of vegetable/fruit in complementary feeding to stunting was 30.2%, to underweight 35.4%; AR of no application of foods from animal products in complementary feeding to stunting was 28.2%, to underweight 11.7%; and the AR of no application of diary products in complementary feeding to stunting was 27.4%, to underweight was 15.9%. Conclusion Complementary feeding contributed to the improvement of infants and young children growth in China. There is an urgent need to develop health education in the public on infants and young children complementary feeding, in the mean time, it is pressing to pay attention and take actions to develop and promote affordable, acceptable, and accessible fortified complementary food in rural areas of China.

Comparison between <i>E. coli</i>O157:H7 and <i>Bifidobacterium</i>spp. Activity in Almond Pudding Infant Supplemental Food

Almond pudding is a common traditional Iranian complementary food for infants after starting solid foods. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the leading pathogenic microorganisms that cause serious foodborne disease in different populations including infants. The large intestine of breast-fed infants is colonized predominantly by bifidobacteria, which have a protective effect against acute diarrhea. The study objective of this research was to screen the survival characteristics of E. coli O157:H7 as well as four strains of Bifidobacterium subspecies (spp.) in almond pudding. The bacterial strains were studied after three and six hours of incubation at 37℃ in-vitro. Luria-Bertani (LB) broth was used as a basic medium for both Bifidobacterium spp. and E. coli experiments in anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. The viability of Bifidobacterium spp. increased from 2.46 ± 0.2 to 6.57 ±1.3 log10 CFU/ml in low inoculum and from 4.53 ± 0.7 to 7.2 ± 0.4 in high inoculum experiments in 6 hours. However, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 from 3.12 ± 0.2 to 4.99 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/ml was significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared to Bifidobacterium spp. The results illus- trate impaired growth of E. coli O157:H7 and enhanced growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in almond pudding. The finding demonstrated that almond pudding in infant’s diet may indirectly enhance the protection against survival and growth of E. coli O157:H7 by increasing the Bifidobacterium spp. populations in infant’s gastrointestinal system.

How Do Commercial Children’s Foods Influence Their Growth and Development?A Map of Commercially Available Children’s Foods in Honduras

Background: The premature consumption of processed foods with high sugar and sodium content over the course of life has been associated with an increased risk of suffering from chronic diseases starting in adolescence or early adulthood. Methods: There was an examination of the nutritional labelling of processed products for young children (n = 140) available in the Honduran market to evaluate their nutritional quality with regard to sodium and sugar content, pursuant to various international recommendations. Results: 54% of the products evaluated derive more than 20% of their calories from sugar. The categories that to a large degree exceed the recommended sugar content range are fruit drinks (80%) and dessert purees (65%). The average price per product serving is lower than one US dollar ($0.81). 46% and 6% of the products place sugar and salt, respectively, among the first five positions in their ingredient lists. Conclusions: Processed foods for infants and young children generally exceed the recommended sugar content, but due to their low cost and easy access, they are displacing traditional food consumption, contributing to increasing childhood obesity and chronic disease in the early stages of life.

Vegetarian Diets in Children—Some Thoughts on Restricted Diets and Allergy

Vegetarianism is a common diet worldwide. For a large proportion of people, meat or fish is not available at all or not regularly as a meal. But also in the industrialised countries, vegetarian nutrition is becoming more and more popular for various reasons. Many vegetarian parents also want a suitable diet for their children. But are restrictive diets beneficial or potentially harmful in certain situations, such as a predisposition to severe atopy? Are vegetarian diets equally suitable for pregnant women, nursing mothers, infants, children, and adolescents? What critical nutrients should parents, children, pediatricians, and nutritionists pay particular attention to? This article is focused on questions like these and discusses scientifically based concepts of nutrition. Main findings are that exposure to a variety of food antigens during early life may play a role in the development of healthy eating habits and that restrictive diets have not been found in studies to prevent allergic disease.

一种婴幼儿汁类罐装辅助食品对幼龄小鼠急性炎症的影响及抗氧化活性评价

[目的]考察一种婴幼儿汁类罐装辅助食品对幼龄小鼠急性炎症的影响,并评价其抗氧化活性。[方法]将70只小鼠分为空白组、模型组、低剂量组(8.6979 g/kg)、中剂量组(17.3958 g/kg)、高剂量组(34.7916 g/kg)、超高剂量组(69.5832 g/kg)和阳性药物对照组,采用巴豆油致小鼠急性耳廓肿胀模型评价汁类罐装辅助食品对幼龄小鼠急性炎症的影响;计算除空白组外其余各组小鼠的左耳耳廓肿胀率;通过ELISA法检测其血清中TNF-α、IL-2、IL-6、IL-1β细胞因子含量;HE染色检测小鼠肝脏组织病理形态;通过电子舌进行滋味分析;采用紫外分光光度法测定汁类罐装辅助食品的抗氧化能力(DPPH自由基清除能力和羟自由基清除能力)。[结果]与空白组相比,模型组小鼠左耳肿胀明显,血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β含量明显上升(P<0.05),IL-2含量显著下降(P<0.05),肝组织中炎性细胞浸润明显。与模型组相比,低、中、高、超高剂量组小鼠左耳肿胀程度随剂量的升高而逐渐降低(P<0.05),血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β含量下降(P<0.05),且随着剂量的升高,下降程度增大。高剂量和超高剂量组小鼠的IL-2含量上升(P<0.05),炎症症状得到缓解;中、高、超高剂量组小鼠肝脏组织细胞核肿胀程度得到明显改善,弥漫性的炎性细胞浸染情况减轻;DPPH自由基清除率和羟自由基清除率的IC50分别为0.023,0.022 mg/mL(以样品中总酚计)。[结论]该种婴幼儿汁类罐装辅助食品对由涂抹巴豆油引起的幼龄小鼠急性炎症具有良好的抗炎效果。

婴幼儿辅助食品分阶喂养体系的现状与前景

婴幼儿辅助食品是指适于6~36月龄婴幼儿食用的婴幼儿谷类辅助食品、婴幼儿罐装辅助食品以及辅食营养补充品。文章总结了婴幼儿食品的国家标准现状、婴幼儿配方食品的分阶喂养体系现状,以及婴幼儿辅助食品的产品现状,讨论了婴幼儿辅助食品的特点,并结合国际吞咽障碍食物标准行动委员会(IDDSI)的分级标准,按食品质构提出适合婴幼儿分阶喂养的5个阶段“中度稠、高度稠/细泥型、细馅型、软质型、常规型(容易咀嚼)”,进一步从胃容量、吞咽咀嚼能力、均衡营养等方面定量讨论了婴幼儿辅食分阶喂养体系的建立,并提出婴幼儿零辅食的生产只需适度强化必要的营养素。

婴幼儿辅助食品中配料和膳食补充成分对酪蛋白磷酸肽持钙能力的影响

比较研究婴幼儿辅助食品中肉类、果蔬和谷物等配料以及维生素和蛋白质等膳食补充成分,对三种酪蛋白磷酸肽产品持钙能力强弱的影响。研究结果表明,大米和小麦对婴幼儿辅助食品中酪蛋白磷酸肽的持钙能力有一定的不良影响,但大米和小麦添加量在50%~85%的范围未显著改变酪蛋白磷酸肽的持钙能力。添加3%以上的肉类和果蔬类配料的添加量显著降低了酪蛋白磷酸肽的持钙能力。20 mg/kg的烟酰胺降低了酪蛋白磷酸肽的持钙能力,而其它维生素、乳清蛋白和大豆蛋白则未对其产生显著影响。进一步分析发现,肉类配料中脂肪和蛋白质以及果蔬类配料中的酚类化合物可能是影响酪蛋白磷酸肽持钙能力的关键因素。本文对于明确婴幼儿辅助食品中影响酪蛋白磷酸肽持钙能力的因素,使其更好地发挥功效具有一定的指导意义。

液相色谱法测定婴幼儿辅食营养包中维生素B2

在酸性条件下采用乙腈-1%乙酸溶液(5+95)超声提取婴幼儿辅食营养包中的维生素B2,用液相色谱仪定性,外标法定量,建立一种快速测定婴幼儿辅食营养包中维生素B2的高效液相色谱检测方法。结果表明,维生素B2在0.20~4.0μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.9998;在5.0、10.0和50.0 mg/kg浓度水平下,添加回收率范围为92.32%~103.25%,相对标准偏差RSD(n=6)为0.46%~4.98%,方法定量限为5.0 mg/kg。

婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中亚硝酸盐含量的测定

由于婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中含有淀粉类物质,导致其在前处理阶段的样液浑浊而影响亚硝酸盐的准确测定。本文通过优化酶解过程和方法学验证建立一种能准确测定婴幼儿谷类辅助食品亚硝酸盐含量的方法。结果表明,选择α-淀粉酶,在70℃酶解14 min,可有效解决样品滤液浑浊问题。亚硝酸盐含量在0~12.5μg线性关系良好,回归方程y=0.0142x-0.0001,相关系数r=0.9998,加标回收率为91.0%~98.2%。该方法操作简单,结果准确,可用于婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中亚硝酸盐含量的测定。

高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿乳粉及儿童食品中的防腐剂

目的:建立采用高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿乳粉及儿童食品中防腐剂的分析方法。方法:样品经水提取,通过蛋白剂沉降,正己烷萃取纯化,高效液相色谱定量分析。结果:脱氢乙酸、苯甲酸和山梨酸在0.5~100.0 mg·L^(-1)线性关系良好,检出限为0.5~1.1 mg·kg^(-1),定量限为0.9~2.2 mg·kg^(-1);平均加标回收率在90.1%~109.2%,相对标准偏差在1.2%~4.2%(n=6)。结论:该方法操作简便、准确度高,适用于婴幼儿乳粉及儿童食品中脱氢乙酸、苯甲酸和山梨酸的检测。

杭州市婴幼儿及儿童食物不耐受特异性IgG抗体流行特征研究

目的分析杭州市婴幼儿和儿童的食物不耐受特异性免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulinG,IgG)抗体流行分布特征。方法选取2020年5月至2022年5月杭州师范大学附属医院收治的980例0~14岁婴幼儿及儿童血清食物不耐受特异性IgG抗体检测结果进行回顾性分析。按照年龄分为0~1岁组(n=107)、1~3岁组(n=127)、3~6岁组(n=414)、6~14岁组(n=332),按照性别分为男童组(n=613)和女童组(n=367),按照就诊季节分为春季组(n=147)、夏季组(n=256)、秋季组(n=358)、冬季组(n=219)。比较各组婴童不耐受食物的分布特征。结果在36种食物中,对鸡蛋、牛奶、小麦的不耐受程度以中重度为主,其他以轻中度为主。男童组与女童组比较,排名前10位的不耐受食物顺序,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),分别是鸡蛋、牛奶、小麦、大豆、纳米、羊奶、葡萄柚、西红柿、甜瓜、橘子。男童组对大米、西瓜、桃子、虾、杧果不耐受情况高于女童组,对草鱼、猪肉不耐受情况低于女童组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各年龄组比较,0~1岁组对鸡蛋、牛奶、小麦、大米、大豆、土豆、甜瓜、鳕鱼、草鱼的不耐受最低,对牛肉、橙子、玉米、虾、蓝莓、桃子、杧果的不耐受最高,1~3岁组对鸡蛋、牛奶、小麦、大米、大豆、土豆、甜瓜、鳕鱼、草鱼不耐受最高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各个季节组的不耐受食物排名前5位是鸡蛋、牛奶、小麦、大米、土豆;各季节组比较,春季组对于葡萄柚、橙子的不耐受最高,夏季组对于蟹、蛤、龙虾、虾的不耐受最高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同性别、年龄、季节对食物不耐受种类和程度的影响不同,可为杭州地区婴幼儿和儿童饮食计划的制定提供参考。

恒温实时荧光法快速检测婴幼儿辅助食品中胡萝卜成分的研究

为建立婴幼儿辅助食品中胡萝卜成分的恒温实时荧光快速检测方法,根据胡萝卜ITS1-5.8SRNA-ITS2基因序列设计合成恒温实时荧光法(LAMP)的特异性引物,以常见农产品及不同胡萝卜质量分数的白萝卜DNA分别验证方法的特异性和灵敏度,选取不同品系胡萝卜种子验证方法的适用范围,并通过预包装食品检测其实用性。结果表明:所建方法与其他物种无交叉反应,特异性强,能在1 h内检测低至质量分数为0.01%的胡萝卜成分,灵敏度高,适用于不同品系胡萝卜的检测。适用范围广,通过实际样本的检测验证,结果快速、准确。该方法操作简单、成本较低、数据智能判读实时同步、结果准确快速,可用于婴幼儿辅助食品中胡萝卜成分的快速检测,为婴幼儿食品标签管理及食品安全监管提供技术依据。

不完全快速消解石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定婴幼儿食品中铅含量

建立不完全快速消解石墨炉原子吸收测定婴幼儿食品中铅含量的快速检测方法,提升工作效率,减少环境污染。分别对消解试剂及用量、消解温度、消解时间进行优化,得出不完全快速消解石墨炉原子吸收光谱法的方案,并对方法进行验证和应用。结果表明,回收率在106%~137%之间,精密度在7%以内,准确度和精密度较好。该方法适用于铅含量较高的样品,可用于重金属污染等食品安全事件中铅含量的快速检测,可以为监管部门提供技术支持。

辅食干预对食物过敏婴幼儿的疗效及血清25(OH)D、IL-10影响

目的探讨与分析食物混合粉型辅食干预对食物过敏婴幼儿的疗效及对血清25-羟基维生素D[25(OH)D]、白细胞介素(IL)-10影响。方法将2020年8月1日至2022年4月2日在龙岩人民医院诊治的108例食物过敏婴幼儿根据随机数表法分为研究组与对照组,每组各54例。对照组给予常规治疗,研究组在对照组治疗的基础上给予食物混合粉型辅食干预治疗,两组治疗观察时间为6个月,判定临床疗效与检测血清25(OH)D、IL-10表达变化情况。结果治疗后研究组总有效率为98.14%,与对照组的83.33%相比有显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗期间研究组恶心呕吐、发热、便秘不良反应发生率为3.70%,与对照组的20.37%相比有明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与治疗前相比,治疗后两组血清25(OH)D含量升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且研究组的血清25(OH)D含量明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与治疗前相比,治疗后两组血清IL-10含量明显变低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗后研究组血清IL-10含量明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论食物混合粉型辅食干预应用于食物过敏婴幼儿能促进提高血清25(OH)D含量、降低血清IL-10含量,从而提高总体治疗效果,还可减少不良反应的发生。

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定婴幼儿罐装辅助食品果泥中展青霉素的含量

提出了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定婴幼儿罐装辅助食品果泥中展青霉素含量的方法。果泥样品经果胶酶酶解、乙酸乙酯提取后,经MAX固相萃取柱净化,浓缩复溶后采用Waters BEH C_(18)色谱柱分离,电喷雾离子源负离子和多反应监测模式下进行测定,同位素内标法定量。结果表明,展青霉素标准曲线的线性范围为10.0~200μg·L^(-1),检出限(3S/N)为2μg·kg^(-1)。按标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为101%~112%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于4.0%。该方法应用于33份市售的婴幼儿罐装辅助食品果泥样品中展青霉素的测定,均未检出。

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中铁含量

采用微波消解前处理,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中的铁含量。结果表明:采用在线内标和碰撞反应池模式,铁在0~5.0 mg/L呈现良好的线性关系(R^(2)=0.9999),检出限、定量限分别为0.6 mg/kg和2.0 mg/kg。在低、中、高3个添加水平下,铁的加标回收率在88.3%~110.1%,相对标准偏差在0.8%~3.2%。对市售的4种婴幼儿谷类辅助食品的铁含量进行了检测,检测值与标签值均接近。方法结果准确、重现性良好,适用于婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中铁含量的测定。

我国婴幼儿配方奶粉监管研究

随着经济水平的快速发展,人们的生活水平不断提高,对于婴幼儿配方奶粉的需求也持续增加。婴幼儿配方奶粉作为婴幼儿摄入营养的关键,其质量好坏直接影响婴幼儿的生长发育。因此,有必要高度重视配方奶粉的质量安全问题。基于此,本文通过探究我国婴幼儿配方奶粉的监管现状,分析婴幼儿配方奶粉监管存在的问题及其原因,并针对性地提出对策和建议,以保障婴幼儿配方奶粉的质量安全,维护消费者利益,促进我国婴幼儿保健事业的健康发展。

我国婴幼儿罐装辅助食品高质量发展

本文通过分析我国婴幼儿罐装辅助食品行业发展概况,从行业政策法规和生产企业体系建设方面分析我国婴幼儿罐装辅助食品行业存在的问题,有助于提高婴幼儿罐装辅助食品行业的市场核心竞争力,助推婴幼儿罐装辅助食品产业健康、有序、高质量发展。