How to implement a knowledge graph completeness assessment with the guidance of user requirements

In the context of big data, many large-scale knowledge graphs have emerged to effectively organize the explosive growth of web data on the Internet. To select suitable knowledge graphs for use from many knowledge graphs, quality assessment is particularly important. As an important thing of quality assessment, completeness assessment generally refers to the ratio of the current data volume to the total data volume.When evaluating the completeness of a knowledge graph, it is often necessary to refine the completeness dimension by setting different completeness metrics to produce more complete and understandable evaluation results for the knowledge graph.However, lack of awareness of requirements is the most problematic quality issue. In the actual evaluation process, the existing completeness metrics need to consider the actual application. Therefore, to accurately recommend suitable knowledge graphs to many users, it is particularly important to develop relevant measurement metrics and formulate measurement schemes for completeness. In this paper, we will first clarify the concept of completeness, establish each metric of completeness, and finally design a measurement proposal for the completeness of knowledge graphs.

Classification of knowledge graph completeness measurement techniques

At present,although knowledge graphs have been widely used in various fields such as recommendation systems,question and answer systems,and intelligent search,there are always quality problems such as knowledge omissions and errors.Quality assessment and control,as an important means to ensure the quality of knowledge,can make the applications based on knowledge graphs more complete and more accurate by reasonably assessing the knowledge graphs and fixing and improving the quality problems at the same time.Therefore,as an indispensable part of the knowledge graph construction process,the results of quality assessment and control determine the usefulness of the knowledge graph.Among them,the assessment and enhancement of completeness,as an important part of the assessment and control phase,determine whether the knowledge graph can fully reflect objective phenomena and reveal potential connections among entities.In this paper,we review specific techniques of completeness assessment and classify completeness assessment techniques in terms of closed world assumptions,open world assumptions,and partial completeness assumptions.The purpose of this paper is to further promote the development of knowledge graph quality control and to lay the foundation for subsequent research on the completeness assessment of knowledge graphs by reviewing and classifying completeness assessment techniques.

Complete response of gallbladder cancer treated with gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy combined with durvalumab:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer(GBC)is the most common and aggressive subtype of biliary tract cancer(BTC)and has a poor prognosis.A newly developed regimen of gemcitabine,cisplatin,and durvalumab shows promise for the treatment of advanced BTC.However,the efficacy of this treatment for GBC remains unclear.CASE SUMMARY In this report,we present a case in which the triple-drug regimen exhibited marked effectiveness in treating locally advanced GBC,thus leading to a long-term survival benefit.A 68-year-old man was diagnosed with locally advanced GBC,which rendered him ineligible for curative surgery.Following three cycles of therapy,a partial response was observed.After one year of combined therapy,a clinical complete response was successfully achieved.Subsequent maintenance therapy with durvalumab monotherapy resulted in a disease-free survival of 9 months for the patient.The patient experienced tolerable toxicities of reversible grade 2 nausea and fatigue.Tolerable adverse events were observed in the patient throughout the entirety of the treatment.CONCLUSION The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy with durvalumab was proven to be an effective treatment approach for advanced GBC,with manageable adverse events.Further research is warranted to substantiate the effectiveness of the combined regimen in the context of GBC.

Passive activity enhances residual control ability in patients with complete spinal cord injury

Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these muscles may not effectively engage any of the remaining neurons in the descending pathway.A previous study unexpectedly found that a brief clinical round of passive activity significantly increased volitional muscle activation,as measured by surface electromyography.In this study,we further explored the effect of passive activity on surface electromyographic signals during volitional control tasks among individuals with complete spinal cord injury.Eleven patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury were recruited.Surface electromyography data from eight major leg muscles were acquired and compared before and after the passive activity protocol.The results indicated that the passive activity led to an increased number of activated volitional muscles and an increased frequency of activation.Although the cumulative root mean square of surface electromyography amplitude for volitional control of movement showed a slight increase after passive activity,the difference was not statistically significant.These findings suggest that brief passive activity may enhance the ability to initiate volitional muscle activity during surface electromyography tasks and underscore the potential of passive activity for improving residual motor control among patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.

Completeness of the system of eigenvectors of off-diagonal operator matrices and its applications in elasticity theory

This paper deals with off-diagonal operator matrices and their applications in elasticity theory. Two kinds of completeness of the system of eigenvectors are proven, in terms of those of the compositions of two block operators in the off-diagonal operator matrices. Using these results, the double eigenfunction expansion method for solving upper triangular matrix differential systems is proposed. Moreover, we apply the method to the two-dimensional elasticity problem and the problem of bending of rectangular thin plates on elastic foundation.

THE HAMILTONIAN SYSTEM AND COMPLETENESS OF SYMPLECTIC ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM

In this paper, a new Banach space ZH is defined, and it is proved that there is completeness of eigenfunction system (symplectic orthogonal system) of a class of Hamiltonian system in ZH space. We have also proved the following results: ZH space can be continuously imbedded to L-2[0,1] X L-2[0,1], but ZH not equal L-2[0,1] X L-1[0,1].

Completeness of eigenfunction systems for the product of two symmetric operator matrices and its application in elasticity

The completeness theorem of the eigenfunction systems for the product of two 2 × 2 symmetric operator matrices is proved. The result is applied to 4 × 4 infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian operators. A modified method of separation of variables is proposed for a separable Hamiltonian system. As an application of the theorem, the general solutions for the plate bending equation and the free vibration of rectangular thin plates are obtained. Finally, a numerical test is analysed to show the correctness of the results.

Research on completeness of earthquake data in the Chinese mainland（Ⅱ）──The regional distribution of the beginning years of basically complete earthquake data

Based on the concrete conditions of earthquake data in the west of China, East China and SOuth China, we studied the completeness of data in these regions by suitable methods to local conditions. Otherwise, we roughly estimated monitoring capability of local networks in China since 1970 and some outlying regions where the data is lack. Finally, we gave the regional distribution of the beginning years since which the data for different magnitude intervals are largely complete in the Chinese mainland.

Completeness of Eigenfunction Systems for Off-Diagonal Infinite-Dimensional Hamiltonian Operators

For the off-diagonal infinite dimensional Hamiltonian operators, which have at most countable eigenvalues, a necessary and sufficient condition of the eigenfunction systems to be complete in the sense of Cauchy principal value is presented by using the spectral symmetry and new orthogonal relationship of the operators. Moreover, the above result is extended to a more general case. At last, the completeness of eigenfunction systems for the operators arising from the isotropic plane magnetoelectroelastic solids is described to illustrate the effectiveness of the criterion. The whole results offer theoretical guarantee for separation of variables in Hamiltonian system for some mechanics equations.

On the completeness of eigen and root vector systems for fourth-order operator matrices and their applications

In this paper, we consider the eigenvalue problem of a class of fourth-order operator matrices appearing in mechan- ics, including the geometric multiplicity, algebraic index, and algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue, the symplectic orthogonality, and completeness of eigen and root vector systems. The obtained results are applied to the plate bending problem.

Completeness of system of root vectors of upper triangular infinitedimensional Hamiltonian operators appearing in elasticity theory

This paper deals with a class of upper triangular infinite-dimensional Hamilto- nian operators appearing in the elasticity theory. The geometric multiplicity and algebraic index of the eigenvalue are investigated. Furthermore, the algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue is obtained. Based on these properties, the concrete completeness formulation of the system of eigenvectors or root vectors of the Hamiltonian operator is proposed. It is shown that the completeness is determined by the system of eigenvectors of the operator entries. Finally, the applications of the results to some problems in the elasticity theory are presented.

Completeness Analysis of the Historical Earthquake Catalogue in China

The historical earthquake catalogue of China has lasted more than 3000 years,and most of its data are inferred from historical records.The earthquake catalogue in earlier times is not complete owing to various reasons,so some events are lost.This paper estimates the loss rate of earthquakes with various magnitudes in the historical earthquake catalogue for different time intervals quantitatively by using the Gutenberg-Richter formula and modern instrumental records,which will provide the references for statistic research in seismicity.

Evaluation of the Completeness in the Filling of Laboratory Request Forms Submitted to the Haematology Laboratory at a Tertiary Hospital in Kenya

Background information: The laboratory request form is a communication link between the clinicians and the laboratory staff. It contains demographic details of the patient including full names, age and gender;the test required;location of the patient;date and time of request among other details. Incomplete and inaccurate filling of the request forms may cause errors which can impact on the quality of the patient care. Methodology: The study was a descriptive cross sectional where 289 laboratory request forms submitted consecutively to the haematology laboratory during the month of January 2018 were evaluated. Data was collected using a data collection form and analyzed by use of frequency table. Ethical clearance was sought from Institutional Research and Ethical Committee of Moi University and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. Results: Of all the 289 forms evaluated, only 1% (3/289) had all the required information. The parameters with the most information were patient’s name (100%), hospital number (100%), sex (99.7%), age (98.3%), investigation requested (97.6%), the location of the patient (96.9%), clinician’s name (96.9%) and signature (96.5%). The least information was recorded for clinical history (14.7%) and address of the patient (4.8%). Conclusion: The study showed that there were inadequacies in the recording of the required information in the laboratory request form. The parameters which were completely filled were the patient’s name and the hospital number, whereas the address and the clinical history had the least completion rates.

ON THE DEGREE OF COMPLETENESS OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC FUNCTIONS

This paper discusses the degree of completeness of cryptographic functions, which is one of the cryptographic criteria should be considered in the design of stream ciphers. We establish the relationships between the degree of completeness and other cryptographic criteria. For resilient Boolean functions, a method to enhance the degree of completeness is proposed, while the nonlinearity and the algebraic degree do not decrease. Moreover, two constructions of resilient functions are provided, which have optimal degree of completeness, high nonlinearity, and high algebraic degree.

Super Resolution Perception for Improving Data Completeness in Smart Grid State Estimation

The smart grid is an evolving critical infrastructure,which combines renewable energy and the most advanced information and communication technologies to provide more economic and secure power supply services.To cope with the intermittency of ever-increasing renewable energy and ensure the security of the smart grid,state estimation,which serves as a basic tool for understanding the true states of a smart grid,should be performed with high frequency.More complete system state data are needed to support high-frequency state estimation.The data completeness problem for smart grid state estimation is therefore studied in this paper.The problem of improving data completeness by recovering highfrequency data from low-frequency data is formulated as a super resolution perception(SRP)problem in this paper.A novel machine-learning-based SRP approach is thereafter proposed.The proposed method,namely the Super Resolution Perception Net for State Estimation(SRPNSE),consists of three steps:feature extraction,information completion,and data reconstruction.Case studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and value of the proposed SRPNSE approach in recovering high-frequency data from low-frequency data for the state estimation.

COMPLETENESS OF THE PARABOLIC SUBGROUPS OF PROJECTIVE ORTHOGONAL GROUPS

All parabolic subgroups and Borel subgroups of PΩ（2m ＋ 1, F） over a linearable field F of characteristic 0 are shown to be complete groups, provided m 〉 3.

Strong Completeness of Medium Logic System

The strong completeness of medium logic system is discussed. The following results are proved： medium propositional logic system MP and its extension MP^＊ are strong complete; medium predicate logic system MF and its extensions （MF^＊ and ME^＊ ） are not strong complete; and generally, ff a consistent formal system is not strong complete, then any consistent extensions of this forreal system are not strong complete either.

GLOBAL WEAK SHARP MINIMA AND COMPLETENESS OF METRIC SPACE

A sufficient condition on the existence of a global weak sharp minima for general function in metric space is established. A characterization for convex function to have global weak sharp minima is also presented, which generalized Burke and Ferris' result to infinite dimensional space. A characterization of the completeness of a metric space is given by the existence of global weak sharp minima.

Research on the completeness of earthquake data in the Chinese mainland（I）──North China

In terms of the temporal-spatial distribution features of earthquakes, we study the completeness of historical data in North China where there is the most plenty historical data and with the longest record history by some meth ods of analysis and comparison. The results are obtained for events with Ms≥4 are largely complete since 1484 in North China (except Huanghai sea region and remote districts, such as Nei Mongol Autonomous region), but quakes with Ms≥6 are largely complete since 1291 in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Regenerative medicine strategies for chronic complete spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury is a condition in which the parenchyma of the spinal cord is damaged by trauma or various diseases.While rapid progress has been made in regenerative medicine for spinal cord injury that was previously untreatable,most research in this field has focused on the early phase of incomplete injury.However,the majority of patients have chronic severe injuries;therefore,treatments for these situations are of fundamental importance.The reason why the treatment of complete spinal cord injury has not been studied is that,unlike in the early stage of incomplete spinal cord injury,there are various inhibitors of neural regeneration.Thus,we assumed that it is difficult to address all conditions with a single treatment in chronic complete spinal cord injury and that a combination of several treatments is essential to target severe pathologies.First,we established a combination therapy of cell transplantation and drug-releasing scaffolds,which contributes to functional recovery after chronic complete transection spinal cord injury,but we found that functional recovery was limited and still needs further investigation.Here,for the further development of the treatment of chronic complete spinal cord injury,we review the necessary approaches to the different pathologies based on our findings and the many studies that have been accumulated to date and discuss,with reference to the literature,which combination of treatments is most effective in achieving functional recovery.