Real-Time Monitoring of Meteorological Data at In-Situ GCW Remediation Sites

To optimize the self-organization network, self-adaptation, real-time monitoring, remote management capability, and equipment reuse level of the meteorological station supporting the portable groundwater circulation wells, and to provide real-time and effective technical services and environmental data support for groundwater remediation, a real-time monitoring system design of the meteorological station supporting the portable groundwater circulation wells based on the existing equipment is proposed. A variety of environmental element information is collected and transmitted to the embedded web server by the intelligent weather transmitter, and then processed by the algorithm and stored internally, displayed locally, and published on the web. The system monitoring algorithm and user interface are designed in the CNWSCADA development environment to realize real-time processing and analysis of environmental data and monitoring, control, management, and maintenance of the system status. The PLC-controlled photovoltaic power generating panels and lithium battery packs are in line with the concept of energy saving and emission reduction, and at the same time, as an emergency power supply to guarantee the safety of equipment and data when the utility power fails to meet the requirements. The experiment proves that the system has the characteristics of remote control, real-time interaction, simple station deployment, reliable operation, convenient maintenance, and green environment protection, which is conducive to improving the comprehensive utilization efficiency of various types of environmental information and providing reliable data support, theoretical basis and guidance suggestions for the research of groundwater remediation technology and its disciplines, and the research and development of the movable groundwater cycling well monitoring system.

On modeling approach for embedded real-time software simulation testing

Modeling technology has been introduced into software testing field. However, how to carry through the testing modeling effectively is still a difficulty. Based on combination of simulation modeling technology and embedded real-time software testing method, the process of simulation testing modeling is studied first. And then, the supporting environment of simulation testing modeling is put forward. Furthermore, an approach of embedded real-time software simulation testing modeling including modeling of cross-linked equipments of system under testing （SUT）, test case, testing scheduling, and testing system service is brought forward. Finally, the formalized description and execution system of testing models are given, with which we can realize real-time, closed loop, mad automated system testing for embedded real-time software.

Real-time embedded software testing method based on extended finite state machine

The reliability of real-time embedded software directly determines the reliability of the whole real-time embedded sys- tem, and the effective software testing is an important way to ensure software quality and reliability. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of real-time embedded software, the formal method is introduced into the real-time embedded software testing field and the real-time extended finite state machine （RT-EFSM） model is studied firstly. Then, the time zone division method of real-time embedded system is presented and the definition and description methods of time-constrained transition equivalence class （timeCTEC） are presented. Furthermore, the approaches of the testing sequence and test case generation are put forward. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a typical avionics real- time embedded software testing practice and the examples of the timeCTEC, testing sequences and test cases are given. With the analysis of the testing result, the application verification shows that the proposed method can effectively describe the real-time embedded software state transition characteristics and real-time requirements and play the advantages of the formal methods in accuracy, effectiveness and the automation supporting. Combined with the testing platform, the real-time, closed loop and automated simulation testing for real-time embedded software can be realized effectively.

A State-of-the-Art Survey on Real-Time Issues in Embedded Systems Virtualization

Virtualization has gained great acceptance in the server and cloud computing arena. In recent years, it has also been widely applied to real-time embedded systems with stringent timing constraints. We present a comprehensive survey on real-time issues in virtualization for embedded systems, covering popular virtualization systems including KVM, Xen, L4 and others.

A Requirements Engineering Environment for Embedded Real-Time Software—SREE

The paper presents the embedded real-time software-oriented requirements engineering environment—SREZ. It involves the whole process of software requirements engineering, including the definition, analysis and checking of requirements ,specifications. We first explain the principles of the executable specification language RTRSM. Subsequently, we introduce the main functions of SREE, illustrate the methods and techniques of checking requirements specifications, especially how to perform simulation execution, combining prototyping method with RTRSM and animated representations. At last, we compare the SREE with other requirements specifications methods and make a summary for SREE＇s advantages.

A Smart Phone-oriented Embedded Real-time Operating System

This article presents an embedded Smart Phone Operating System (SPOS) independently designed by ZTE Corporation. The SPOS is based on single kernel architecture with its multi-task real-time kernel supporting hardware platforms and resources of mainstream mobile phones. It has remarkable advantages such as highly efficient and dynamic power management, priority - based preemptive scheduling, fast startup, a variety of drivers, and excellent system stability and operability. For the development of upper layer communication protocols and application software, the SPOS provides wireless communication interfaces and the application program framework.

Energy-Efficient Deterministic Fault-Tolerant Scheduling for Embedded Real-Time Systems

By combining fault-tolerance with power management, this paper developed a new method for aperiodic task set for the problem of task scheduling and voltage allocation in embedded real-time systems. The scbedulability of the system was analyzed through checkpointing and the energy saving was considered via dynamic voltage and frequency scaling. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm had better performance compared with the existing voltage allocation techniques. The proposed technique saves 51.5% energy over FT-Only and 19.9% over FT ＋ EC on average. Therefore, the proposed method was more appropriate for aperiodic tasks in embedded real-time systems.

Vertex centrality of complex networks based on joint nonnegative matrix factorization and graph embedding

Finding crucial vertices is a key problem for improving the reliability and ensuring the effective operation of networks,solved by approaches based on multiple attribute decision that suffer from ignoring the correlation among each attribute or the heterogeneity between attribute and structure. To overcome these problems, a novel vertex centrality approach, called VCJG, is proposed based on joint nonnegative matrix factorization and graph embedding. The potential attributes with linearly independent and the structure information are captured automatically in light of nonnegative matrix factorization for factorizing the weighted adjacent matrix and the structure matrix, which is generated by graph embedding. And the smoothness strategy is applied to eliminate the heterogeneity between attributes and structure by joint nonnegative matrix factorization. Then VCJG integrates the above steps to formulate an overall objective function, and obtain the ultimately potential attributes fused the structure information of network through optimizing the objective function. Finally, the attributes are combined with neighborhood rules to evaluate vertex's importance. Through comparative analyses with experiments on nine real-world networks, we demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms nine state-of-the-art algorithms for identification of vital vertices with respect to correlation, monotonicity and accuracy of top-10 vertices ranking.

Low-Cost Embedded Controller for Complex Control Systems

Because of limited resource of embedded platforms, the computational complexity of advanced control algorithms raises significant challenges for the use of embedded systems in complex control field. A Scilab/Scicos based embedded controller is developed on which various control software can be easily modeled, simulated, implemented, and evaluated to meet the ever-expanding requirements of industrial control applications. Built on the Cirrus Logic EP9315 ARM systems-on-chip board, this embedded controller is possible to develop complex embedded control systems that employ advanced control strategies in a rapid and cost-efficient fashion. Due to the free and open source nature of the software packages used, the cost of the embedded controller is minimized.

RFID Complex Event Processing: Applications in Real-Time Locating System

Complex event processing (CEP) can extract meaningful events for real-time locating system (RTLS) applications. To identify complex event accurately in RTLS, we propose a new RFID complex event processing method GEEP, which is based on the timed automata (TA) theory. By devising RFID locating application into complex events, we model the timing diagram of RFID data streams based on the TA. We optimize the constraint of the event streams and propose a novel method to derive the constraint between objects, as well as the constraint between object and location. Experiments prove the proposed method reduces the cost of RFID complex event processing, and improves the efficiency of the RTLS.

A Non-Contact Original-State Online Real-Time Monitoring Method for Complex Liquids in Industrial Processes

Failures are very common during the online real-time monitoring of large quantities of complex liquids in industrial processes, and can result in excessive resource consumption and pollution. In this study, we introduce a monitoring method capable of non-contact original-state online real-time monitoring for strongly coated, high-salinity, and multi-component liquids. The principle of the method is to establish the relationship among the concentration of the target substance in the liquid （C）, the color space coor- dinates of the target substance at different concentrations （L＊, a＊, b＊）, and the maximum absorption wave- length （λmax）; subsequently, the optimum wavelength λT of the liquid is determined by a high-precision scanning-type monitoring system that is used to detect the instantaneous concentration of the target substance in the flowing liquid. Unlike traditional monitoring methods and existing online monitoring methods, the proposed method does not require any pretreatment of the samples （i.e., filtration, dilution, oxidation/reduction, addition of chromogenic agent, constant volume, etc.）, and it is capable of original- state online real-time monitoring. This method is employed at a large electrolytic manganese plant to monitor the Fe3. concentration in the colloidal process of the plant＇s aging liquid （where the concentra- tions of Fe3＋, Mn2＋, and （NH4）2SO4 are 0.5-18 mg.L 1, 35-39 g.L 1, and 90-110 g.L 1, respectively）. The relative error of this monitoring method compared with an off-line laboratory monitoring is less than 2%.

An algorithm supporting fast scheduling and viewing of remote sensing images in embedded devices

In order to resolve the conflict between the limited resources of embedded devices and the growing amount of massive image data to be shown, a solution for fast images rendering in embedded devices is proposed and implemented. First, an improved algorithm of a multi-resolution file-pyramid construction which is used for the organization of massive image data is presented. Then, a strategy, adopting technologies such as view-dependent levels of detail, target-tiles quick search and tiles seamless connection, is presented for fast scheduling and viewing of images. The results show that compared with the solution of multi-scale image representations based on wavelet, the proposed solution can improve the rendering speed, and the rendering speed does not depend on the image size, though it increases some data storage space. And the proposed solution is suitable for embedded devices and friendly experience.

A Concept of Dynamically Reconfigurable Real-time Vision System for Autonomous Mobile Robotics

This paper describes specific constraints of vision systems that are dedicated to be embedded in mobile robots. If PC-based hardware architecture is convenient in this field because of its versatility, flexibility, performance, and cost, current real-time operating systems are not completely adapted to long processing with varying duration, and it is often necessary to oversize the system to guarantee fail-safe functioning. Also, interactions with other robotic tasks having more priority are difficult to handle. To answer this problem, we have developed a dynamically reconfigurable vision processing system, based on the innovative features of Cleopatre real-time applicative layer concerning scheduling and fault tolerance. This framework allows to define emergency and optional tasks to ensure a minimal quality of service for the other subsystems of the robot, while allowing to adapt dynamically vision processing chain to an exceptional overlasting vision process or processor overload. Thus, it allows a better cohabitation of several subsystems in a single hardware, and to develop less expensive but safe systems, as they will be designed for the regular case and not rare exceptional ones. Finally, it brings a new way to think and develop vision systems, with pairs of complementary operators.

Research and Development of an Embedded Numerical Control System

This paper puts forward a new scheme of Embedded Numerical Control System based on ARM and DSP,which is at the base of research on traditional numerical control system and embedded technology.And the paper also describes the develop- ment of hardware and software platform.All the development and realization are based on the idea of module design.The embed- ded numerical control system,using ARM and DSP to construct the main control platform,realizes the real-time operation of sys- tem and improves the stability and reliability with the modular designing ideas of hardware and software and with the support of embedded real-time operating system(uc/os-Ⅱ).And the system could realize the multi-network supporting,which is also accord with the development of modularization,flexibility and latticing of numerical control system.

Analysis and Comparison of Five Kinds of Typical Device-Level Embedded Operating Systems

Today, the number of embedded system was applied in the field of automation and control has far exceeded a variety of general-purpose computer. Embedded system is gradually penetrated into all fields of human society, and ubiquitous embedded applications constitute the 'ubiquitous' computing era. Embedded operating system is the core of the em-bedded system, and it directly affects the performance of the whole system. Our Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Embedded Technology has successfully developed five kinds of device-level embedded operating systems by more than ten years’ efforts, and these systems are Webit 5.0, Worix, μKernel, iDCX 128 and μc/os-II 128. This paper mainly analyses and compares the implementation mechanism and performance of these five kinds of device-level embedded operating systems in detail.

Well interference evaluation considering complex fracture networks through pressure and rate transient analysis in unconventional reservoirs

Severe well interference through complex fracture networks(CFNs)can be observed among multi-well pads in low permeability reservoirs.The well interference analysis between multi-fractured horizontal wells(MFHWs)is vitally important for reservoir effective development.Well interference has been historically investigated by pressure transient analysis,while it has shown that rate transient analysis has great potential in well interference diagnosis.However,the impact of complex fracture networks(CFNs)on rate transient behavior of parent well and child well in unconventional reservoirs is still not clear.To further investigate,this paper develops an integrated approach combining pressure and rate transient analysis for well interference diagnosis considering CFNs.To perform multi-well simulation considering CFNs,non-intrusive embedded discrete fracture model approach was applied for coupling fracture with reservoir models.The impact of CFN including natural fractures and frac-hits on pressure and rate transient behavior in multi-well system was investigated.On a logelog plot,interference flow and compound linear flow are two new flow regimes caused by nearby producers.When both NFs and frac-hits are present in the reservoir,frac-hits have a greater impact on well#1 which contains frac-hits,and NFs have greater impact on well#3 which does not have frac-hits.For all well producing circumstances,it might be challenging to see divergence during pseudosteady state flow brought on by frac-hits on the logelog plot.Besides,when NFs occur,reservoir depletion becomes noticeable in comparison to frac-hits in pressure distribution.Application of this integrated approach demonstrates that it works well to characterize the well interference among different multi-fractured horizontal wells in a well pad.Better reservoir evaluation can be acquired based on the new features observed in the novel model,demonstrating the practicability of the proposed approach.The findings of this study can help for better evaluating well interference degree in multi-well systems combing PTA and RTA,which can reduce the uncertainty and improve the accuracy of the well interference analysis based on both field pressure and rate data.

UML statechart based rigorous modeling of real-time system

Rigorous modeling could ensure correctness and could verify a reduced cost in embedded real-time system development for models. Software methods are needed for rigorous modeling of embedded real-time systems. PVS is a formal method with precise syntax and semantics defined. System modeled by PVS specification could be verified by tools. Combining the widely used UML with PVS, this paper provides a novel modeling and verification approach for embedded real-time systems. In this approach, we provide 1) a time-extended UML statechart for modeling dynamic behavior of an embedded real-time system; 2) an approach to capture timed automata based semantics from a timed statechart; and 3) an algorithm to generate a finite state model expressed in PVS specification for model checking. The benefits of our approach include flexibility and user friendliness in modeling, extendability in formalization and verification content, and better performance. Time constraints are modeled and verified and is a highlight of this paper.

Partitioned k-Exclusion Real-Time Locking Protocol Motivated by Multicore Multi-GPU Systems

Graphic processing units （GPUs） have been widely recognized as cost-efficient co-processors with acceptable size, weight, and power consumption. However, adopting GPUs in real-time systems is still challenging, due to the lack in framework for real-time analysis. In order to guarantee real-time requirements while maintaining system utilization ~in modern heterogeneous systems, such as multicore multi-GPU systems, a novel suspension-based k-exclusion real-time locking protocol and the associated suspension-aware schedulability analysis are proposed. The proposed protocol provides a synchronization framework that enables multiple GPUs to be efficiently integrated in multicore real-time systems. Comparative evaluations show that the proposed methods improve upon the existing work in terms of schedulability.

Rigorous Modeling of Real-time System Based on UML and PVS

Rigorous modeling could improve the correctness and reduce cost in embedded real-time system development for models could be verified. Tools are needed for rigorous modeling of embedded real-time system. UML is an industrial standard modeling language which provides a powerful expressi-veness, intuitive and easy to use interface to model. UML is widely accepted by software developer. However, for lack of precisely defined semantics, especially on the dynamic diagrams, UML model is hard to be verified. PVS is a general formal method which provides a high-order logic specification language and integrated with model checking and theorem proving tools. Combining the widely used UML with PVS, this paper provides a novel modeling and verification approach for embedded real-time system. In this approach, we provide 1) a timed extended UML statechart for modeling dynamic behavior of an embedded real-time system; 2) an approach to capture timed automata based semantics from timed statechart; and 3) an algorithm to generate a finite state model expressed in PVS specification for model checking. The benefits of our approach include flexible and friendly in modeling, extendable in forma-lization and verification content, and better performance. Time constraints are modeled and verified and it’s a highlight of this paper.

Monitor System for Protection Device Based on Embedded RTOS

For the purpose of the monitor system in digital protection, the embedded real-time operating system (RTOS) and the embedded GUI (Graphical User Interface) is introduced to design the monitor system. Combining the necessity and the application value of the operation system, the choice of embedded Linux and Qt/Embedded is completely viable for the monitor system in digital protection for generator-transformer sets. The design with embedded Linux and embedded GUI enriches system information, increases developing efficiency and improve the generality.