A simulation approach based on a full-wave numerical method is presented to study electromagnetic characteristics by complex targets. How to validate simulation results is considered thoroughly under no analytical and...A simulation approach based on a full-wave numerical method is presented to study electromagnetic characteristics by complex targets. How to validate simulation results is considered thoroughly under no analytical and measured data, where a double-check criterion is designed for our simulation approach. As an example, the scattering of F-117A is studied by using our simulation approach under all polarizations, different frequency bands, incident and scattering directions, etc., some of which, such as cross-polarization, bistatic RCS, have not been considered in the previous literature.展开更多
The electromagnetic scattering computation has developed rapidly for many years; some computing problems for complex and coated targets cannot be solved by using the existing theory and computing models. A computing m...The electromagnetic scattering computation has developed rapidly for many years; some computing problems for complex and coated targets cannot be solved by using the existing theory and computing models. A computing model based on data is established for making up the insufficiency of theoretic models. Based on the "support vector regression method", which is formulated on the principle of minimizing a structural risk, a data model to predicate the unknown radar cross section of some appointed targets is given. Comparison between the actual data and the results of this predicting model based on support vector regression method proved that the support vector regression method is workable and with a comparative precision.展开更多
A RCS prediction system named SCTE (Scattering from Complex Target and Environment) for calculating high-frequency electromagnetic scattering from complex target within complex environment is presented. The scattering...A RCS prediction system named SCTE (Scattering from Complex Target and Environment) for calculating high-frequency electromagnetic scattering from complex target within complex environment is presented. The scattering body is described by Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) representations in which the complex body is modeled as NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) surfaces. The complex environment (rough surface of sea or ground) is also carefully considered by using fractal function. Scattering fields are calculated by using physical optics and the equivalent currents methods. There is a good agreement between the present results and that from measurements which demonstrates the accuracy of this system.展开更多
A practical approach for calculating the RCS (Radar Cross Section) of complex targets modeled with wire-grid-frame is presented. A way for generating a polyhedron model (facet-wedge model) with the wire-grid-frame dat...A practical approach for calculating the RCS (Radar Cross Section) of complex targets modeled with wire-grid-frame is presented. A way for generating a polyhedron model (facet-wedge model) with the wire-grid-frame data is described. For storing and reading the data of the polyhedron model in an easy way, a data structure is given.展开更多
The defining neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) projections. This results in striatal dopamine levels and a biochemical reduction of movement diso...The defining neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) projections. This results in striatal dopamine levels and a biochemical reduction of movement disorders, such as a tremor at rest, rigidity of the limbs, bradykinesia, and postural instability (Kim et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012; Burke and O'Malley, 2013; Leem et al., 2014; Namet al., 2014).展开更多
A SIMO(single input and multiple output) system of a step-frequency(SF) radar is used.It works in downward-looking spotlight mode and moves within a 2D synthetic plane array.A 3D(three-dimensional) matrix of bistatic ...A SIMO(single input and multiple output) system of a step-frequency(SF) radar is used.It works in downward-looking spotlight mode and moves within a 2D synthetic plane array.A 3D(three-dimensional) matrix of bistatic scattering fields is produced in both the amplitude and phase from a 3D complex-shaped electric-large target above background surface.In numerical simulation,the bidirectional analytic ray tracing(BART) method is applied to calculate bistatic scattering in the SIMO observations from a volumetric target above background rough surface.An improved 3D RMA(range migration algorithm) is then utilized to make the imaging.Its 3D imaging is applied to reconstruct the target profile.As validation and comparison,the scattering fields of some simple targets are computed with comparisons of the BART and FEKO software.The SIMO techniques of imaging and reconstruction for a 3D target,such as a tank-like model over rough surface,are presented.展开更多
The mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)acts in two structurally and functionally distinct protein complexes,mTOR complex 1(mTORC1)and mTOR complex 2(mTORC2).Upon deregulation,activated mTOR signaling is associated wit...The mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)acts in two structurally and functionally distinct protein complexes,mTOR complex 1(mTORC1)and mTOR complex 2(mTORC2).Upon deregulation,activated mTOR signaling is associated with multiple processes involved in tumor growth and metastasis.Compared with mTORC1,much less is known about mTORC2 in cancer,mainly because of the unavailability of a selective inhibitor.However,existing data suggest that mTORC2 with its two distinct subunits Rictor and mSin1 might play a more important role than assumed so far.It is one of the key effectors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and stimulates cell growth,cell survival,metabolism,and cytoskeletal organization.It is not only implicated in tumor progression,metastasis,and the tumor microenvironment but also in resistance to therapy.Rictor,the central subunit of mTORC2,was found to be upregulated in different kinds of cancers and is associated with advanced tumor stages and a bad prognosis.Moreover,AKT,the main downstream regulator of mTORC2/Rictor,is one of the most highly activated proteins in cancer.Primary and secondary liver cancer are major problems for current cancer therapy due to the lack of specific medical treatment,emphasizing the need for further therapeutic options.This review,therefore,summarizes the role of mTORC2/Rictor in cancer,with special focus on primary liver cancer but also on liver metastases.展开更多
BACKGROUND 3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid(BT2)is a benzothiophene carboxylate derivative that can suppress the catabolism of branched-chain amino acid(BCAA)-associated mammalian target of rapamycin co...BACKGROUND 3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid(BT2)is a benzothiophene carboxylate derivative that can suppress the catabolism of branched-chain amino acid(BCAA)-associated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1)activation.Previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of BT2 on arthritis,liver cancer,and kidney injury.However,the effects of BT2 on ulcerative colitis(UC)are unknown.AIM To investigate the anti-UC effects of BT2 and the underlying mechanism.METHODS Mouse UC models were created through the administration of 3.5%dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)for 7 d.The mice in the treated groups were administered salazosulfapyridine(300 mg/kg)or BT2(20 mg/kg)orally from day 1 to day 7.At the end of the study,all of the mice were sacrificed,and colon tissues were removed for hematoxylin and eosin staining,immunoblot analyses,and immunohistochemical assays.Cytokine levels were measured by flow cytometry.The contents of BCAAs including valine,leucine,and isoleucine,in mouse serum were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,and the abundance of intestinal flora was analyzed by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing.RESULTS Our results revealed that BT2 significantly ameliorated the inflammatory symptoms and pathological damage induced by DSS in mice.BT2 also reduced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6(IL-6),IL-9,and IL-2 and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level.In addition,BT2 notably improved BCAA catabolism and suppressed mTORC1 activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the colon tissues of UC mice.Furthermore,highthroughput sequencing revealed that BT2 restored the gut microbial abundance and diversity in mice with colitis.Compared with the DSS group,BT2 treatment increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella.CONCLUSION Our results indicated that BT2 significantly ameliorated DSS-induced UC and that the latent mechanism involved the suppression of BCAA-associated mTORC1 activation and modulation of the intestinal flora.展开更多
This review describes the investigations of oscillatory complex networks consisting of excitable nodes, focusing on the target wave patterns or say the target wave attractors. A method of dominant phase advanced drivi...This review describes the investigations of oscillatory complex networks consisting of excitable nodes, focusing on the target wave patterns or say the target wave attractors. A method of dominant phase advanced driving (DPAD) is introduced to reveal the dynamic structures in the networks supporting osciUations, such as the oscillation sources and the main excitation propagation paths from the sources to the whole networks. The target center nodes and their drivers are regarded as the key nodes which can completely determine the corresponding target wave patterns. Therefore, the center (say node A) and its driver (say node B) of a target wave can be used as a label, (A, B), of the given target pattern. The label can give a clue to conveniently retrieve, suppress, and control the target waves. Statistical investigations, both theoretically from the label analysis and numerically from direct simulations of network dynamics, show that there exist huge numbers of target wave attractors in excitable complex networks if the system size is large, and all these attractors can be labeled and easily controlled based on the information given by the labels. The possible applications of the physical ideas and the mathematical methods about multiplicity and labelability of attractors to memory problems of neural networks are briefly discussed.展开更多
受体相互作用蛋白激酶1(receptor-interacting protein kinase 1,RIPK1)是一种多结构域丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。它通过磷酸化特定的蛋白质,引起下游的信号转导和生物效应。近年来,随着对RIPK1的深入研究,学者发现其在自身免疫性疾病、...受体相互作用蛋白激酶1(receptor-interacting protein kinase 1,RIPK1)是一种多结构域丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。它通过磷酸化特定的蛋白质,引起下游的信号转导和生物效应。近年来,随着对RIPK1的深入研究,学者发现其在自身免疫性疾病、神经退行性疾病,以及多种实体瘤和血液肿瘤中具有重要意义。一方面,RIPK1通过激活特定通路如核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)等促进细胞存活及炎症反应。另一方面,RIPK1通过与胱天蛋白酶-8(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-8,caspase-8)作用促进凋亡,或与RIPK3和混合谱系激酶结构域样假激酶(mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein,MLKL)作用促进坏死性凋亡的发生。RIPK1作为上游信号在不同肿瘤患者中表达水平不同。其支架功能和激酶活性可以调节癌症进展,也可以启动机体适应性免疫,抑制肿瘤进展;此外,还能产生免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境而促进肿瘤的发展。其双重作用在调节癌症的发生、发展及机体免疫反应方面都有所展现,可以作为新的治疗靶点控制癌症进展。该文从RIPK1的结构入手,深入探讨其功能,特别是其在调节癌症进展和免疫反应方面的功能,为癌症靶向药物的开发提供新的思路。展开更多
文摘A simulation approach based on a full-wave numerical method is presented to study electromagnetic characteristics by complex targets. How to validate simulation results is considered thoroughly under no analytical and measured data, where a double-check criterion is designed for our simulation approach. As an example, the scattering of F-117A is studied by using our simulation approach under all polarizations, different frequency bands, incident and scattering directions, etc., some of which, such as cross-polarization, bistatic RCS, have not been considered in the previous literature.
文摘The electromagnetic scattering computation has developed rapidly for many years; some computing problems for complex and coated targets cannot be solved by using the existing theory and computing models. A computing model based on data is established for making up the insufficiency of theoretic models. Based on the "support vector regression method", which is formulated on the principle of minimizing a structural risk, a data model to predicate the unknown radar cross section of some appointed targets is given. Comparison between the actual data and the results of this predicting model based on support vector regression method proved that the support vector regression method is workable and with a comparative precision.
文摘A RCS prediction system named SCTE (Scattering from Complex Target and Environment) for calculating high-frequency electromagnetic scattering from complex target within complex environment is presented. The scattering body is described by Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) representations in which the complex body is modeled as NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) surfaces. The complex environment (rough surface of sea or ground) is also carefully considered by using fractal function. Scattering fields are calculated by using physical optics and the equivalent currents methods. There is a good agreement between the present results and that from measurements which demonstrates the accuracy of this system.
文摘A practical approach for calculating the RCS (Radar Cross Section) of complex targets modeled with wire-grid-frame is presented. A way for generating a polyhedron model (facet-wedge model) with the wire-grid-frame data is described. For storing and reading the data of the polyhedron model in an easy way, a data structure is given.
文摘The defining neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) projections. This results in striatal dopamine levels and a biochemical reduction of movement disorders, such as a tremor at rest, rigidity of the limbs, bradykinesia, and postural instability (Kim et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012; Burke and O'Malley, 2013; Leem et al., 2014; Namet al., 2014).
基金supported by the National Natural Science of Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60971091 and 41071219)
文摘A SIMO(single input and multiple output) system of a step-frequency(SF) radar is used.It works in downward-looking spotlight mode and moves within a 2D synthetic plane array.A 3D(three-dimensional) matrix of bistatic scattering fields is produced in both the amplitude and phase from a 3D complex-shaped electric-large target above background surface.In numerical simulation,the bidirectional analytic ray tracing(BART) method is applied to calculate bistatic scattering in the SIMO observations from a volumetric target above background rough surface.An improved 3D RMA(range migration algorithm) is then utilized to make the imaging.Its 3D imaging is applied to reconstruct the target profile.As validation and comparison,the scattering fields of some simple targets are computed with comparisons of the BART and FEKO software.The SIMO techniques of imaging and reconstruction for a 3D target,such as a tank-like model over rough surface,are presented.
文摘The mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)acts in two structurally and functionally distinct protein complexes,mTOR complex 1(mTORC1)and mTOR complex 2(mTORC2).Upon deregulation,activated mTOR signaling is associated with multiple processes involved in tumor growth and metastasis.Compared with mTORC1,much less is known about mTORC2 in cancer,mainly because of the unavailability of a selective inhibitor.However,existing data suggest that mTORC2 with its two distinct subunits Rictor and mSin1 might play a more important role than assumed so far.It is one of the key effectors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and stimulates cell growth,cell survival,metabolism,and cytoskeletal organization.It is not only implicated in tumor progression,metastasis,and the tumor microenvironment but also in resistance to therapy.Rictor,the central subunit of mTORC2,was found to be upregulated in different kinds of cancers and is associated with advanced tumor stages and a bad prognosis.Moreover,AKT,the main downstream regulator of mTORC2/Rictor,is one of the most highly activated proteins in cancer.Primary and secondary liver cancer are major problems for current cancer therapy due to the lack of specific medical treatment,emphasizing the need for further therapeutic options.This review,therefore,summarizes the role of mTORC2/Rictor in cancer,with special focus on primary liver cancer but also on liver metastases.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNo. 82074241+1 种基金Project of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Peak TalentNo. y2021rc36
文摘BACKGROUND 3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid(BT2)is a benzothiophene carboxylate derivative that can suppress the catabolism of branched-chain amino acid(BCAA)-associated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1)activation.Previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of BT2 on arthritis,liver cancer,and kidney injury.However,the effects of BT2 on ulcerative colitis(UC)are unknown.AIM To investigate the anti-UC effects of BT2 and the underlying mechanism.METHODS Mouse UC models were created through the administration of 3.5%dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)for 7 d.The mice in the treated groups were administered salazosulfapyridine(300 mg/kg)or BT2(20 mg/kg)orally from day 1 to day 7.At the end of the study,all of the mice were sacrificed,and colon tissues were removed for hematoxylin and eosin staining,immunoblot analyses,and immunohistochemical assays.Cytokine levels were measured by flow cytometry.The contents of BCAAs including valine,leucine,and isoleucine,in mouse serum were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,and the abundance of intestinal flora was analyzed by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing.RESULTS Our results revealed that BT2 significantly ameliorated the inflammatory symptoms and pathological damage induced by DSS in mice.BT2 also reduced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6(IL-6),IL-9,and IL-2 and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level.In addition,BT2 notably improved BCAA catabolism and suppressed mTORC1 activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the colon tissues of UC mice.Furthermore,highthroughput sequencing revealed that BT2 restored the gut microbial abundance and diversity in mice with colitis.Compared with the DSS group,BT2 treatment increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella.CONCLUSION Our results indicated that BT2 significantly ameliorated DSS-induced UC and that the latent mechanism involved the suppression of BCAA-associated mTORC1 activation and modulation of the intestinal flora.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11174034,11135001,11205041,and 11305112)the Natural ScienceFoundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20130282)
文摘This review describes the investigations of oscillatory complex networks consisting of excitable nodes, focusing on the target wave patterns or say the target wave attractors. A method of dominant phase advanced driving (DPAD) is introduced to reveal the dynamic structures in the networks supporting osciUations, such as the oscillation sources and the main excitation propagation paths from the sources to the whole networks. The target center nodes and their drivers are regarded as the key nodes which can completely determine the corresponding target wave patterns. Therefore, the center (say node A) and its driver (say node B) of a target wave can be used as a label, (A, B), of the given target pattern. The label can give a clue to conveniently retrieve, suppress, and control the target waves. Statistical investigations, both theoretically from the label analysis and numerically from direct simulations of network dynamics, show that there exist huge numbers of target wave attractors in excitable complex networks if the system size is large, and all these attractors can be labeled and easily controlled based on the information given by the labels. The possible applications of the physical ideas and the mathematical methods about multiplicity and labelability of attractors to memory problems of neural networks are briefly discussed.
文摘受体相互作用蛋白激酶1(receptor-interacting protein kinase 1,RIPK1)是一种多结构域丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。它通过磷酸化特定的蛋白质,引起下游的信号转导和生物效应。近年来,随着对RIPK1的深入研究,学者发现其在自身免疫性疾病、神经退行性疾病,以及多种实体瘤和血液肿瘤中具有重要意义。一方面,RIPK1通过激活特定通路如核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)等促进细胞存活及炎症反应。另一方面,RIPK1通过与胱天蛋白酶-8(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-8,caspase-8)作用促进凋亡,或与RIPK3和混合谱系激酶结构域样假激酶(mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein,MLKL)作用促进坏死性凋亡的发生。RIPK1作为上游信号在不同肿瘤患者中表达水平不同。其支架功能和激酶活性可以调节癌症进展,也可以启动机体适应性免疫,抑制肿瘤进展;此外,还能产生免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境而促进肿瘤的发展。其双重作用在调节癌症的发生、发展及机体免疫反应方面都有所展现,可以作为新的治疗靶点控制癌症进展。该文从RIPK1的结构入手,深入探讨其功能,特别是其在调节癌症进展和免疫反应方面的功能,为癌症靶向药物的开发提供新的思路。