How did the price and income elasticities of natural gas demand in China evolve from 1999 to 2015? The role of natural gas price reform

As a cleaner,high-efficiency,and low-carbon fuel,natural gas has been an important fuel resource for China.To achieve a substantial increase in natural gas demand,China has sought to reform its natural gas pricing mechanism.Employing a set of unbalanced panel data for China’s 30 provinces covering 1999-2015,this study aims to estimate the evolving price and income elasticities of natural gas demand and explore the effect of natural gas price reform in China.For this purpose,a series of econometric techniques allowing for cross-sectional dependence and slope homogeneity is utilized.The results suggest that although natural gas demand in China still lacks negative price elasticity,the phenomenon is improving.Moreover,the estimates suggest that natural gas demand in China is indeed becoming increasingly sensitive to income changes.Our estimates also provide strong evidence in favor of the effect of natural gas price reform on the change in price elasticity as the price elasticity decreases in five of the seven regions.In addition,the results indicate large variations in the change in price and income elasticities of natural gas demand across China’s regions.Natural gas demand is becoming more price inelastic in Southwest China and Northwest China,while such demand in North China and East China responds less sensitively to income changes.These findings offer several policy suggestions for the reform of China’s natural gas market at the national and regional levels.

Urban natural gas demand and factors analysis in China:Perspectives of price and income elasticities

Urban natural gas is becoming the main sector driving China’s natural gas consumption growth in recent years.This study explores the impacts of urban natural gas price,wage,socioeconomic determinants,and meteorological conditions on urban natural gas demand in China over 2006-2017.Furthermore,this study also analyzes the potential regional heterogeneity and asymmetry in the impacts of gas price and income on China’s urban gas demand.Empirical results reveal that:(1)The increased gas price can significantly reduce the urban gas demand,and the average income level may effectively promote the gas demand,also,a strong switching effect exists between electricity and natural gas in urban China;(2)these impacts are heterogeneous in regions among China,urban natural gas demand is largely affected by the gas price in regions with high-gas-price and by income in regions with low-gas-price;and(3)the impact of gas price on urban gas consumption is consistent in regions with different urban natural gas consumption,while the impact of income is asymmetric.This study further provides several policy implications for improving the urban natural gas industry in China.

The Effects of Natural Capital Protection on Pastoralist's Livelihood and Management Implication in the Source Region of the Yellow River, China

The interaction among different livelihood capitals is a key to generate a deeper understanding of the livelihood sustainability.In this paper,we use net income per capita(economic capital),meat and milk production per capita(physical capital),and areas of fenced pasture,livestock shelter,grassland rodent control and planted grassland(physical capital) as proxy indicators of livelihood promotion,livelihood provision,and livelihood protection respectively.By developing a correlation model between pastoralists' livelihood protection and improvement,we found that(1) there is a statistically significant correlation between the pastoralists' livelihood protection and promotion;(2) based on the maximum effect of pastoralists' livelihood promotion and provision,there is a benchmark in the effect of the intervention intensity of livelihood capital(grassland resource protection) on livelihood improvement;(3) on basis of two indicators,i.e.net income per capita and meat production per capita,the reasonable scales of fenced pasture,livestock shelter and planted grassland are less than 843,860 and 46 thousand hectares(hm2) per year respectively.With the marginal effect of livelihood protection,moderately decreased areas of fenced pasture and planted grassland,and increased area of livestock shelter is a critical to ensure pastoralist's livelihood sustainability.

Measuring Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,China

Social vulnerability in this study represents the differences between the capacity to cope with natural hazards and disaster losses suffered within and between places.The assessment of social vulnerability has been recognized as a critical step in understanding natural hazard risks and enhancing effective response capabilities.This article presents an initial study of the social vulnerability of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(B-T-H) Region in China.The goal is to replicate and test the applicability of the United States Social Vulnerability Index(So VI) method in a Chinese cultural context.Thirty-nine variables adapted from the So VI were collected in relation to two aspects:socioeconomic vulnerability and built environment vulnerability.Using factor analysis,seven factors were extracted from the variable set:the structure of social development,the level of economic and government financial strength,social justice and poverty,family structure,the intensity of space development,the status of residential housing and transportation,and building structure.Factor scores were summed to get the final So VI scores and the most and least vulnerable units were identified and mapped.The highest social vulnerability is concentrated in the northwest of the study area.The least socially vulnerable areas are mainly distributed in the Beijing,Tianjin and Shijiazhuang core urban peripheral and central city areas of the prefecture-level cities.The results show that this method is a useful tool for revealing places that have a high level of vulnerability,in other words,areas which are more likely to face significant challenges in coping with a large-scale event.These findings could provide a scientific basis for policy making and the implementation of disaster prevention and mitigation in China.

Application of natural ventilation of residential buildings in hot-humid regions

The current ventilation condition of the hot and humid regions was analyzed through on-site investigation. It is found that residents in this region expect to improve indoor thermal environment through natural ventilation as much as possible. Then,it comes to a conclusion by the field test that natural ventilation has certain practical effect on improving indoor thermal environment. CFD simulation software is employed to verify the test result. Based on PMV modified model,and according to norms,geography and climate combined with the measured and simulated results,the application of the time and effectiveness of natural ventilation in hot and humid region were analyzed,to some extent,providing a basis for reducing the air-conditioner's runtime with natural ventilation.

The Relative Importance of Natural Disturbances and Local Site Factors on Woody Vegetation Regeneration Diversity across a Large, Contiguous Forest Region

Stand-level diversity after natural disturbance can potentially differ across a large, contiguous forest region despite being dominated by the same canopy species throughout as differences in disturbance types and local site conditions can regulate species distribution. Our main objective was to examine the relative importance of natural disturbances (spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreak, windthrow, and their interaction) and local site factors (climate, physiography, and stand structure and composition variables) on woody vegetation diversity among three, physiographically distinct locations across a large, contiguous forest region. Seventy-six Abies balsamea-Betula spp. stands affected by natural disturbance were compared and analysed using canonical ordination methods, diversity indices, and ANOVA. Different combinations of factors were important for vegetation re-establishment at each location. Differences in alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), Shannon’s H’, and evenness (J) diversity indices were observed among locations across the study region. Our findings indicate that while certain processes are important for maintaining canopy dominance by Abies balsamea and Betula spp. throughout the region, different combinations of factors were important for creating variation in woody species diversity among locations that resulted in greater woody species diversity at the regional scale.

Changes to the Natural Regional Boundaries in China During 1961-2007

Daily temperature data from 599 stations across China for the years 1961 to 2007 were used to analyze the changes in the natural regional boundaries. The results show that the accumulated temperature ≥10℃ and its duration changed dramatically from the end of 1990s to the early 21 st century. The amplitude of natural regional boundaries was greater in the 21st century than it was in the 20th century. In the eastern region of China, the climatic zones were migrating generally northward, with the northern edge of the subtropical zone and the eastern section of the warm temperate zone showing an obvious northward shift of up to 1-3° of latitude. The climatic zones moved south in the Qinghal-Tibet Plateau, western Inner Mongolia, and some areas of western Xinjiang, and slightly to the north in other parts of the western region.

Analysis of Driving Factors of Natural Gas Consumption in China: Based on Regional Integration and LMDI Method

In recent years,China has developed rapidly in terms of natural gas.Driven by regional economic integration,a regional natural gas market composed of neighboring provinces and cities has taken shape gradually,and it tends to grow toward the same direction in policy formulation,resource coordination,facility construction and market expansion.Based on the factors such as geographical location,economic conditions and natural gas consumption,this thesis tends to conduct a horizontal comparative analysis on the economic development conditions,natural gas consumption characteristics and natural gas pipeline network density of the three regions with obvious regional integration feature in China.Then according to LMDI,four core indicators,namely economic growth effect,energy intensity effect,energy structure effect,and substitution effect are selected.The thesis is expected to explore the contribution of different indicators to the growth of natural gas consumption in these three different regions.According to the results,it can be concluded that the driving factors of natural gas consumption differ greatly among regions.Specifically speaking,the more developed the economy is,the greater the contribution of the energy substitution effect to natural gas consumption will be,and the contribution of the economic growth effect to natural gas consumption will be smaller.Despite that the contribution of energy intensity in different regions shows slight difference,the energy structure contributes the least effect,which further explains the current differences in China’s natural gas consumption characteristics and the reasons behind.

领导干部自然资源资产离任审计、环境规制与经济高质量发展

经过在生态环境治理等领域试点,领导干部自然资源资产离任审计已进入常态化阶段。本文以2014-2021年我国284个城市为样本,将资源型城市作为实验组,非资源型城市作为对照组,采用双重机器学习模型考察自2018年领导干部自然资源资产离任审计全面开展对资源型城市经济高质量发展的影响。研究发现,领导干部自然资源资产离任审计不但能促进资源型城市经济高质量发展,而且还能提高经济高质量发展各个子系统的协调性。机制检验发现,领导干部自然资源资产离任审计通过增强政府环境规制强度来促进城市经济高质量发展。异质性分析发现,对处于衰退期以及所处地区审计强度较大的资源型城市而言,这种促进作用更强。

三江源地区鼠疫耶尔森菌CRISPR基因分型及流行特征研究

目的了解三江源地区鼠疫菌株分布情况,进行规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列(Clustered regularly in-terspaced short palindromic repeats)基因分型研究,为该地区鼠疫疫源地菌株鉴定溯源、科学防控提供理论依据。方法选取三江源地区310株鼠疫菌提取DNA,分别PCR扩增、测序3个CRISPR的位点YPa、YPb和YPc,所测得CRISPR序列与CRISPR Dictionary数据库最新数据进行比对,鉴定CRISPR spacer阵列并对三江源地区鼠疫菌进行基因分型。对310株鼠疫菌结合CRISPR基因型和分离宿主信息进行统计分析。结果310株鼠疫菌共发现26种spacer,分别为YPa15种、YPb8种、YPc3种;310株鼠疫菌被分成16个不同CRISPR基因型,G22型和G22-a1′型分布于整个三江源地区包括称多县、治多县、玉树市、曲麻莱县、囊谦县、杂多县、玛多县、玛沁县、同仁县、泽库县、共和县、同德县、贵德县;G24型分布于泽库县、玛多县、囊谦县、称多县;G26-a1′型主要分布于共和县、兴海县、贵德县、玛多县、称多县、杂多县,16个基因型归类为7个CRISPR类群:Cb4、Cb4′、Ca7、Ca7′、Ca8、Ca35′、Cc3′。结论三江源地区鼠疫菌CRISPR基因型具有多样性,不同疫源地基因型分布特征显著,且不同菌株基因型存在差异。

风流对寒区特长隧道洞内纵向温度场的影响

为揭示自然风流对寒区隧道洞内温度场的影响,以川西高海拔公路隧道为工程依托,基于现场调研、实地测试和数值模拟,分析洞内风流对未贯通隧道和已贯通运营隧道温度场的影响。研究表明:1)施工过程中,机械通风对施工期隧道洞内温度场的影响较大,加大了洞外冷空气对洞内温度场的影响,使得洞内负温段有所延长;2)单向风流作用下,贯通隧道洞内温度场具有进风口端温度低、出风口端温度偏高的特征,纵向温度场具有非对称性特征;3)对于寒区特长运营隧道,在洞内无风或有微弱风流的情况下,外界冷空气很难影响到洞内温度场;4)洞内存在双向交替风流时,贯通隧道洞内温度一般呈现出洞口低、中间区域高的特征,纵向温度场呈现抛物线形的特征。

1995—2020年我国天然橡胶生产时空变化分析

天然橡胶是四大工业原料中唯一的可再生资源,是国防和工业建设不可缺少的战略资源,天然橡胶生产时空变化研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。文章基于长面板数据集,应用GIS技术综合分析了1995—2020年我国天然橡胶时空变化特征。结果表明,从时序变化看,1995—2020年我国天然橡胶的实有面积和开割面积呈波动中有增加的态势,当年定植面积呈先波动增加后波动减少的态势,干胶产量呈波动中有增加的态势,干胶单产呈小幅波动的态势;从空间变化看,我国天然橡胶生产主要分布于云南和海南,2020年云南和海南两省合计的实有面积占比达95.74%,云南于2011年超过海南成为全国橡胶林实有面积最大的省;从时空交汇来看,云南于2011年超过海南成为全国橡胶林实有面积最大的省,天然橡胶生产日益向云南和海南聚集,广东、广西和福建三省(区)的生产劣势更加突出;从生产重心来看,1995—2020年间我国天然橡胶生产重心明显向西北方向移动。

鄂西地区灯影组石板滩段致密灰岩油气地质评价

灯影组中部以含泥灰岩为主,在四川盆地被作为较差烃源岩对待,在油气系统中起到“隔层”作用。中扬子地区灯影组中部石板滩段为沥青灰岩,发育保存完好的微量化石和残余微生物席,长期以来其油气地质含义被忽略。近年首次在宜昌地区的灯影组石板滩段致密灰岩中获得了天然气流,表明该层具有油气勘探前景。

天津地区住宅建筑屋面通风隔热效果实测研究

为了解通风隔热屋面在北方寒冷地区的夏季降温效果,分别对天津某一小区内一栋通风隔热屋面住宅与一栋常规平屋面住宅的屋面温度及对应顶层的自然室温进行对比测试。结果显示,测量期间,相比常规屋面,建筑通风隔热屋面建筑屋面温度平均降低约14.3℃,屋面温度低于对应顶层自然室温时间比例由59.5%提高到81.7%,对应顶层自然室温平均降低0.58℃,表明通风隔热层在北方寒冷地区应用具有可行性。

东北地区教育建筑天然采光设计机制和优化策略研究

本文针对东北地区教育建筑冬季严重眩光和照度不足的双重问题,从探索典型教室空间天然光分布特点入手,分析采光设计机制,通过实地观察监测和静态、动态模拟比较分析,提出了界面柔光、构件导光和腔体补光三种采光优化设计策略,并结合实际工程进行了设计应用和建成后的监测评估,形成了对教育建筑设计实践具有参考借鉴价值的方法探索和理念创新。

面向中国式现代化的区域经济学学科性质与学科体系

党的二十大报告强调,新时代国家发展的中心任务是以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴,习近平总书记进一步阐述了中国区域发展的核心思想,细化了区域发展的主要任务。中国区域经济学与区域经济发展实践紧密相连。中国区域经济学需要在新时代构建一个适应中国区域发展需要的、总结各个阶段中国区域经济发展规律的区域经济学科体系,从而阐释区域协调发展战略的底层逻辑。从时代特征看,中国区域经济学具有“新”空间性、“新”功能性、“新”均衡性的学科特性,中国区域经济学的学科体系构建包括:区域经济学的三大理论范畴构成,区域经济学的实践问题研究,中国区域经济学的教学体系建设。要实现区域经济发展赋能现代经济体系,面向中国式现代化的区域经济实践要探索中国式现代化经济体系与区域发展的新路径,均衡协调的中长期区域经济发展战略,面向中国式现代化的区域发展导向与机制的转变,面向中国式现代化的区域经济结构转变。

长三角一体化高质量发展与自然资源要素保障——适应区域一体化趋势的自然资源管理改革思考

提升自然资源要素保障能力是推动长三角一体化高质量发展的关键一环。文章探讨了长三角一体化高质量发展与自然资源要素保障的理论关系,提出了加强自然资源要素的跨行政区统筹协调的必要性,阐述了长三角一体化高质量发展中自然资源保障能力建设的十个重点领域,包括国土空间规划、国土空间开发、自然资源利用和生态环境保护等,并结合我国现行自然资源管理特征,有针对性地提出了改革创新自然资源管理方式、优化提升自然资源要素保障能力的行动思路和体制机制建设的建议。

高速铁路开通对区域经济发展影响实证分析

为探究高速铁路对不同区域经济影响作用的差异性及原因,以兰新(兰州市-乌鲁木齐市)高铁和哈大(哈尔滨市-大连市)高铁为研究对象,从实证视角出发,采用双重差分模型分析高速铁路开通对沿线区域人均国内生产总值(GDP)的影响。对2010-2020年高铁沿线城市的经济数据进行分析得到:兰新高铁的开通使得沿线区域人均GDP增长18000元,而哈大高铁则抑制沿线区域的经济发展;具体到省份,兰新高铁对甘肃省的经济促进作用达到19000元,而哈大高铁使得黑龙江的人均GDP下降2400元;辽宁省铁岭县、开原市和昌图县的边缘化是哈大高铁开通后辽宁省经济增长不显著的主要原因,而去掉三座城市后的人均GDP增长达到13000元。实证结果表明,高速铁路的开通对沿线区域的经济发展既有正面影响也有负面影响,在区位优势和生产要素流动作用下,增强大城市的虹吸效应,使得不同城市获取的经济效益存在较大差异。

自然资源监管视域下的国土空间规划管理探析:基于空间开发权配置的探讨

基于两级空间开发权理论,分析面向统一国土空间用途管制的自然资源监管流程,探讨国土空间规划管理在自然资源监管中发挥的具体作用,并从空间开发权视角出发,辨析国土空间规划管理背后隐含的两级空间开发权“批发—零售”基本逻辑。在此基础上,提出完善自然资源监管视域下国土空间规划管理的建议,即强化“区域—要素”统筹,发挥主体功能区战略和制度作用,在规划实施中完善各级“区域”的一级空间开发权 “批发”配置机制;进一步探索完善分级分类的空间开发权交易制度,促进规划安排的自然资源开发保护责任落实和国土空间格局优化。