Does tree species composition control the soil carbon stocks of the Hyrcanian forest in the Northern Iran?(A case study in Guilan province,Iran)

This work studied the effects of tree species composition on soil carbon storage in five mixed stands dominated by oriental beech and grown in the western Caspian region in Guilan province, called Astara, Asalem, Fuman, Chere and Shenrud. The thickness of the litter layer, soil characteristics, tree composition and percentage of canopy coverage were measured in each stand. Total soil organic carbon differed significantly by stand. Total （organic） carbon stores at Fuman, which had the lowest tree species richness with 2 species and least canopy coverage （75%）, were significantly （p〈0.05） higher than at other locations. Carbon stor-age in topsoil （0-10 cm） was significantly lower in Shenrud, which had the highest tree species richness with 5 species and highest canopy cov-erage （95%）. The high percentage of canopy coverage in Shenrud proba-bly limited the conversion of litter to humus. However, in the second soil layer （10-25 cm）, Asalem, with high tree species richness and canopy coverage, had the highest carbon storage. This can be explained by the different rooting patterns of different tree species. In the Hyrcanian forest. According to the results, it can be concluded that not only tree composi-tion but also canopy coverage percentage should be taken under consid-eration to manage soil carbon retention and release.

Effects of natural forest conversion and plantation tree species composition on soil macrofauna communities in Northeast China mountains

As primary and secondary forests are being replaced by plantations across the globe,the soil macrofauna community structure is also affected,but little is known about the impact of mixed culture plantations compared with monocultures on the soil macrofauna.To determine the impact of forest conversion on soil macrofauna,we surveyed the soil macrofauna in two broad-leaved and three coniferous monoculture stands and four coniferous-broadleaved mixed stands,and in adjacent reserved secondary stands as a reference.Soil macro fauna community composition was significant affected by forest type,season and their interaction(P<0.05).The abundance,taxa richness and diversity of soil macro fauna changed to different degrees depending on the plantation type.Broadleaved monoculture stands and secondary stands had similar macrofauna abundance and taxa richness,but values were lower in coniferous stands than in secondary stands.The Shannon index for macrofauna in coniferous stands was also the lowest,but the Pielou index did not differ between forest types.The negative effects of the conifer monoculture on soil macro fauna were not present in the mixed stands with broad-leaved trees.Forest conversion impacted soil properties;soil moisture,NO_(3)^(-),and pH were significant drivers of soil macrofauna community structure.The impact of forest conversion on soil macrofauna was closely dependent on tree species composition and diversity.The macro fauna community structure in the broadleaved and the mixed stands were relatively similar to that in the natural forest,and thus recommended for forest conversion in the study area.

Theoretical Prediction of Strength of Composite with Fractal-tree Structure Fibers

Theoretically;the strength of composite with branched fibers is predicted to be greater than that of composite with plain fibers.The effects of the branching angle of the fiber,and the snubbing friction between the fiber and the matrix at the fiber branching point and the branching step's number of the fiber on the strength of the composite with branched fibers have been studied.It has been shown that the strength of the composite increases with branching angle,the snubbing friction and the branching step's number.

Defects Recognition of 3D Braided Composite Based on Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Packet Transform

Textile-reinforced composites,due to their excellent highstrength-to-low-mass ratio, provide promising alternatives to conventional structural materials in many high-tech sectors. 3D braided composites are a kind of advanced composites reinforced with 3D braided fabrics; the complex nature of 3D braided composites makes the evaluation of the quality of the product very difficult. In this investigation,a defect recognition platform for 3D braided composites evaluation was constructed based on dual-tree complex wavelet packet transform( DT-CWPT) and backpropagation( BP) neural networks. The defects in 3D braided composite materials were probed and detected by an ultrasonic sensing system. DT-CWPT method was used to analyze the ultrasonic scanning pulse signals,and the feature vectors of these signals were extracted into the BP neural networks as samples. The type of defects was identified and recognized with the characteristic ultrasonic wave spectra. The position of defects for the test samples can be determined at the same time. This method would have great potential to evaluate the quality of 3D braided composites.

Effects of Whole-Tree Harvesting on Species Composition of Tree and Understory Communities in a Northern Hardwood Forest

In the northeastern United States, whole-tree harvesting is widely used to supply fuel to biomass energy facilities, but questions remain regarding its long-term sustainability. We have previously reported findings indicating no short-term decrease in forest productivity in whole-tree harvested sites when compared with similar conventionally (stem-only) harvested sites. Here we present additional results of the same study, but focus on the effect harvest treatment has on the species composition of the regenerating forest. Within northern hardwood forests in central New Hampshire and western Maine, regeneration surveys were conducted on four (4) small clearcuts in 2010 and twenty-nine (29) small clearcuts in 2011. The species and diameter of trees > 2 m in height were recorded within 1 m or 2 m-radius plots and used to calculate the biomass fraction of each species. The 2010 study additionally measured the density of trees 2 m in height and the diversity of understory non-tree species. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and multi-response permutation procedures were used to determine the effect of harvest treatment had on community-wide tree species composition. Potential differences were also examined on a species-by-species basis. Both analytic methods indicated no significant differences in species composition of tree species or understory communities. Within the limits of our data, we conclude that no significant effects of residue removal on species composition are observed within our sample of northern hardwood sites at this early stage of stand development.

Impact of mining on tree diversity of the silica mining forest area at Shankargarh, Allahabad, India

The Shankargarh forest area is rich in silica, a major mineral used in glass industry. Extensive open cast silica mining has severely damaged the forest as well as productivity of the region. An understand- ing of the impact of mining on the environment particularly on vegetation characteristics is a prerequisite for further management of these mining sites, especially in the selection of species for reclamation works. The present paper deals with the study of the tree composition of silica mining area of Shgankargarh forest, at both disturbed and undisturbed sites. Tree vegetation study was conducted at undisturbed and disturbed sites of Shankargarh forests using standard quadrate method. Density, abundance and frequency values of tree species were calculated. Species were categorized into different classes according to their frequency. The importance value index （IVI） for each species was determined. Species diversity, Concentration of dominance, Species richness and Evenness index were calculated for the undisturbed and disturbed siteS. The distribution pattern of the species was studied by using Whifford＇s index. Similarity index between tree composition of disturbed and undisturbed sites was determined by using Jaccard＇s and Sorenson＇s index of similar- ity. Tree species showed a drastic reduction in their numbers in disturbed sites compared to that of the undisturbed sites. The phytosociological indices also illustrated the impact of mining on the tree composition of the area. The present study led to the conclusion that resultant tree vegetation analysis can be used as important tool for predicting the suitability of particular species for revegetating the mined areas.

Information About Low Cloud Amount Recorded in δ^(13)C Series of Tree Ring Cellulose of Pinus Koraiensis in Antu Area, Jilin

Relationship between the δ 13C of tree ring cellulose from Pinus Koraiensis and climate parameters was investigated. A significantly negative correlation between δ 13C and mean low-cloud amount from May to July was discovered, which contributes to reconstructing the mean low-cloud amount from May to July at Antu in recent 200 years. Periodicals of quasi-8-year, quasi-4-year and quasi-2-year were detected both in δ 13C series and in the reconstructed low cloud amount series with 95% confidence level. Quasi-8-year period may reflect the integrated influence of solar activity, monsoon activity and local regional factors. Quasi-4-year and quasi-2-year periods indicate the influences of ENSO and Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO) of East Asian monsoon, respectively.

基于SpeedTree工具的三维真实感树木建模研究

论文对SpeedTree建模软件进行了研究,分析了软件的基本构成、主要技术特性和树木建模的具体方法。依据建模原理,对树木整体骨架、主干、分枝、叶片等属性进行编辑设置,同时加入LOD、光照和风力效果,最后将创建好的树木模型加入到三维地形中,结果表明,创建的树木模型具有真实度高、动感效果好、操作简便的特点。

Elaboration and Characterization of Composite Materials Reinforced by Papaya Trunk Fibers (<i>Carica papaya</i>) and Particles of the Hulls of the Kernels of the Winged Fruits (<i>Canarium schweinfurthii</i>) with Polyester Matrix

In this work we determine the physical and mechanical properties of local composites reinforced with papaya trunk fibers (FTP) on one hand and particles of the hulls of the kernels of the garlic (PCNFA) in the other hand. The samples are produced according to BSI 2782 standards;by combining fibers and untreated to polyester matrix following the contact molding method. We notice that the long fibers of papaya trunks improve the tensile/compression characteristics of composites by 45.44% compared to pure polyester;while the short fibers improve the flexural strength of composites by 62.30% compared to pure polyester. Furthermore, adding fibers decreases the density of the final composite material and the rate of water absorption increases with the size of the fibers. As regards composite materials with particle reinforcement from the cores of the winged fruits, the particle size (fine ≤ 800 μm and large ≤ 1.6 mm) has no influence on the Young’s modulus and on the rate of water absorption. On the other hand, fine particles improve the flexural strength of composite materials by 53.08% compared to pure polyester;fine particles increase the density by 19% compared to the density of pure polyester.

Community ecology and spatial distribution of trees in a tropical wet evergreen forest in Kaptai national park in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

We investigated the floristic composition, woody species diversity and spatial distribution of trees in a tropical wet evergreen forest in Kaptai national park in Chittagong Hill Tracks, Bangladesh. We recorded 25 families, 37 genera, 40 species and 1771 woody individuals in a 0.09 ha plot. Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae were the most species- rich families, and Castanopsis, Ficus and Terminaliawere the most species-rich genera. Bursera serrata Wall. ex Colebr. was the dominant species in terms of highest importance value （13%）. Trema orientalis （L.） B1 was typically a light demanding species as it appeared in the top can- opy with only one individual having the seventh highest IV, but had no regeneration. The expected maximum number of species （Smax） was 140, indicating that many species may invade the forest as the Sm~ is greater than the recorded total number of species. The nature of the disappear- ance and appearance of species in the present forest reflects instability of floristic composition. The values of Shannon＇s index H＇ and Pielou＇s index J＇ （evenness） were 3.36 bit and 0.63, respectively. These values show moderately high species diversity as compared to other subtropical forests in the tropics. In addition, a sample area of 200 m2 in this forest would be sufficient for measuring the diversity indices H＂ and ,/＇, whereas the trend of J＇may indicate the rate of equality of individuals among the different species decreased with increasing area. The distribu- tion pattern for the total stand was completely random. However, the dominant species showed aggregate distribution for small areas, but random distribution for large areas. The spatial association between species showed that the strongest positive interspecific association occurred between Streblus asper Lour. and Castanea indica Roxh. （09 = 0.51）. As a whole, most species were weakly associated with each other, of which 58% species associations were completely negative. The result of cluster analysis showed that species pairs were spatially independent at all or most small clusters; stands of species from all clusters are mosa- ics of complete habitat and pioneer habitat. All patches in this forest community have similar habitat and regeneration niches, which could be a phenomenon for a young growth forest. Thus, the existence of habitat and regeneration niches may be an important factor in the maintenance of diversity in this forest.

Leaf stable carbon isotope composition in Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in relation to leaf physiological and morphological characteristics along an altitudinal gradient

To understand the effects of leaf physiological and morphological characteristics on δ13C of alpine trees, we examined leaf δ13C value, LA, SD, LNC, LPC, LKC, Chla+b, LDMC, LMA and Narea in one-year-old needles of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica at ten points along an altitudinal gradient from 1420 m to 2300 m a.s.l. on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in northwest China. Our results indicated that all the leaf traits differed significantly among sampling sites along the altitudinal gradient(P<0.001). LA, SD, LPC, LKC increased linearly with increasing elevation, whereas leaf δ13C, LNC, Chla+b, LDMC, LMA and Narea varied non-linearly with changes in altitude. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that four controlled physiological and morphological characteristics influenced the variation of δ13C. Among these four controlled factors, LKC was the most profound physiological factor that affected δ13C values, LA was the secondary morphological factor, SD was the third morphological factor, LNC was the last physiological factor. This suggested that leaf δ13C was directly controlled by physiological and morphological adjustments with changing environmental conditions due to the elevation.

平邑甜茶高位嫁接丽嘎拉苹果树冠层内枝类结构和果实品质、产量的分布

【目的】掌握以平邑甜茶为砧木,采用高位嫁接方式的丽嘎拉苹果树冠层内枝类结构、果实产量和品质的分布特点,为辽宁寒地苹果园建设中应用该种栽培模式,提升果品质量、优化栽培措施提供参考。【方法】以丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶、丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)苹果树为试材,按照冠层分格的方法,将试验树从地面到顶部分成4个冠层,比较不同冠层高度内枝类结构、果实产量和品质的分布差异。【结果】丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)苹果树高、冠径、覆盖率生长速度高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)树体外观表现为“小脚”现象,而丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶表现为“大脚”现象。丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)苹果树枝量、短枝比例高于丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)、丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶枝量分布集中区域为冠层高度>2.00~3.00 m、>3.00 m和>1.00~2.00 m,占全树枝量比例的43.51%、45.37%和47.96%。相同冠层高度内,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)果实单果质量、果形指数、硬度、可滴定酸含量、色差L和a值高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。随着冠层高度的增加,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)、丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶果实硬度、可滴定酸含量呈现下降趋势,而固酸比和色差值(L、a、b)呈现上升趋势。丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)果实产量主要分布在冠层高度>2.00 m的空间区域,占全树产量的69.79%和75.55%,而丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶为>1.00~3.00 m,占比全树产量的74.59%。【结论】以平邑甜茶为砧木,采用高位嫁接的丽嘎拉苹果树枝条数量多、短枝比例高、外观色泽好,树体枝量和果实产量分布集中区域为冠层高度>2.00~3.00 m,该冠层生产的苹果单果质量大、果形指数适中、可溶性固形物含量高。

免套袋栽培富士苹果果实品质与树体结构相关性分析

为明确免套袋栽培富士苹果果实品质与树体结构、枝类组成比例的相关性,以山东省31个果园的“富士”苹果为试材,研究外观品质、内在品质与树高、干径、冠径、枝类组成比例等参数的相关性。结果表明,单果重、果形指数与树高呈显著负相关,代表红色的a值与树高呈极显著负相关,与冠幅和树冠体积呈显著正相关,着色指数与树高呈显著负相关,与冠幅呈显著正相关,光洁度指数与冠幅呈显著正相关,和树冠体积呈极显著正相关;内在品质硬度、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、V C及钙含量与树体结构无显著相关性,可滴定酸含量与冠幅、树冠体积呈极显著负相关,花青素含量与干高呈极显著负相关。代表黄色的b值与枝长呈显著负相关,与叶丛枝比例呈显著正相关;可溶性固形物含量与枝长呈极显著负相关,与叶丛枝比例呈极显著正相关,与长枝比例呈显著负相关,可滴定酸含量与枝长呈显著负相关,与叶丛枝比例呈显著正相关,V C含量与主枝数呈显著正相关,与枝长呈极显著负相关,花青素含量与枝条数呈显著正相关。分析认为,初盛果期(<12 a生)富士果园,树高、干高、冠幅等树体结构指标对果实外观品质的影响大于对内在品质的影响,而枝类组成比例对内在品质的影响大于对外观品质的影响。

樟树5种化学型精油组成及其胰脂肪酶抑制活性研究

采用GC和GC-MS方法分析确定了樟树5种精油化学成分组成,进一步研究了5种不同类型精油的胰脂肪酶抑制活性。结果表明:5种精油主成分分别为:芳樟醇(91.98%)、樟脑(81.25%)、龙脑(91.88%)、反式-橙花叔醇(52.63%)和桉叶油素(57.73%)。精油的胰脂肪酶抑制活性顺序为:反式-橙花叔醇型>桉叶油素型>芳樟醇型>樟脑型>龙脑型。其中反式-橙花叔醇型精油IC50为(20.02±3.27)mg/mL,当其精油浓度为100 mg/mL时,胰脂肪酶抑制率达90.17%±1.56%。

英语作文切题度分析算法

为了在英语作文判阅工作中较为准确地提取出切题句子,提出一套基于关系三元组层次主题树模型的英语作文切题度分析算法。通过主题关系三元组的分布式向量来对作文中的句子加以描述,并以余弦值算法对句子的切题度进行判断。最后通过实验分析的方式来验证该算法的有效性。实验研究发现,所提出的英语作文切题度分析算法能够较为准确地识别并提取出英语作文中的切题句子,具有一定的应用价值。

基于故障树反演的复合材料成形生产线故障诊断

复合材料成形装备生产线因其复杂性和高度集成性,故障的产生可能涉及多个环节和因素,因此需要一种系统性的方法来准确地分析和定位故障源。本文梳理了复合材料产品制造过程中可能出现的故障类型和影响因素,构建了一个全面的复合材料成形装备产线故障树,借助故障树反演技术,将实际故障事件映射到故障树上,通过逆向推导,得出可能导致这些故障事件的基本故障事件,该方法在提高生产质量、降低故障风险方面具有重要意义,为复合材料制造领域的技术改进和创新提供了有力支持。

Species Composition and Stand Structure of Primary and Secondary Moist Evergreen Forests in the Tanintharyi Nature Reserve (TNR) Buffer Zone, Myanmar

The habitat structure and floristic composition examined for this study are of great importance, providing a scientific baseline of information for developing a biodiversity database and in supporting crucial information for the management decision-making process of the buffer zones. The primary objective of this study was to examine the current status of species composition and stand structure of moist evergreen forests distributed in the TNR buffer zone. Forest inventory was conducted in the primary moist evergreen forest (~1 ha) and secondary moist evergreen forest (~1 ha). In the TNR buffer zone, 83 species belonging to 31 families in the primary moist evergreen forest and 86 species belonging to 32 families in the secondary moist evergreen forest were found. The most dominant families in the primary moist evergreen forest were Dipterocarpaceae, Sapindaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, and Myristicaceae;at species level;this forest was composed of Nephelium lappaceum, Myristica malabarica, Nephelium laurium, Aglaia andamanica, and Diospyros peregrine. The most dominant families in the secondary moist evergreen forest were Myrtaceae, Sapindaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myristicaceae, and Lauraceae, while Nephelium lappaceum, Syzygium claviflorum, Syzygium sp-1, Eugenia oblate, and Myristica angustifolia were the most dominant at the species level. The results of S?rensen’s similarity index based on common species (Ks) and the similarity index based on species dominance (Kd) were observed at about 55% and 75% between the primary and secondary moist evergreen forests. The basal area (51.39 m2.ha-1) of the primary moist evergreen forest was higher than that (44.50 m2.ha-1) of the secondary moist evergreen forest. Between these two forest types, the Shannon-Wiener, the Simpson and the Evenness indices were not significantly different at (p < 0.05). The total number of trees per hectare (n/ha) of the primary and secondary moist evergreen forests were 910 (±184) and 991 (±183). ?

岑王老山中山常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落结构动态

了解南亚热带中山常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落结构及物种多样性变化,可以为森林的合理管理与经营提供科学依据。该文利用2015和2022年两轮调查的数据,运用α多样性指数、β多样性指数、主坐标分析和空间点格局分析等方法,对岑王老山南亚热带中山常绿落叶阔叶混交林不同海拔上3个1 hm^(2)群落的木本植物的物种组成、物种多样性、胸径结构特征的变化以及树木死亡原因进行研究。结果表明:(1)随着海拔升高,树木死亡率降低,树木死亡主要发生在小径级中,呈现非随机死亡模式且与活树密度无关。(2)7年间不同海拔群落的α多样性普遍减少,但不显著,α多样性指数变化率在不同海拔群落间相对一致。各群落物种组成出现变化,但差异极小(P>0.99),不同海拔群落间的物种组成有趋同趋势。(3)不同海拔群落树木的平均胸径与总胸高断面积增加,径级结构呈现倒“J”型,群落有着良好的自我更新和维持群落稳定的能力。综上认为,岑王老山南亚热带中山常绿落叶阔叶混交林的群落结构变化在不同海拔上总体一致,这说明群落结构稳定,未发生明显变化,各群落物种组成有趋同趋势,优势种的优势地位变化较小,稀有种消亡导致物种丰富度下降。

树种组成对成都绕城高速路域不同人工林群落物种多样性的影响

【目的】探究乔木树种组成及林分因子对不同路域人工林群落物种多样性的影响,为成都路域人工林营造与管理提供参考。【方法】采用典型样地法对成都绕城高速路域现种植的5种不同树种组成人工林群落(Ⅰ,加杨纯林;Ⅱ,樟树、加杨混交林;Ⅲ,樟树纯林;Ⅳ,樟树、巨桉混交林;Ⅴ,巨桉纯林)的林分因子及林下植被物种多样性进行全面调查。【结果】(1)研究区共记录林下植物190种,隶属于71科131属。林下记录到植物科属种数量均为草本层多于灌木层,其中樟树纯林记录到的林下物种数最多。(2)构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)和葎草(Humulus scandens)重要值占比大,分别占据不同人工林群落灌木层与草本层的优势地位。(3)樟树纯林的灌木物种丰富度指数(D)显著高于其他群落(P<0.05);草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Simpson指数(H')和D指数大小变化趋势一致,表现为群落Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ,其中樟树纯林的H指数显著高于樟树、巨桉混交林外其他群落(P<0.05)。(4)乔木层平均冠幅与灌木层的D指数和H指数、草本层的H指数、H'指数、D指数、Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)均呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与灌木层的H'指数和Jsw指数均呈显著负相关(P<0.01);乔木层平均枝下高与灌木层的H指数、H'指数、D指数、Jsw指数均呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。【结论】乔木层的树种组成、平均枝下高和平均冠幅显著影响路域人工林群落的物种多样性,因此,选择合适树种并定期修枝管理,有利于路域人工林乔灌草群落结构的形成和林下植被物种多样性维持。

梵净山五种抹茶适制茶树品种的抹茶理化成分分析

目的:通过对梵净山5种抹茶适制茶树品种的抹茶理化成分含量进行分析,筛选出在梵净山区域适制抹茶的最优茶树品种。方法:以梵净山区域种植的‘金萱’‘薮北’‘龙井43’‘浙农113’‘香山早’5个茶树品种分别试制夏季抹茶,对试制抹茶的游离氨基酸、叶绿素、茶多酚、咖啡碱、蛋白质含量进行检测,并进行感官审评和比较分析。结果:5个供试品种中,‘薮北’的游离氨基酸含量最高,为3.30%;‘香山早’的叶绿素含量最高,为0.97%;‘香山早’和‘浙农113’的蛋白质含量最高,均为14.00%‘;金萱’的茶多酚和咖啡碱含量最低,分别为13.30%和3.11%‘;金萱’的感官审评评分总分值最高。结论:结合对高品质抹茶理化成分的要求以及综合感官审评结果来看,在梵净山区域种植加工抹茶‘,金萱’品种的适制性最好。