Field testing of stiffened deep cement mixing piles under lateral cyclic loading

Construction of seaside and underground wall bracing often uses stiffened deep cement mixed columns （SDCM）. This research investigates methods used to improve the level of bearing capacity of these SDCM when subjected to cyclic lateral loading via various types of stiffer cores. Eight piles, two deep cement mixed piles and six stiffened deep cement mixing piles with three different types of cores, H shape cross section prestressed concrete, steel pipe, and H-beam steel, were embedded though soft clay into medium-hard clay on site in Thailand. Cyclic horizontal loading was gradually applied until pile failure and the hysteresis loops of lateral load vs. lateral deformation were recorded. The lateral carrying capacities of the SDCM piles with an H-beam steel core increased by 3-4 times that of the DCM piles. This field research clearly shows that using H-beam steel as a stiffer core for SDCM piles is the best method to improve its lateral carrying capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity.

Experimental Study of Dynamic Characteristics on Composite Foundation with CFG Long Pile and Rammed Cement-Soil Short Pile

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the two kinds of the typical pile type are selected, which containing flexibility pile (e.g. rammed cement-soil pile is for short RCSP), and rigid pile (e.g. cement-flyash-gravel pile is for short CFGP). The three kinds of the composite foundation are designed, which are CFGP, CFG long pile and CFG short pile (for short CFGLP-CFGSP), CFG long-short pile and rammed cement-soil short pile (for short CFGLP-RCSSP). Natural earthquake is simulated by using the engineering blasting;the dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the composite foundation are studied through field test. CFGLP-RCSSP is closed to linear relation. The bearing capacity of the four composite foundation of the CFGP, CFGLP-CFGSP, and CFGLP-RCSSP in the site are 225 kPa, 179 kPa, and 197 kPa, separately increases 150%, 98.8% and 119% compared to the natural foundation. The vibration main frequency is mainly depended on properties of foundation soil and piles between vibration source and measuring point, pilling load value. Horizontal vibration main frequency greater than the vertical vibration main frequency and the vertical vibration main frequency close to the first-order natural frequency of composite foundation. With the pilling load increasing, the CFGLP-RCSSP pile composite foundation combined frequency decreased. Under the same blast energy, the acceleration peak on the CFG pile composite foundation is less than CFGLP-CFGSP the corresponding values, as the load increases, the peak acceleration gently. CFG pile composite foundation is favorable on seismic. The distribution of peak acceleration is consistent within 4 m from pile top in the CFGLP_RCSSP composite foundation. The maximum of the horizontal acceleration peak along the pile body occurs at a distance of pile top 4 m or the pile top, and that of vertical acceleration peak occurred at a pile top.

Bearing Behaviors of Stiffened Deep Cement Mixed Pile

A series of investigations were conducted to study the bearing capacity and load transfer mechanism of stiffened deep cement mixed （SDCM） pile. Laboratory tests including six specimens were conducted to investigate the frictional resistance between the concrete core and the cementsoil. Two model piles and twenty-four full-scale piles were tested to examine the bearing behavior of single pile. Laboratory and model tests results indicate that the cohesive strength is large enough to ensure the interaction between core pile and the outer cement-soil. The full-scale test results show that the SDCM piles exhibit similar bearing behavior to bored and cast-in-place concrete piles. In general, with the rational composite structure the SDCM piles can transmit the applied load effectively, and due to the addition of the stiffer core, the SDCM piles possess high bearing capacity. Based on the findings of these experimental investigations and theoretical analysi , a practical design method is developed to predict the vertical bearing capacity of SDCM pile.

Consolidation behavior of cement—and lime／cement—mixed column foundations

The consolidation behavior of mixed in place cement and lime/cement mixed column was studied. Consolidation of the composite foundation was modeled as a three dimensional axi symmetric problem. The authors used the finite difference method to obtain the pore pressure variation with time at any location below the surface. A computer program developed by the authors was used to draw some interesting conclusions about the consolidation behaviors of cement and lime/cement mixed pile foundation. Finally, a combined model including the permeability coefficients of cement mixed piles and soil, was studied and its feasibility was evaluated.

The Dynamic Characteristic Experimental Method on the Composite Foundation with Rigid-Flexible Compound Piles

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the composite foundations, which include cememt-flyash-gaavel (for short CFG) long piles and cement-soil (for short CS) short piles, and CS piles with CFG core as well, are formed. The method of the site dynamic characteristic tests of the composite foundations is discussed. The test results show that fireworks bomb may replace demolitions as the vibration resource. Vibration time is about 0.1 sec. Horizontal vibration major frequency is at 22.476 - 56.436 Hz, and vertical vibration major frequency is at 15.538 - 55.884 Hz. The pile arrangements of the composite foundation in the same site have more effect on the acceleration peak value. From the point of vibration, the anti-seismic effect of the CS piles with CFG core is better than others.

饱和地基水泥土复合桩近场主动隔振的BEM-FEM耦合分析

人工振动污染是当前城市发展过程中面临的一个难题,单排或多排桩是人工振动污染防治的一种重要方式。传统基桩施工容易造成泥浆污染、振动等各种负面环境问题,而水泥土复合桩是一种低振动、低噪声、无挤土、少排泥浆的新型基桩,特别适合在城区构建排桩屏障。针对饱和地基中单排水泥土复合桩的近场主动隔振问题,建立了动力机器基础环境振动影响的半解析BEM方程;在此基础上,分别采用半解析BEM对饱和地基、FEM对水泥土复合桩进行建模,根据饱和地基-水泥土桩接触面的平衡和相容条件,建立了水泥土复合桩近场主动隔振的半解析BEM-FEM耦合方程,给出了耦合方程稀疏矩阵的存储策略,并对单排水泥土复合桩的近场主动隔振效果进行了计算分析。研究结果表明:单排水泥土复合桩能够有效地对动力机器基础引起环境振动进行隔振;等长芯桩复合桩的隔振效果要优于短芯桩。单排水泥土复合桩的隔振效果随着桩数的增加而逐渐提高;较小桩间距并不一定取得更好的隔振效果,建议相邻桩桩间净距取2.0~2.5λ_(R)(Rayleigh波波长)。随着单排水泥土复合桩距振源距离的增加,屏障隔振效果逐渐降低,但降低幅度相对较小。此外,对水泥土复合桩而言,当内插预制桩的外轮廓尺寸相同时,预制芯桩型式对水泥土复合桩隔振效果影响相对较小,可根据实际工程条件选择合适的芯桩类型。

深基坑斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙数值模拟分析

依托福建某医院的基坑工程实例,采用数值模拟方法,研究斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护结构的变形特征及其稳定性。结果表明:坡面水平位移最大变形出现在基坑“腰部”,设计时应适当加强此位置的变形控制;斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护体系安全可行,其较双排直立钢管桩复合土钉墙及单一土钉墙有更好的变形控制能力和更高的稳定性。

Reliability-based settlement analysis of embankments over soft soils reinforced with T-shaped deep cement mixing piles

This paper presents a reliability-based settlement analysis of T-shaped deep cement mixing(TDM)pile-supported embankments over soft soils.The uncertainties of the mechanical properties of the in-situ soil,pile,and embankment,and the effect of the pile shape are considered simultaneously.The analyses are performed using Monte Carlo Simulations in combination with an adaptive Kriging(using adaptive sampling algorithm).Individual and system failure probabilities,in terms of the differential and maximum settlements(serviceability limit state(SLS)requirements),are considered.The reliability results for the embankments supported by TDM piles,with various shapes,are compared and discussed together with the results for conventional deep cement mixing pile-supported embankments with equivalent pile volumes.The influences of the inherent variabilities in the material properties(mean and coefficient of variation values)on the reliability of the piled embankments,are also investigated.This study shows that large TDM piles,particularly those with a shape factor of greater than 3,can enhance the reliability of the embankment in terms of SLS requirements,and even avoid unacceptable reliability levels caused by variability in the material properties.

深层水泥搅拌法加固软基模型试验研究

为确定水下深层水泥搅拌各种施工参数,现场试桩需花费较多的时间和成本。依托中交集团DCM(Deep Cement Mixing)法加固软基课题,研发了DCM模型试验装置,开展了DCM加固软基叶片改造、土层识别和成桩强度物理模型试验。结果表明:增加自由叶片后可有效防止水泥搅拌桩在黏土中糊钻问题。不同土层界面处扭矩会发生突变,通过不同深度处扭矩的变化可以感知不同土层。相同水泥掺量前提下不同土样水泥搅拌桩14,28,60,90 d无侧限抗压强度(UCS)规律为淤泥质土<黏土<砂土,在砂土中水泥土强度较大且增长速度较快,砂层中可以适当减少水泥喷浆量。模型试验研究成果,可对深层水泥搅拌桩施工提供参考。

深中通道沉管隧道深层水泥搅拌桩复合地基沉降计算分析

基于深中通道沉管隧道深层水泥搅拌(DCM)桩复合地基现场试验结果,考虑厚垫层和高置换率DCM桩对复合地基荷载传递机理及沉降特性的影响,将碎石垫层、DCM桩复合地基和桩端下卧层作为协同作用的系统,考虑系统各部分在接触面上的应力与变形协调,通过分析典型单元体,推导海底DCM桩复合地基桩土应力比和沉降的理论计算公式.将理论计算得到的DCM桩复合地基荷载-位移曲线和桩土应力比变化曲线与现场静载试验实测曲线进行对比,相对误差均不超过±10%,验证了所提理论计算公式的合理性.分析置换率和垫层柔度系数对海底DCM桩复合地基的荷载传递机理及沉降特性的影响规律,结果表明:复合地基沉降随垫层柔度系数的增大而增大,随置换率的增大而减小;复合地基桩土应力比随置换率的增大而增大,随垫层柔度系数的增大而减小;置换率对复合地基沉降和桩土应力比的影响较垫层柔度系数更大.

水泥土搅拌桩加固铁路饱和黄土地基承载特性试验及分析

针对兰州西至中川机场城际铁路沿线分布着大量饱和黄土,天然承载力低,无法满足工程建设要求这一问题,依据复合地基理论,提出用水泥土搅拌桩加固饱和黄土地基。通过FLAC 3D软件建立柔性荷载作用下水泥土搅拌桩复合地基模型,进行承载特性分析。得出以下结论:复合地基承载力为150 kPa,较原位地基土的承载力100.24 kPa有明显的提高;随着上部荷载的增加,沉降量也增大,中桩沉降量最大,边桩次之,角桩最小;桩身轴应力沿深度变化曲线存在一个中性点,此处桩身轴应力达到最大值;桩顶应力、桩间土应力随着荷载增加而增大,荷载为180 kPa是增长幅度发生变化的转折点。

水下深层水泥搅拌桩在直立式防波堤深厚软土地基加固中的应用

针对直立式防波堤下深厚软土地基可能产生的沉降较大和失稳问题,依托某场地软土深厚的直立式防波堤工程,结合自然条件、结构安全使用要求及造价和工期限制,对地基处理方式选取、水泥搅拌桩的布置形式、桩径、置换率、处理深度及施工技术要点进行论述。采用理论分析与工程经验结合的方法,得出在合理控制各关键参数和采取合适的措施提高施工质量的前提下,直立式防波堤下深厚软土地基采用支撑型格栅状小直径水泥搅拌桩结合柔性垫层的处理方式是可行且相对经济、合理的。

粉土地基中劲性复合桩抗压承载特性与荷载传递机制研究

劲性复合桩(stiffened deep cement mixing pile,简称SDCM桩)兼具高强度芯桩的轴向荷载传递能力与搅拌桩较高的桩侧摩阻力优势,施工效率高、性价比高,在土木建筑领域中得到推广应用。然而,由于其荷载传递机制尚缺乏统一认识,现有计算方法与实测承载力差异较大。基于此,开展了粉土地基中SDCM桩现场足尺试验,研究了其抗压承载特性与荷载传递机制。搅拌桩固化剂采用普通水泥和GS固化剂(gypsum-slag soil hardening agent)。依据实测荷载-位移曲线分析了单桩抗压极限承载力及不同固化剂的影响,并通过现场桩身取芯及芯样无侧限抗压试验分析了现场施工水泥土与室内试样强度的差异。建立了考虑芯桩-水泥土、水泥土-土体接触面的三维弹塑性有限元模型,分析了竖向下压荷载条件下桩身轴力、接触面的剪切应力分布规律,探讨了SDCM桩的荷载传递机制与承载力提高原因。研究结果表明:粉土地基中SDCM桩抗压承载力大于纯搅拌桩和单独芯桩抗压承载力之和的1.5倍;在端阻力发挥作用后,桩底水泥土由于轴向受压变形,芯桩-水泥土之间的剪切变形会大幅增加,该位置易产生剪切破坏。水泥土固化后与地基土接触面性能的改善是SDCM桩相对传统灌注桩具有更高的承载力的主要原因。

基于离散元方法的卵砾石地层条件下水泥土搅拌桩机钻头结构参数研究

卵砾石地层可压缩性低、抗剪强度大,水泥土搅拌桩工法在应用于卵砾石地层时存钻进困难、钻具磨损大等问题。为确定卵砾石地层条件下钻头形式的最优布置,基于离散元法(DEM),对不同切削叶片数量、切削叶片角度、截齿布置形式、钻头中心底部布置形式、机械压力工况下,搅拌桩机钻头钻进卵砾石地层的物理过程进行三维动态仿真模拟,并分析研究了不同钻头布置形式对钻进效果的影响。计算结果表明:钻头切削叶片数量的增加会提高钻进阻转矩,但是会增强钻头的定心能力。设置截齿的钻头钻进阻力矩并无明显提高,但钻进速度有一定程度的提高。钻头切削叶片角度的提高会增加钻进阻力矩,但过低或者过高的切削叶片角度均会降低钻进速度。适当提高钻进压力可提高钻进速度,但须考虑动力装置的功率及扭矩输出能力。三切削叶片、高切削叶片角度、设置三截齿的高效率钻头在应用于北京市某项目卵砾石地层时效果良好,文章提出的方法可以为其他工程的施工机械选型提供参照依据。

水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层复合地基静载荷试验数值分析

以榆林地区水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层复合地基工程为背景,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,对水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层的复合地基静载荷试验进行数值模拟,并分析风积沙复合地基桩土荷载传递机制及变形特性。结果表明:合理设置褥垫层厚度能有效减小桩顶应力集中,降低桩土应力比。提高褥垫层模量可减小复合地基的沉降,改善其承载性能。设置褥垫层的桩侧摩阻力在桩顶附近出现负摩阻力,随着深度向下快速增加至零,并转为正摩阻力。桩身的附加轴应力在桩顶附近先增加到峰值,然后逐渐衰减。水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地基时存在临界桩长。在相同荷载水平下,随着桩长的增加,桩土应力比先增大后趋于稳定,桩侧摩阻力分布随着桩长的增加趋于稳定。按规范设计的风积沙复合地基承载力特征值偏于安全,有较大的富余度。

排桩+内支撑复合支护体系在深基坑中的应用

文中以某高层建筑基坑工程为例,对排桩+内支撑复合支护体系在深基坑中的应用进行分析。结果表明,排桩+内支撑复合支护体系整体施工效果达标,地表沉降控制在12 mm内,支撑结构变形仅5 mm,地下水位波动不超过5 m,有效解决了复杂地质条件下基坑工程的施工问题,为深基坑施工提供了高效可行的解决方案。

预制H型混凝土板桩在软土地区深大基坑中的应用

以上海天安豪园二期C区项目为例,将五轴搅拌桩内插预制H型混凝土板桩应用到上海软土地区地下2层基坑中。详细介绍了H型板桩的设计方法、施工要点,采用规范算法预测基坑开挖期间围护结构变形,并与现场实测数据进行对比分析,结果表明,支护结构及周边环境均处于安全稳定状态,从而验证H型板桩围护的有效性。

初始含水量和水泥掺入比对水泥土抗剪强度的影响研究

粉喷桩在加固湿陷性黄土地基工程中得到了广泛应用。为更好地掌握桩体的力学参数,本文基于室内直剪试验分析了初始含水量和水泥掺入比对固化土抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,固化土的抗剪强度随着初始含水量的增加呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,随着水泥掺入比的增加则呈现出逐渐增加的趋势。本文的室内试验结果对于粉喷桩原位加固湿陷性黄土地基具有重要的指导作用。

水泥土搅拌桩在城市道路软土地基的应用

简要分析了软土地基的特点和危害,并介绍了软土地基处置的原则及必要性;基于实际工程案例,研究了水泥土搅拌桩在城市道路软土地基中的运用效果,并分别计算和分析了3种设定工况下不同路堤填土高度的路基工后沉降值(路中)以及工后沉降规律。通过总结发现:在一定条件下,与普通水泥土搅拌桩复合地基处理方法相比,长桩+短桩形式的水泥土搅拌桩复合地基处理方法更为有效,它不仅能提高地基承载能力,而且能减小路基工后沉降,压缩工期,取得预期效果。

废弃泥浆制作水泥泡沫轻质土室内试验研究

为处理废弃泥浆,利用水泥协同泥浆制作泥浆水泥泡沫轻质土来修筑高速公路路基。制作了相同重度、不同水固比以及相同水固比、不同重度的泥浆水泥泡沫轻质土试块,测试在标准养护条件下28 d抗压强度,探究泥浆水泥泡沫轻质土水固比、水泥比例与重度对28 d抗压强度的影响。结果表明:泥浆泡沫轻质土的28 d抗压强度与水固比成负相关,与重度和水泥比例成正相关;配制合适的废弃泥浆水泥泡沫轻质土可用于高速公路路基修筑。此外,1 m3泡沫轻质土中,各掺量分别为水泥397 kg、干泥浆193 kg、水383.5 kg、发泡液27.1 kg时,流值为187.3 mm,试块28 d抗压强度可达2.62 MPa,且早期强度较高、水泥用量较少,可作为泥浆水泥泡沫轻质土的推荐配比。