Fly Ash/Paraffin Composite Phase Change Material Used to Treat Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Expansive Soil in Cold Regions

Phase change materials(PCMs)can store large amounts of energy in latent heat and release it during phase changes,which could be used to improve the freeze-thaw performance of soil.The composite phase change material was prepared with paraffin as the PCM and 8%Class C fly ash(CFA)as the supporting material.Laboratory tests were conducted to reveal the influence of phase change paraffin composite Class C fly ash(CFA-PCM)on the thermal properties,volume changes and mechanical properties of expansive soil.The results show that PCM failed to establish a good improvement effect due to leakage.CFA can effectively adsorb phase change materials,and the two have good compatibility.CFA-PCM reduces the volume change and strength attenuation of the soil,and 8 wt.%PCM is the optimal content.CFA-PCM turns the phase change latent heat down of the soil and improves its thermal stability.CFA-PCM makes the impact small of freeze-thaw on soil pore structure damage and improves soil volume change and mechanical properties on a macroscopic scale.In addition,CFA-8 wt.%PCM treated expansive soil has apparent advantages in resisting repeated freeze-thaw cycles,providing a reference for actual engineering design.

Role of Composite Phase Change Material on the Thermal Performance of a Latent Heat Storage System: Experimental Investigation

Paraffin wax is a perfect phase change material(PCM)that can be used in latent heat storage units(LHSUs).The utilization of such LHSU is restricted by the poor conductivity of PCM.In the present work,a metal foam made of aluminium with PCM was used to produce a composite PCM as a thermal conductivity technique in PCM⁃LHSU and water was used as heat transfer fluid(HTF).An experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics of LHSU using pure PCM and composite PCM.The study included time⁃dependent visualization of the PCM during the melting and solidification processes.Besides,a thermocouple network was placed inside the heat storage to record the temperature profile during each process.Results showed that better performance could be obtained using composite PCM⁃LHSU for both melting and solidification processes.The melting time of composite PCM⁃LHSU was about 83%faster than that of a simple PCM⁃LHSU,and the percentage decreasing in the solidification time was about 85%due to the provision of metal foam.

Preparation of Composite Phase Change Material Based on Sol-Gel Method and Its Temperature-Adjustable Textile

In this study,the sol-gel method was introduced to prepare the composite phase change material (CPCM). The CPCM was added to fabric with coating techniques and the thermal activity of modified fabric was studied. In addition,the thermal property and the microstructure of CPCM were also discussed in detail by means of polarization microscope and differential scanning calorimeter,respectively. According to the analysis of main influencial factors of the property of CPCM,the optimal preparing technique was determined. It was proved that CPCM could exhibit a good thermal property while phase transformation process took place,and a better appearance of the fabric modified with CPCM could be obtained due to the fact that in a warm circumstance,the liquid-state phase change material could be firmly enwrapped and embedded in the three-dimensional network all the time during the phase transformation. Besides,the fabric treated with CPCM had a high phase-transition enthalpy and an appropriate phase-transition temperature. As a result,a desirable temperature-adjustable function appeared.

Preparation and Properties of 1-octadecanol/1,3:2,4-di-(3,4-dimethyl) Benzylidene Sorbitol/Expanded Graphite Form-stable Composite Phase Change Material

A 1-octadecanol（OD）/1,3:2,4-di-（3,4-dimethyl） benzylidene sorbitol（DMDBS）/expander graphite（EG） composite was prepared as a form-stable phase change material（PCM） by vacuum melting method. The results of field emission-scanning electron microscopy（FE-SEM） showed that 1-octadecanol was restricted in the three-dimensional network formed by DMDBS and the honeycomb network formed by EG. X-ray diffraction（XRD） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR） results showed that no chemical reaction occurred among the components of composite PCM in the preparation process. The gel-to-sol transition temperature of the composite PCMs containing DMDBS was much higher than the melting point of pure 1-octadecanol. The improvements in preventing leakage and thermal stability limits were mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the three-dimensional network formed by DMDBS and the honeycomb network formed by EG. Differential scanning calorimeter（DSC） was used to determine the latent heat and phase change temperature of the composite PCMs. During melting and freezing process the latent heat values of the PCM with the composition of 91% OD/3% DMDBS/6% EG were 214.9 and 185.9 kJ·kg-1, respectively. Its degree of supercooling was only 0.1 ℃. Thermal constant analyzer results showed that its thermal conductivity（κ） changed up to roughly 10 times over that of OD/DMDBS matrix.

Preparation and Characterization of CA-MA Eutectic/Silicon Dioxide Nanoscale Composite Phase Change Material from Water Glass via Sol-Gel Method

This work mainly involved the preparation of a nano-scale form-stable phase change material（PCM） consisting of capric and myristic acid（CA-MA） binary eutectic acting as thermal absorbing material and nano silicon dioxide（nano-SiO_2） serving as the supporting material. Industrial water glass for preparation of the nano silicon dioxide matrix and CA-MA eutectic mixture were compounded by single-step sol-gel method with the silane coupling agent. The morphology, chemical characterization and form stability property of the composite PCM were investigated by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, Fourier-transform infrared（FT-IR） spectroscopy and polarizing microscopy（POM）. It was indicated that the average diameter of the composite PCM particle ranged from 30-100 nm. The CA-MA eutectic was immobilized in the network pores constructed by the Si-O bonds so that the composite PCM was allowed no liquid leakage above the melting temperature of the CA-MA eutectic. Differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA） measurement were conducted to investigate the thermal properties and stability of the composite PCM. From the measurement results, the mass fraction of the CA-MA eutectic in the composite PCM was about 40%. The phase change temperature and latent heat of the composite were determined to be 21.15 ℃ and 55.67 J/g, respectively. Meanwhile, thermal conductivity of the composite was measured to be 0.208 W·m^（-1）·K^（-1） by using the transient hot-wire method. The composite PCM was able to maintain the surrounding temperature close to its phase change temperature and behaved well in thermalregulated performance which was verified by the heat storage-release experiment. This kind of form-stable PCM was supposed to complete thermal insulation even temperature regulation by the dual effect of relatively low thermal conductivity and phase change thermal storage-release properties. So it can be formulated that the nanoscale CA-MA/SiO_2 composite PCM with the form-stable property, good thermal storage capacity and relatively low thermal conductivity can be applied for energy conservation as a kind of thermal functional material.

Design of the flame retardant form-stable composite phase change materials for battery thermal management system

Phase change materials have attracted significant attention owing to their promising applications in many aspects.However,it is seriously restricted by some drawbacks such as obvious leakage,relatively low thermal conductivity,and easily flame properties.Herein,a novel flame retardant form-stable composite phase change material(CPCM)with polyethylene glycol/epoxy resin/expanded graphite/magnesium hydroxide/zinc hydroxide(PEG/ER/EG/MH/ZH)has been successfully prepared and utilized in the battery module.The addition of MH and ZH(MH:ZH=1:2)as flame retardant additions can not only greatly improve the flame retardant effect but also maintain the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer.Further,the EG(5%)can provide the graphitization degree of residual char which is beneficial to building a more protective barrier.This designation of CPCM can exhibit leakage-proof,high thermal conductivity(increasing 400%-500%)and prominent flammable retardant performance.Especially at 3C discharge rate,the maximum temperature is controlled below 54.2℃and the temperature difference is maintained within 2.2℃in the battery module,which presents a superior thermal management effect.This work suggests an efficient and feasible approach toward exploiting a multifunctional phase change material for thermal management systems for electric vehicles and energy storage fields.

PDMS包封CPCM制备三明治结构织物及热性能分析

为解决正十八烷在使用过程中的相泄露问题,以细菌纤维素膜为支撑载体、聚二甲基硅氧烷为包封材料,通过真空浸渍和热固处理制备形稳性复合相变材料。正十八烷浸渍率高达84.9%,潜热能为212.70 J/g,可经受100次热循环测试。经180°弯折后回弹角为156.4°,回弹角相较于包封前提高了131.7%。以复合相变材料为中间层、涤棉混纺织物为外层,经由聚二甲基硅氧烷粘合和固化处理,制得三明治结构织物。吸热饱和后,三明治织物表面温度比普通织物延时降温310 s,在日照模型和人体热管理测试中其覆盖的空间内部温度比普通织物覆盖处降低0.9℃,显示出优异的储热和隔热性能。

Numerical Investigation of the Thermal Behavior of a System with a Partition Wall Incorporating a Phase Change Material

The work deals with the thermal behavior of a conventional partition wall incorporating a phase change material(PCM).The wall separates two environments with different thermal properties.The first one is conditioned,while the adjacent space is characterized by a temperature that changes sinusoidally in time.The effect of the PCM is assessed through a comparative analysis of the cases with and without PCM.The performances are evaluated in terms of dimensionless energy stored within the wall,comfort temperature and variations of these quantities as a function of the amount of PCM and its emplacement.

Experimental Approaches to Improve Thermal Stability of Organic Phase Change Properties

This study investigates the thermal behavior of Polyolefin containing Paraffin and Nano Hydrated aluminum silicate Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4 (Kaolin) particles to enhance store energy at ambient temperature. The hybrid Nano composite is based on polyolefin PE as a matrix, whereby paraffin wax and Kaolin were hot blended at varying concentrations. In addition Carbon Nanotube (CNTs) was added in different relative low concentrations to improve the thermal transition among the polymer matrix, since polymer domains are considered as isolator. The composite was prepared by melt mixing using a Brabender Plasrograph and a Two Role Mill. Thermal properties of the composite were determined using DSC and Melt flow Index. Because TES materials are subjected to melting and freezing during life time, multiple extrusion tests to simulate the degradation process of the composite were carried out. FTIR was applied to determine the degradation effect and investigate microstructure changes of the composite. The results obtained demonstrate that the blend shows a tendency to be thermally active at low temperatures. DSC tests evidenced a decrease in melt tempera-ture as a result of increasing Kaolin content and some changes in the latent heat of the compound.

Synthesis and thermal characterization of the C-S-H/paraffin composite phase change material utilizing a discontinuous two-step nucleation method

The novel calcium-silicate-hydrate(C-S-H)/paraffin composite phase change materials were synthesized using a discontinuous two-step nucleation method.Initially,the C-S-H precursor is separated and dried,followed by immersion in an aqueous environment to transform it into C-S-H.This two-step nucleation approach results in C-S-H with a specific surface area of 497.2 m^(2)/g,achieved by preventing C-S-H foil overlapping and refining its pore structure.When impregnated with paraffin,the novel C-S-H/paraffin composite exhibits superior thermal properties,such as a higher potential heat value of 148.3 J/g and an encapsulation efficiency of 81.6%,outperforming conventional C-S-H.Moreover,the composite material demonstrates excellent cyclic performance,indicating its potential for building thermal storage compared to other paraffin-based composites.Compared with the conventional method,this simple technology,which only adds conversion and centrifugation steps,does not negatively impact preparation costs,the environment,and resource consumption.This study provides valuable theoretical insights for designing thermal storage concrete materials and advancing building heat management.

蜂窝状CPCM/水冷复合式圆柱型锂电池散热性能

为了进一步减小圆柱型锂电池在高热负荷下的温升、最大温差及轴向温差,提出一种基于石蜡/膨胀石墨(EG)的蜂窝状相变材料(PCM)水冷复合式电池散热结构。通过数值模拟,研究了环境温度40℃时,冷却液流速、微型流道数量、CPCM厚度及EG的质量分数对该系统散热性能的影响。结果表明,当液体流速超过0.05 m/s时,流速的继续增加对该系统散热性能的提升不明显。与纯PCM相比,添加EG制备的复合相变材料(CPCM)对系统散热性能有显著提升。EG质量分数为12%时,在不同液体流速下既可以满足电池最大温差的要求,也可以保证电池的最高温度和CPCM的液相率最低,即系统的综合散热效果最佳;综合考虑电池温度分布均匀性、空间利用率及系统的额外能量消耗,确定了CPCM的最佳厚度为2 mm;微型流道数量为6时,在不同液体流速下电池的最大温差和轴向温差最小。特别在4 C放电倍率下,流速为0.01 m/s时,电池的最高温度、最大温差及轴向温差分别为45.8、1.7、0.04℃,可以保证锂电池工作在最佳温度范围之内。

CPCM/PE蓄热调温纤维的制备及其结构与性能研究

将脂肪酸酯类和高级脂肪族醇类相变材料按质量比95：5共混,制备复合相变材料（CPCM）;以CPCM作为芯层、聚乙烯（PE）作为皮层,采用熔融纺丝方法及自制复合纺丝组件制备出具有皮芯结构的CPCM/PE蓄热调温纤维,并对纤维的结构与性能进行表征.结果表明：PE与CPCM为物理混合,没有发生化学作用;CPCM/PE初生纤维呈皮芯结构,纤维的直径约为42μm;当CPCM的注射速度为4 mL/h时,纤维中的CPCM质量分数为48.4%,初生纤维于60℃经过7倍拉伸,制备的CPCM/PE蓄热调温纤维的熔融温度和结晶温度分别为27.1-44.5℃和31.4-15.2℃,熔融焓和结晶焓分别为62.43 J/g和63.11 J/g,纤维线密度为6.0 dtex,断裂强度为1.81 cN/dtex,断裂伸长率为29.5%.

CPCM/PP蓄热调温纤维的制备及表征

采用熔融复合纺丝法，通过自制的复合纺丝组件，以聚丙烯（PP）为皮层，由脂肪酸酯类和高级酯肪族醇类组成的复合相变材料（CPCM）为芯层，制备了具有皮芯结构的CPCM／PP蓄热调温纤维，并对纤维的结构与性能进行表征。结果表明：CPCM／PP初生纤维呈皮芯结构，其直径约为100μm；当CPCM／PP质量比为55：45时，其初生纤维在70℃下5倍拉伸后，得到的CPCM／PP蓄热调温纤维中CPCM的质量分数为53．63％，熔融相变温度与结晶相变温度分别为32．65～48．02℃和20．96～39．02℃，熔融焓和结晶焓分别为90．04，81．01J／g，纤维线密度为10．3dtex，断裂强度为2．59cN／dtex，断裂伸长率为41．38％。

PA6/CPCM储能调温纤维的制备及表征

以两种固-液型相变材料共混所得的复合相变材料（CPCM）为芯层,以尼龙6（PA6）切片为皮层,采用自制的复合纺丝组件通过不同于传统的熔融纺丝法,得到PA6/CPCM储能调温初生纤维,将初生纤维在80℃下拉伸5倍,制得PA6/CPCM储能调温纤维,并对其结构性能进行了表征。结果表明：PA6/CPCM初生纤维呈皮芯结构,直径约为95μm;所得纤维中CPCM质量分数约为32.9%,熔融相变温度为18.50~30.89℃,结晶相变温度为7.78~18.68℃,熔融焓、结晶焓分别为66.12,64.93 J/g;当CPCM注入量为8 m L/h时,PA6/CPCM储能调温纤维的线密度为15.57 dtex,断裂强度为2.76 c N/dtex,断裂伸长率为16.71%,该纤维可应用于冬季保暖外套中。

Efficient Preconstruction of Three‑Dimensional Graphene Networks for Thermally Conductive Polymer Composites

Electronic devices generate heat during operation and require efficient thermal management to extend the lifetime and prevent performance degradation.Featured by its exceptional thermal conductivity,graphene is an ideal functional filler for fabricating thermally conductive polymer composites to provide efficient thermal management.Extensive studies have been focusing on constructing graphene networks in polymer composites to achieve high thermal conductivities.Compared with conventional composite fabrications by directly mixing graphene with polymers,preconstruction of three-dimensional graphene networks followed by backfilling polymers represents a promising way to produce composites with higher performances,enabling high manufacturing flexibility and controllability.In this review,we first summarize the factors that affect thermal conductivity of graphene composites and strategies for fabricating highly thermally conductive graphene/polymer composites.Subsequently,we give the reasoning behind using preconstructed three-dimensional graphene networks for fabricating thermally conductive polymer composites and highlight their potential applications.Finally,our insight into the existing bottlenecks and opportunities is provided for developing preconstructed porous architectures of graphene and their thermally conductive composites.

High density polyethylene (HDPE)--Graphite composite manufactured by extrusion:A novel way to fabricate phase change materials for thermal energy storage

Thermal energy storage (TES)has the potential to facilitate the deployment of renewable energy through addressing the demand-supply mismatch,ultimately leading to the decarbonisation of heat supply. Among the TES technologies,latent heat based TES with composite phase change materials (PCMs)has shown great potential,which has attracted significant attention in recent years.However,large scale and reliable manufacturing methods for composite PCMs are still largely lacking.Here,we present a study aimed to develop,for the first time,an extrusion process capable of fabricating high density polyethylene based graphite PCM composites at a high throughput and with enhanced thermal properties.The PCM composites were fabricated under different extrusion process parameters and characterized for their thermo-physical properties by multiple techniques including differential scanning calorimetry,thermal gravitational analyzer,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results show that the extrusion process has the potential to fabricate PCM composite bars in a continuous fashion with a manufacturing throughput higher than traditional method;the fabricated PCM composites show enhanced properties (e.g.up to +70% increase in thermal diffusivity);and there is a clear link between extrusion process parameters and PCMs properties.Microstructural analyses show a more homogeneous structure with a lower extrusion speed;whereas a high extrusion speed gives a more microscopically heterogeneous structure with visible graphite agglomerates distributed relatively homogeneous macroscopically;and a higher graphite content gives a larger agglomerate size.The results of this work suggest that the elucidation of composition-process-property relationships is crucial:for a given formulation (composition), only through fine tuning of high throughput manufacturing process can make it possible to achieve the desired performance of the PCM composites.

CPCM/液冷复合电池热管理方式优化设计

目的为了解决锂电池组在放电倍率为2.5 C,环境温度为308.15 K下工作时,其最高温度、最大温差可能超过适宜温度的情况。方法建立基于复合相变材料(CPCM)/液冷复合的电池组散热模型,首先通过实验测得锂电池单体相关性能参数,然后利用数值模拟方法讨论CPCM厚度对电池组散热性能的影响。分析得出当CPCM厚度在一定范围内变化时,单一的相变材料冷却方式不能将电池组最高温度控制在适宜的温度范围内,因此提出CPCM/液冷复合散热方式,以复合相变材料厚度、液冷通道间距、液体流速为设计变量,电池组最高温度和最大温差为优化目标进行多目标优化设计。结果结果表明,优化后的电池组最高温度和最大温差分别为316.88K和0.30K,满足设计要求,但相变材料在相变过程中存在泄露的风险。结论相较于单一的相变材料冷却方式,优化后的复合冷却模型能够大幅度降低电池组的最高温度,同时将最大温差控制在安全范围内;在保证散热模型最外层包装结构具有较高导热性的同时也要加强其结构设计,防止相变材料泄露。

基于CPCM与空气冷却的储能电池热管理仿真研究

针对储能电池应用于光伏储能混合系统(PV-ESS)中可能出现热失控的行为,设计了空气冷却与相变材料冷却的两种电池热管理系统。制备不同质量分数配比的CPCM样品并进行比较,对材料的导热系数及相变潜热值进行测量,然后给出了储能电池模组的三维模型,并对其进行网格划分及独立性检验,分别对空气冷却与相变材料冷却进行仿真分析。复合相变材料选用质量分数为5%的MWCNTs与低熔点石蜡复合的样品。仿真结果发现:当使用不同风速的空气冷却模拟测试时,较高的风速进行空气冷却可以带走电池更多的热量,如当风速分别为3m/s与5m/s时,储能电池模组的最高温度仅为314.02K和312.23K,与0.5m/s时最高温度为324.34K相比均取得了较好的温度控制效果,甚至取得了比CPCM冷却更好的效果,但电池温度的均一性得不到保证;当使用CPCM冷却时,在电池的整个放电过程中温度的控制保持均较为良好,安全系数高;当储能电池长时间运作时,若电池温度低于313.65K时,PCM将无法变为液态,进而成为热阻材料,阻碍着电池的散热,也面临着一些挑战。

石蜡/碱改性硅藻土/膨胀石墨复合相变储热材料的制备及性能

通过碱处理,优化了硅藻土(DIA)的孔隙结构,提高了孔隙率,增加了石蜡(paraffin)负载量。通过直接浸渍法制备了新型性状稳定的石蜡/碱改性DIA/膨胀石墨(EG-alDIAP)复合材料,并研究了其结构与性能的关系。结果表明,复合相变材料的石蜡负载量从47.4%提高到了61.1%,进而提高了复合材料的储热性能;向改性DIA中添加膨胀石墨(EG)提高了复合材料的传热能力,添加质量分数10%EG时导热系数提高了113%(从0.276 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)提高到了0.589 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1))。随着EG含量的升高,复合相变材料的相变潜热有所增加,但化学相容性、稳定性等无明显变化。含10%EG的石蜡/碱改性DIA复合材料具有可靠的储能性能、良好的温度调节性能和蓄放热能力。

CPCM/液冷式锂电池组散热系统优化设计

笔者基于相同结构特征的圆形带翅片冷却流道,以流道整体厚度、翅片数量、圆形带翅片冷却流道横截面积为因素,电池组最高温度和最大温差为优化目标,进行正交试验、数值模拟。结论认为:铝制冷却流道的横截面积是对电池组散热影响最大的因素。