A Multiscale Reliability-Based Design Optimization Method for Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite Drive Shafts

Carbon fiber composites,characterized by their high specific strength and low weight,are becoming increasingly crucial in automotive lightweighting.However,current research primarily emphasizes layer count and orientation,often neglecting the potential of microstructural design,constraints in the layup process,and performance reliability.This study,therefore,introduces a multiscale reliability-based design optimization method for carbon fiber-reinforced plastic(CFRP)drive shafts.Initially,parametric modeling of the microscale cell was performed,and its elastic performance parameters were predicted using two homogenization methods,examining the impact of fluctuations in microscale cell parameters on composite material performance.A finite element model of the CFRP drive shaft was then constructed,achieving parameter transfer between microscale and macroscale through Python programming.This enabled an investigation into the influence of both micro and macro design parameters on the CFRP drive shaft’s performance.The Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization(MOPSO)algorithm was enhanced for particle generation and updating strategies,facilitating the resolution of multi-objective reliability optimization problems,including composite material layup process constraints.Case studies demonstrated that this approach leads to over 30%weight reduction in CFRP drive shafts compared to metallic counterparts while satisfying reliability requirements and offering insights for the lightweight design of other vehicle components.

Eigen value analysis of composite hollow shafts using modified EMBT formulation considering the shear deformation along the thickness direction

Composite hollow shafts are used in power transmission applications due to their high specific stiffness and high specific strength.The dynamic characteristics of these shafts are important for transmission applications.Dynamic modelling of these shafts is generally carried out using Equivalent Modulus Beam Theory(EMBT)and Layerwise Beam Theory(LBT)formulations.The EMBT formulation is modified by considering stacking sequence,shear normal coupling,bending twisting coupling and bending stretching coupling.It is observed that modified EMBT formulation is underestimating the shafts stiffness at lower length/mean diameter(l/dm)ratios.In the present work,a new formulation is developed by adding shear deformation along the thickness direction to the existing modified EMBT formulation.The variation of shear deformation along the thickness direction is found using different shear deformation theories,i.e.,first-order shear deformation theory(FSDBT),parabolic shear deformation theory(PSDBT),trigonometric shear deformation theory(TSDBT),and hyperbolic shear deformation theory(HSDBT).The analysis is performed at l/d_(m) ratios of 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,and 40 for carbon/epoxy composites,E-glass/epoxy composites,and boron/epoxy composite shafts.The results show that new formulation has improved the bending natural frequency of the composite shafts for l/d_(m)<15 in comparison with modified EMBT.The effect of new formulation is more significant for the second and third bending modes of natural frequencies.

Modeling and Free Vibration Behavior of Rotating Composite Thin-walled Closed-section Beams with SMA Fibers

Smart structure with active materials embedded in a rotating composite thin-walled beam is a class of typical structure which is using in study of vibration control of helicopter blades and wind turbine blades. The dynamic behavior investigation of these structures has significance in theory and practice. However, so far dynamic study on the above-mentioned structures is limited only the rotating composite beams with piezoelectric actuation. The free vibration of the rotating composite thin-walled beams with shape memory alloy（SMA） fiber actuation is studied. SMA fiber actuators are embedded into the walls of the composite beam. The equations of motion are derived based on Hamilton＇s principle and the asymptotically correct constitutive relation of single-cell cross-section accounting for SMA fiber actuation. The partial differential equations of motion are reduced to the ordinary differential equations of motion by using the Galerkin＇s method. The formulation for free vibration analysis includes anisotropy, pitch and precone angle, centrifugal force and SMA actuation effect. Numerical results of natural frequency are obtained for two configuration composite beams. It is shown that natural frequencies of the composite thin-walled beam decrease as SMA fiber volume and initial strain increase and the decrease in natural frequency becomes more significant as SMA fiber volume increases. The actuation performance of SMA fibers is found to be closely related to the rotational speeds and ply-angle. In addition, the effect of the pitch angle appears to be more significant for the lower-bending mode ones. Finally, in all cases, the precone angle appears to have marginal effect on free vibration frequencies. The developed model can be capable of describing natural vibration behaviors of rotating composite thin-walled beam with active SMA fiber actuation. The present work extends the previous analysis done for modeling passive rotating composite thin-walled beam.

Static behavior of semi-rigid thin-walled steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joints with bolted partial-depth flush end plate:experimental study

A new type of semi-rigid thin-walled steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joint has been proposed in this paper.Five semi-rigid composite beam-to-column joint specimens subjected to hogging moments under monotonic loading were tested to study the static behavior of this new type of joint.The main variable parameters for the five joint specimens were the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the joint type.The experimental results designated that the magnitude of extension of the longitudinal reinforcement is the most important factor that influenced the moment-rotation characteristic of the new type of joint.The concrete slabs could resist 3.8%-19.1% of the total shear load applied to the cross-sections near the beam-to-column connection.The edge stiffened elements,such as the flange of the lipped I-section thin-walled steel beam,were capable of having considerable inelastic deformation capacity although they had comparatively large width-to-thickness ratios.The shear failure of the concrete cantilever edge strip must be taken into account in practical design because it has significant influence on the anchorage of the longitudinal reinforcement in the new type of external joints.

Deployment analysis of composite thin-walled lenticular tubes with effect of storage time and temperature

Composite Thin-walled Lenticular Tube(CTLT)is increasingly utilized in small satellites missions as a lightweight,foldable,and rollable structural material that facilitates the construction of large deployable systems.The CTLT is initially flattened and coiled around a central hub for storage before launch,during which elastic energy is stored as deformation energy,allowing it to be self-deployed on demand for use in orbit.This work presents a comprehensive investigation into the coiling,storage and deployment behaviors of CTLT that wraps around a central hub.A nonlinear explicit dynamic finite element model was developed with both deformable CTLT and rigidbodies mechanisms including the central hub and guide rollers,as well as the complex interactions among them.The coiling mechanics characteristics such as stored strain energy and rotational moment were presented and validated against experimental data in the literature.Then,the dynamic deployment behaviors were analyzed in terms of two different deployment methods,namely,controlled deployment and free deployment.The effect of material property change during storage was also discussed through numerical experiments.

Shear deformable finite beam elements for composite box beams

The shear deformable thin-walled composite beams with closed cross-sections have been developed for coupled flexural, torsional, and buckling analyses. A theoretical model applicable to the thin-walled laminated composite box beams is presented by taking into account all the structural couplings coming from the material anisotropy and the shear deformation effects. The current composite beam includes the transverse shear and the restrained warping induced shear deformation by using the first-order shear deformation beam theory. Seven governing equations are derived for the coupled axial-flexural-torsional-shearing buckling based on the principle of minimum total potential energy. Based on the present analytical model, three different types of finite composite beam elements, namely, linear, quadratic and cubic elements are developed to analyze the flexural, torsional, and buckling problems. In order to demonstrate the accuracy and superiority of the beam theory and the finite beam elements developed by this study,numerical solutions are presented and compared with the results obtained by other researchers and the detailed threedimensional analysis results using the shell elements of ABAQUS. Especially, the influences of the modulus ratio and the simplified assumptions in stress-strain relations on the deflection, twisting angle, and critical buckling loads of composite box beams are investigated.

直升机尾传动轴抗弹击损伤研究综述

直升机尾传动轴在军事应用中容易遭受弹击损伤,严重影响直升机飞行安全。为此,国内外开展了大量直升机尾传动轴抗弹击损伤研究工作。本文首先从军事需求角度阐述尾传动轴抗弹击损伤研究的重要意义。然后从尾传动轴弹击损伤评定指标、研究方法、影响因素以及尾传动轴抗弹击性能提升方法4方面介绍了国内外直升机尾传动轴抗弹击损伤研究现状及其发展趋势。最后论述了国内在尾传动轴抗弹击损伤研究方面的不足之处,并从材料性能参数测试、新型数值仿真模拟方法、尾传动轴抗破片冲击研究和弹击复合材料尾传动轴数值模拟4方面展望了我国在尾传动轴抗弹击损伤方面亟需开展的研究。

超大地面荷载下盾构工作井叠合结构的力学响应

为了解决现行盾构工作井的设计缺乏对超大地面荷载作用的验算问题,通过开展室内缩尺模型试验,研究盾构工作井从施工期到服役期在超大地面荷载下地下连续墙与主体结构侧墙所构成叠合结构的力学响应,并考虑盾构工作井周围土体中地下水的作用,探讨土体抗剪强度减小对超大地面荷载最大值的影响。结果表明:在超大地面荷载作用下,盾构工作井中隔墙的抗压刚度较大,以受压的形式承担了大量的荷载效应,导致叠合结构上部容易发生低应力水平下的整体水平位移,进而在围护结构底部发生失稳,导致整体破坏;主体结构侧墙在施工期的初始挠度及叠合结构整体水平位移使得叠合结构中地下连续墙承担了大部分内力;通过观测室内缩尺模型中叠合结构的变形量,由模型数据换算得到盾构工作井顶部极限超载为445.5 kPa,远大于盾构工作井周围土体地基承载力特征值130 kPa,验证了采用地基承载力对超大地面荷载下地面硬化进行设计的安全、可靠性。

旋翼轴用Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE复合镀层的制备与摩擦学性能

针对国内航空传动系统翻修间隔时间短的不足,以硬质颗粒Al_(2)O_(3)和润滑材料PTFE作为微粒,采用电刷镀技术在旋翼轴常用过渡层金属材料T2紫铜片表面,制备Ni−Al_(2)O_(3),Ni−PTFE,Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE复合镀层,采用扫描电镜、显微硬度仪表征分析镀层微观形貌、元素含量分布及硬度;采用自制的销盘式摩擦磨损试验机对镀层试样进行摩擦磨损试验,探究镀层摩擦学性能及其磨损机理。结果表明:随Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒含量的提高,Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE复合镀层表面微晶单元尺寸减小,硬度提高,Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE(3∶1)显微硬度最大为236 HV,相比于Ni−PTFE复合镀层提升约66%;Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE复合镀层结合了Al_(2)O_(3)和PTFE两者的优势,在具有减摩的同时,还具有良好的耐磨性能,Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE(1∶1)复合镀层的减摩性能最优,相比于Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)其摩擦系数降低约52%;Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE(3∶1)复合镀层的耐磨性能最优,相比于Ni−PTFE其磨损率降低约85%;Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE复合镀层的磨损形式主要是机械磨损,存在轻微的氧化磨损和黏着磨损,复合镀层表面微凸体的塑性变形可为摩擦表面提供润滑膜,其中PTFE是自润滑颗粒,Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒起到支撑与强化的作用,保护镀层免受磨损。

Elastic buckling analysis and optimization of thin-walled bamboo-like pipe beam subjected to pure bending

In this paper,a stiffening design imitating the bamboo node is proposed for weight reduction of the long composite pipe beam subjected to bending load.The distribution of bamboo nodes can efficiently suppress the ovalization of the section,thus significantly improving the bending resistance of the bamboo.Based on this principle,ring stiffeners are proposed to be fixed to the pipe beam,making the long beam equivalent to the combination of a series of short pipes that suffered less section ovalization.A database of the optimal laminate orientations for different normalized lengths is obtained through optimizations,where the discreteness of the ply count is considered.Based on this database,weight optimizations are conducted,and the optimal designs of beams with and without stiffeners are obtained and compared.The comparison results show that the proposed bamboo-like stiffened beam not only regains a near-linear load–displacement relationship,but also reduces the weight by up to 16%under the same buckling load.In addition,it is found that for the pipe beams with radius-to-thickness ratios of more than 18,increasing the radius leads to a decrease in elastic buckling resistance when the weight remains a constant,which is opposite to the design for strength and stiffness.The model and database developed in this paper can provide a reference for weight reduction design and weight estimation for composite pipe beams.

车古211井抗高温防塌钻井液技术

车古211井是重点评价井,完钻井深5054.3m。车古区块地质结构复杂,地层发育超温,井底温度达180℃,勘探过程中复杂情况不断发生,车古区块一度成为勘探开发的禁区。通过优选复合盐防塌钻井液体系和抗高温无固相钻井液体系,配合现场钻井液维护处理工艺,保证了工程的顺利进行,钻井过程中井壁稳定,完井作业顺利,为该区块的进一步勘探开发提供了宝贵的技术参数和施工经验。

复合地层沉井式竖井机械法掘进施工技术

竖井建井技术快速发展,但随之也带来了一系列的技术难题,尤其是施工地点在中心城区,建筑密度大,空间有限。针对于该问题,本文介绍了一种新型竖井施工工艺,复合地层下采用沉井式竖井机械法掘进,采用预制管片拼装成井的方法,重点探讨机械法竖井的施工工艺和原理,预制管片的设计和拼装方法等。通过收集施工过程中的各种记录,进行总结分析,找出影响复合地层中施工效率的因素,进行设备改进和工艺改良,有效地提升了施工效率,在投资节约、工期缩短、质量控制等方面都得到了提升,为今后该技术的应用和发展奠定了基础。

Variation characteristic of drilling force and influence of cutting parameter of SiCp/Al composite thin-walled workpiece

In this paper,the variation characteristic of the drilling force,and the influences of cutting speed,feed rate,and workpiece thickness on the drilling force,were eval・uated when drilling a silicon carbide particle reinforced aluminum matrix(SiCp/Al)composite thin-walled workpiece with a high volume fraction.Under the condition that the workpiece thickness was less than the drill tip height,three characteristic stages of drilling force variation were proposed.The results indicate that there is a sign币cant difference between the variations in the drilling force when drilling a thin-walled workpiece compared to thick-walled workpiece.When the chisel edge drills out the lower surface of the workpiece,there is an abrupt decrease in the thrust forces of the thin-walled and thick-walled workpieces.In addition,there is an abrupt decrease in the torque of the thick-walled workpiece,whereas that of the thinwalled workpiece increases.According to the thickness of the thin-walled workpiece,the instant of the abrupt decrease in the thrust force may lead or lag behind the theoretical instant at which the chisel edge reaches the lower surface of the workpiece without deformation.When drilling a thin-walled hole,the cutting speed has a slight influence on the thrust force,and there is a slight increase in the torque in accordance with an increase in the cutting speed.The thrust force and torque increase in accordance with an increase in the feed rate.When drilling a thinwalled workpiece with a thickness of 1 mm,the critical thickness of workpiece cracking decreases in accordance with an increase in the cutting speed,and increases in accordance with an increase in the feed rate.When drilling a thin-walled workpiece with a thickness of 0.5 mm,the concave deformation of the workpiece and the critical thickness of the workpiece cracking increase in accordance with an increase in the feed rate.However,the increment in the critical thickness of the workpiece cracking is less than that in the concave deformation of the workpiece.

西部钻井法“一钻成井”新型高强复合井壁力学特性

针对西部地区富水弱胶结地层中深、大钻井井筒“一钻成井”支护难题,提出采用高强钢板-混凝土复合井壁新型结构。首先,以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市陶忽图煤矿北风井为工程原型,基于相似理论推导了复合井壁结构模型试验相似指标,通过正交模型试验,研究了不同井壁厚度、混凝土强度等级和钢板型号情况下高强钢板-混凝土复合井壁的力学特性。其次,采用数值模拟方法,计算分析了高强钢板-混凝土复合井壁极限承载力的影响因素及其变化规律。然后,根据模型试验与数值计算结果,构建了高强钢板-混凝土复合井壁承载力和混凝土抗压强度提高系数计算公式,并给出了各影响因素的取值范围,同时提供了该种井壁结构的工程应用设计优化方法。最后,分析了复合井壁结构中锚卡的力学作用效应。研究结果表明,在复合井壁结构中,由于高强钢板屈服强度高,可更好地对中间混凝土产生复合约束作用,混凝土抗压强度提高系数可达2.3~2.6,井壁承载力显著提高。在相同条件下,与Q345钢板相比,高强钢板(Q460~Q620)-混凝土复合井壁的极限承载力可提高7.14%~19.46%,井壁厚度可减薄8.18%~19.52%,且增大内层钢板厚度更有助于提高井壁极限承载力。复合井壁结构中锚卡约束着内钢板,使其达到屈服应力后不会过早发生屈曲失稳,同时对中间混凝土提供约束作用,保证其处于三向受压状态,2者起到很好的复合作用,有利于井壁结构整体受力。

纯扭转状态下多孔芯复合圆轴的“剪切破坏”力学模型

以多孔材料为芯体、致密材质圆管为外壳且芯体和外壳结合为一个整体的复合构件,有望用作一种综合性能优秀的轻质圆轴类型。在前期对于多孔材料扭转条件下力学关系研究工作的基础上,根据作者自建多孔材料八面体结构模型,进一步演化出多孔芯复合圆轴在纯扭转载荷作用下的“剪切破坏”力学分析模型。从该分析模型出发,推演了该类复合圆轴在发生纯扭转时的安全承载等力学关系,得出了复合圆轴中承载能力相对较强的圆管外壳和承载能力相对薄弱的多孔芯体两者的安全承载表征。

船舶艉轴机械密封材料摩擦磨损性能研究

为探究船舶艉轴机械密封用高分子材料在实际工作环境下的摩擦磨损性能,选用浇注型聚氨酯弹性体(CPU)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)、玻璃纤维改性聚己二酰丁二胺复合材料(GF/PA46)与玻璃纤维改性聚四氟乙烯复合材料(GF/PTFE)5种材料,在载荷为0.5 MPa,线速度为7 m/s的工况下开展摩擦磨损性能测试。结果表明:重载、高速的工况使得CPU、PET、PBT、GF/PA46材料出现了不同程度的剥落与犁沟,摩擦因数与磨损量较大;GF/PTFE材料仅出现一些相对轻微的撕裂和磨痕,相较于CPU、PET、PBT、GF/PA46材料,GF/PTFE的平均摩擦因数分别下降了66.6%、80.4%、86.1%、87.8%,单位时间磨损量分别下降了91.7%、92.7%、88.6%、97.0%,摩擦磨损性能最优。

超深顶管工作井复合结构三维变形特性

以佛山市某超深埋电力隧道顶管工程为背景,采用现场监测和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究顶管工作井复合支护结构在施工过程中的变形规律。结果表明:数值模拟结果与实际监测值基本吻合;随着开挖阶段内支撑和内衬墙的施做,复合结构共同作用有效抑制了墙体水平位移向井内增大,下部土体开挖对上部墙体位移影响逐渐减小;而在顶进阶段,顶进反力作用范围内墙体发生向井外的位移,墙体向井外竖向和横向水平变形均随顶进反力的增大而增大;通过分析工作井后背墙体竖向和横向水平变形规律,表明整体变形为向井外“凸”出的曲面;最后建议距离顶进反力作用中心越近的内支撑设置间隔应越小,且截面尺寸应越大,以提高工作井结构的支护效率和整体稳定性。

大型游乐设施重要销轴复合磁化探伤机的设计与应用

在大型游乐设施中各类销轴是保证设备实现各种机构复杂运动的重要零部件,是用来承受大型游乐设施因剧烈运动而产生的各种复杂交变应力和冲击载荷的重要零部件,这些销轴一旦因设计、制造、安装或使用过程中任一环节产生的表面和近表面缺陷未能被及时发现,极易产生变形、裂纹甚至断裂,从而引发特种设备事故。本文研究的是一款快速复合磁化荧光磁粉检测设备,主要为解决普通单磁轭探伤仪不能做到对大小不一的各种铁磁性销轴有效磁化的问题,特别是针对有台阶的销轴有可能出现因伪缺陷而误判的问题。通过试验,证实该设备更能准确检测出销轴表面的细小缺陷。

低压电气工程保护接地导体的设计施工

为解决GB50303-2015《建筑电气工程施工质量验收规范》和GB51348-2019《民用建筑电气设计标准》实施以来产生的设计与施工之间的问题,结合笔者30多年来的施工实践经验,提出沿桥架支架敷设镀锌扁钢是解决接地保护的最佳路径。并就此提出“沿桥架支架敷设镀锌扁钢作为保护接地体”便可使复杂且笼统的接地问题在设计与施工之间变得具体和可实迎刃而解之观点。

复合故障状态下行星齿轮-转子耦合系统振动响应特性研究

目前,国内外学者对齿轮-转子耦合系统的动力学特性进行了研究,但是上述研究均没有考虑行星齿轮-转子复合故障状态。为此,以单级行星齿轮箱为例,通过构建含转子偏心和齿根裂纹故障的行星齿轮-转子耦合系统动力学模型,对复合故障状态下的行星齿轮-转子耦合系统振动响应特性进行了仿真分析和实验研究。首先,采用了集中参数法和Timoshenko梁理论,考虑了时变啮合刚度、支撑刚度、阻尼、陀螺效应、传动轴柔性等因素,建立了含转轴偏心-齿根裂纹复合故障的行星齿轮-转子耦合系统动力学模型;然后,采用了时间历程、频谱、轴心轨迹及相轨迹等方法,并根据其数值分析了不同故障对系统动态特性的影响,研究了偏心状态下裂纹扩展对系统振动响应特性的影响;最后,采用不同裂纹故障测试实验,验证了模型的准确性。研究结果表明:转轴偏心对啮合振动的影响显著,在行星轮系故障特性的分析中不可忽视;偏心-裂纹耦合影响下,系统振动响应由不平衡振动、正常啮合振动、故障冲击振动多源耦合而成,频谱中出现了转频f_( r)、啮合谐波kf _(m)以及复杂边带成分kf _(m)±f _(r)、kf _(m)±f _(r)±nf _(sc),并且随着裂纹程度的加大,调制现象更加明显。该研究结果可以为行星齿轮-转子系统复合故障诊断提供一定的理论依据。